MOI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS CONCEPT MEASUREMENT, SCALING, VALIDITY AND...
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Transcript of MOI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS CONCEPT MEASUREMENT, SCALING, VALIDITY AND...
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MOI UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
CONCEPT MEASUREMENT, SCALING, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
BY
MUGAMBI G.K. M’NCHEBERE
EMBA NAIROBI
RESEARCH METHODS
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MEASUREMENT
• Before measurement process can be initiated, concepts (constructs) relevant to the problem must be identified.
• A concept is generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences or processes.
• Concepts e.g. loyalty, power, performance etc are difficult to measure and should therefore be operationalized.
• Operational definition gives meaning to a concept by specifying the activities or operations necessary in order to measure it.
• In research measurement process, scale values are assigned and can be manipulated according to certain mathematical rules.
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SCALING
• Scale- Series of items that are arranged progressively according to value or magnitude into which an item can be placed according to its quantification.
• There are four types of scales.1. Nominal Scale- simplest type of scale.
-letters or numbers assigned to objects serve as labels for identification or classification.
2. Ordinal Scale- arranges objects or alternatives according to their magnitude.-ranks in order.
3. Interval Scale- not only arranges objects or alternatives according to their magnitudes but also distinguishes order arrangements in units of equal intervals.
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SCALING (cont..)
Ordinal Scale cont..
-the location of zero point is arbitrary implying
inconclusiveness.
- used in research to measure attitudes.- the researcher can compare average differences in
attributes but cannot determine the actual strength of attributes.
4. Ratio Scale- has absolute rather than relative quantities and possessing an absolute zero, where there is absence of a given attribute.
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TYPES OF SCALES
Type of scale Numerical operation Descriptive statistics
1. Nominal Counting Freq, %ge, mode
2. Ordinal Rank ordering Median, range, %ntile
3. Interval Interval operations mean, δ, δ2
4. Ratio quantity operation Geo mean, CV
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MEASURES OF VALIDITY
• Soundness of inferences based on scores.• The assurance that a construct measures what it is
supposed to measure. • Four main categories of validity, content, construct,
criterion, external.1. Content validity- extent to which the measuring
instrument provides adequate coverage of investigative questions guiding the study.- ensured by double checking the questionnaire to ensure it captures the main areas of the study.- Piloting with experts.
2. Construct validity- has four dimensions.a) Face validity- belief that an instrument seems to correspond to common sense without empirical evidence.- ensured by constructing questionnaires based on previous studies.
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MEASURES OF VALIDITY (cont…)
b) Convergent validity- extent to which items that are indicators of a specific construct share a high proportion of variance in common.- ensured through factor analysis indicators like factor loadings higher than 0.32 with a composite reliability of α>0.5 and a total variance explained of 50%.
c) Discriminant validity- extent to which a construct is truly distinct from other constructs.- ensured through orthogonal varimax in factor rotation analysis.
d) Nomological validity- tests whether the correlations among constructs in measurement theory make sense.- ensured by in depth review of correlations among constructs.
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MEASURES OF VALIDITY (cont…)
3. Criterion related validity- reflects the success of measures for prediction and estimation.
- ensured through hypothesis testing.
4. External validity- extent to which findings of a particular study can be reflected to other settings.
-ensured through hypothesis testing and confirmatory factor analysis.
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RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
• Reliability concerns the degree to which the scores are free from random errors.
• Measures the degree to which responses are consistent across the items in a single measure.
• Ensured by 4 steps:
1. Adopting items tested for reliability by other researchers.
2. Revision of questionnaires after pre-testing.
3. Exploratory factor analysis to exclude redundant items.
4. Cronbach alpha coefficient- 0.5 and above.