Molly N.N. Lee Email: mlmollylee@gmail Globalizing Practices in Asi… · Mega Universities 14 A...
Transcript of Molly N.N. Lee Email: mlmollylee@gmail Globalizing Practices in Asi… · Mega Universities 14 A...
OUTLINEEffects of globalization on HE
l. From elite to mass HE
ll. Marketization of HE
lll. Practice of corporate managerialism
lV. Spread of CBHE
Vl. Re-emphasis on university social responsibility
2APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
HE and Society
HE
Social development
Economic growth
Political participation
Cultural transformation
3APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Society and HE
4
Economic development
Social development
HE
Cultural development
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
University Reforms
5
Global influences
National responses
HE
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Impact of Globalization on HE Economic globalization
Global rationalization
6APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Economic Globalization Knowledge-based economy
Universities as sources of human resources, technology and innovations
HE is central to national competitiveness in the global economy
Universities shaped by demands of the labour market and changing economy
“Economic Determinism Hypothesis”
7APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Global Rationalization System of world culture
Similarities of educational reforms
Restructuring of HE is a worldwide phenomenon
Common trends of the restructuring process
8APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Hybridization
Homogenization
Particularization
HYBRIDIZATION
9APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
10APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Tertiary Gross Enrolment Ratio
Source: UNESCO-UIS (2009), Global Education Digest 2009
Tertiary Gross Enrolment Ratio by Region, 1970 to 2007
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018 11
Gross Enrolment Ratio in the world
< - 40
40 - 70
> - 70
No data available
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2009Note: Data displayed if for the latest available year
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018 12
Gross Enrolment Ratios (%) in
Higher EducationCountry 1975 1985 1995 2005 2013/14
Korea, Rep. of 10 34 52 91 95 Australia 24 28 72 72 87Japan 25 29 41 54 62Thailand 4 20 20 42 53Philippines 18 38 30 28 36Malaysia 3 6 11 30 30Indonesia 2 7 11 17 31Vietnam n.a. n.a. 4 16 30China n.a. 2 5 19 39India 9 9 7 11 24Cambodia n.a. n.a. 2 3 16
13APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Mega Universities
14
A “Mega University “ is a university with a
minimum of 100,000 actively enrolled
students
When the term was coined in 1995 by
John Daniel, 11 such institutions
Today, there are almost 50 worldwide, some with well over 1,000,000 students
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018 14
Access and Equity
15APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
16APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Commercialization of HE
o Corporatization of universities: Australia, Malaysia, Japan, Singapore
o Autonomous universities: Indonesia, Thailand
o People-founded universities: China, Vietnam
o Expansion of private higher education
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018 17
Common Features of Corporatization
❑University heads as CEOs
❑Increased power of central administration
❑Pressure to generate revenues
❑Pressure for more internal and external quality control
❑Delinking from the civil service
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018 18
Expansion of Private Higher Education
19
Share of Enrolment in Private Higher Education
PhilippinesSouth Korea
JapanIndonesia
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
20APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Bureaucratization
Greater size and complexity of higher education institutions
Bureaucratization and standardization
Corporate managerialism and entrepreneurship
Greater concerns over quality, efficiency, productivity and accountability
Autonomy-accountability trade-off
Quality assurance mechanisms
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018 21
Corporate Culture Vision and mission statements
Strategic planning
Total quality management
ISO certification
Right sizing
Benchmarking
22APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
23APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
24APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
The Definition of CBHE
Source: COL/UNESCO (2006), Higher Education Crossing Borders25
• The movement of people, knowledge, programmes, providers, and curriculum across national or regional jurisdictional borders
Cross-border education
• The process of integrating an international, intercultural, and global dimension into the purpose, functions (teaching, research, service) and delivery of higher education
Internationalization of higher education
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
0 0 0 0
26
Source: UNESCO-UIS (2009), Global Education Digest 2009
Student Mobility
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
27
Source: UNESCO-UIS (2009), Global Education Digest 2009
Student Mobility
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Students flow in Asia-Pacific region
• Flowing out more than flowing in
• Leading destination: Australia, UK and USA
• Largest outflow: China (421K) – India (153K) – Korea (105K)
• Regional Providers: Australia and Japan
Students flow in China-Japan-Korea from 1997 to 2007
28
Source: Kazuo Kuroda (2010)
Student Mobility
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Sub-regional Student Exchange Programmes
29
Student Mobility
AIMS mobility program
• Malaysia-Indonesia-Thailand-Japan
CAMPUS Asia Project
• Collective Action for the Mobility Program of University Students, China-Japan-Korea
UMAP
• For the Asia-Pacific region
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Programme MobilityFranchise
An arrangement whereby a provider in the source country A authorizes a provider in country B to deliver their course/programme/service in country B or other countries.
Qualification is awarded by provider in country A
Examples: London external degree, Stanford MBA in Singapore
Twinning
A situation where a provider in source country A collaborates with a provider located in country B to develop an articulation system that allows student to take course credits in county B/and or A.
Only one qualification is awarded by provider in country A.
Examples: 2+1 and 3+0 progs in Malaysia; 2+2 progs in S. Korea
30APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
31
Programme Mobility
Double or joint degree
• An arrangement where providers in different countries collaborate to offer a programme for which a student receives a qualification from each provider, or a joint award from the collaborating partners
• Many MBA degrees in private universities in Malaysia
E-learning or distance
• Arrangements where providers deliver courses /programmeto students in different countries through distance and online modes
• “U21 Global” by Universitas 21
APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Nottingham University,
Ningbo, China
CBHE that works!
32APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
33
University of Nottingham –
Malaysia CampusAPHERP Leadership Institute 2018
34APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Social Responsibilities of HE
“Faced with the complexity of current and future global challenges, institutions of higher education have the social responsibility to advance our understanding of multifaceted issues, which involve social, economic, scientific and cultural dimensions and our ability to respond to them. To do so, institutions must increase their interdisciplinary focus and promote innovative thinking which contributes to the advancement of sustainable development, peace, well being and development, and the realization of human rights, including gender equity.”
UNESCO WCHE (2009)
35APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Forms of USR Third Mission
Community-Service Learning
University – Community Engagement
University – Industry Linkages
University as Intellectual Centres
36APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
University Reforms• Institutional change
• Programatic change
37APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Institutional Initiatives• Policy environment, resource allocation,
personnel recruitment, role model
• Environmental sustainability
• Examples: green buildings, green campus, healthy campus
38APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Sustainability in curricula• Post-graduate programmes
• ESD-related courses for undergraduates
• Embedded ESD curricula
• Compulsory ESD courses
• Sustainability literate graduates
39APHERP Leadership Institute 2018
Concluding Remarks 2 concurrent but opposing trends
➢Homogenization
➢Particularization
HYBRIDIZATION - local variations
40APHERP Leadership Institute 2018