MOLECULAR GENETICS
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Transcript of MOLECULAR GENETICS
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MOLECULAR GENETICS
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DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
• 1953- James Watson and Francis Crick discover the structure of the DNA molecule
• DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder)
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The sides of molecule are:
• 1. a sugar molecule called deoxyribose
• 2. a phosphate group
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The middle molecules are called:
• Nitrogen bases
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There are four nitrogen bases:AdenineGuanineCytosineThymine
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Nucleotide- the building block molecule of DNA
1 sugar 1 phosphate group1 nitrogen base
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Nitrogen base pairs
Adenine always pairs with ThymineGuanine always pairs with Cytosine(Often calledComplimentary base pairs)
• The bases are held together with Hydrogen bonds
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Functions of DNA:
1. Replication- so that genetic material and information is passed from one generation to another and to succeeding cells
2. Control of cellular activities: DNA carries the code for assembling enzymes and other proteins that cells need
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Quiz: answer these questions on a piece of paper
1. Describe the basic structure of DNA.2. Describe the parts of a nucleotide.3. What are the complimentary base pairs?4. What type of bond holds nucleotides
together?
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DNA Replication
• DNA makes a copy of itself just before the cell divides
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Steps of replication:
1. DNA double helix molecule unwinds and unzips.
2. New DNA nucleotides find their complimentary base pair.3. Results in two identical molecules of DNA
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The amount of Adenine is equal to the amount of Thymine and the amount of Cytosine is equal to the amount of Guanine
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*********** REMEMBER A GENE IS A SECTION OF DNA THAT CODES FOR A PROTEIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Each chromosome has many genes!!!
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Gene (DNA)
RNA formation
Protein formation
Cell structure Cell enzymes
Cell function
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CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA RNA PROTEIN
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RNA- ribonucleic acid
1. The sugar in RNA is ribose2. RNA is single stranded3. The nitrogen base uracil replaces thymine
(what base is complimentary to Uracil)
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RNA transcription-DNA is used as a template for producing an RNA molecule
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How does RNA form?
1. DNA is used as a template (model) to make RNA2. RNA has three forms: messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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3. The molecule of DNA unwinds and unzips4. One side of DNA acts as a template for producing a complimentary RNA strand 5. RNA molecules strip away from DNA, leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm
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• RNA now has the instructions for how to make a specific protein.
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Triplet codon
• Every three bases on the RNA molecule code for the placement of a specific amino acid
• FOR EXAMPLE: UCG AAA CCU Tryptophan lysine proline
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• RNA will travel to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis
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Transfer RNA- tRNA
• tRNA has an anticodon• Anticodon- three nitrogen bases that
are complimentary to the triplet codon of mRNA
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Function- to carry amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• tRNA carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome• the anticodon on tRNA finds its
complimentary triplet codon on mRNA
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• When the amino acids are next to each other they form a bond, and as amino acids are added to the chain , a protein forms
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