Mohammad Mosaddegh 1

Mohammad Mosaddegh

Mohammad Mosaddeghقدصم دمحم

60th & 62nd Prime Minister of Iran

In office28 April 1951 – 16 July 1952

Monarch Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi

Deputy Hossein Fatemi

Preceded by Hossein Ala'

Succeeded by Ahmad Qavam

In office21 July 1952 – 19 August 1953

Monarch Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi

Deputy Ahmad Zirakzadeh

Preceded by Ahmad Qavam

Succeeded by Fazlollah Zahedi

Leader of National Front

In office1 January 1949 – 5 March 1967

Deputy Karim Sanjabi

Preceded by Party created

Succeeded by Karim Sanjabi

Member of Parliament of Iran

In office1 May 1920 – 1 May 1948

Constituency Tehran

Personal details

Born 16 June 1882Tehran, Iran

Died 5 March 1967 (aged 84)Tehran, Iran

Political party National Front

Mohammad Mosaddegh 2

Spouse(s) Zia od-Saltane (1901-1965)

Children 5

Religion Shi'a Islam

Signature

Mohammad Mosaddegh or Mosaddeq (Persian: قّدصم دمحم, IPA: [mohæmˈmæd(-e) mosædˈdeɣ] ( listen)*), alsoMossadegh, Mossadeq, Mosadeck, or Musaddiq (16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967), was the democratically elected[1]

[2] [3] Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953 when he was overthrown in a coup d'état orchestrated by the UnitedStates Central Intelligence Agency.From an aristocratic background, Mosaddegh was an author, administrator, lawyer, prominent parliamentarian, andpolitician. During his time as prime minister, a wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out.Unemployment compensation was introduced, factory owners were ordered to pay benefits to sick and injuredworkers, and peasants were freed from forced labor in their landlords' estates. Twenty percent of the moneylandlords received in rent was placed in a fund to pay for development projects such as public baths, rural housing,and pest control.[4]

He is most famous as the architect of the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been under Britishcontrol since 1913 through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) (later British Petroleum or BP). TheAnglo-Iranian Oil Co. was controlled by the British government.[5] Mosaddegh was removed from power in a coupon 19 August 1953, organised and carried out by the United States CIA at the request of the British MI6 which choseIranian General Fazlollah Zahedi to succeed Mosaddegh.[6] While the coup is commonly referred to as OperationAjax[7] after its CIA cryptonym, in Iran it is referred to as the 28 Mordad 1332 coup, after its date on the Iraniancalendar.[8] Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years, then put under house arrest until his death.

Early lifeMossadegh was born to a prominent family in Tehran in 1882; his father, Mirza Hideyatu'llah Khan, a Bakhtiaritribesman, was a financial administrator in Khorasan province under the Qajar dynasty and his mother, ShahzadiMalika Taj Khanum, was the granddaughter of the reformist Qajar prince Abbas Mirza, and a great granddaughter ofFat′h-Ali Shah Qajar.[9] [10] [11] When Mosaddegh's father died in 1892, his uncle was appointed the tax collector ofthe Khorasan province and was bestowed with the title of Mosaddegh-os-Saltaneh by Nasser al-Din Shah.[12]

Mosaddegh himself later bore the same title, by which he was still known to some long after titles were abolished.[13]

In 1901, Mosaddegh married Zahra Khanum (1879–1965), a granddaughter of Nasser al-Din Shah through hermother. The couple had five children, two sons (Ahmad and Ghulam Hussein) and three daughters (Mansura, ZiaAshraf and Khadija).

Mohammad Mosaddegh 3

EducationMosaddegh received his Bachelor of Arts and Masters in (International) Law from University of Paris (Sorbonne)before pursuing a Doctorate in Law from the University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Mosaddegh also taught at theUniversity of Tehran at the start of WWI before beginning his long political career.[14]

Early political career

Mosaddegh as governor of Fars

Mosaddegh started his career in Iranian politics with the IranianConstitutional Revolution, at the age of 24, he was elected fromIsfahan to the newly inaugurated Persian Parliament, the Majlis of Iran.In 1920, after being self-exiled to Switzerland in protest of theAnglo-Persian Treaty of 1919, he was invited by the new Iranian PrimeMinister, Hassan Pirnia (Moshir-ed-Dowleh), to become his Ministerof Justice; but while en-route to Tehran, he was asked by the people ofShiraz to become the Governor of the Fars Province. He was laterappointed Finance Minister, in the government of Ahmad Qavam(Qavam os-Saltaneh) in 1921, and then Foreign Minister in thegovernment of Moshir-ed-Dowleh in June 1923. He then becameGovernor of the Azerbaijan Province. In 1923, he was re-elected toThe National Assembly of Iran, known as the Majlis. In 1925, thesupporters of Reza Khan in the Majlis, proposed legislation to dissolvethe Qajar dynasty and appoint Reza Khan the new Shah. Mossadeghvoted against Reza Khan's decision to crown himself Reza Shah

Pahlavi, arguing that such an act was a subversion of the 1906 Iranian constitution. He gave a speech in the Majlis,praising Reza Khan's achievements as a statesman, while encouraging him to respect the constitution and become thePrime Minister, not the Shah. On December 12, 1925, the Majlis deposed the young Ahmad Shah Qajar, anddeclared Reza Shah the new monarch of the Imperial State of Persia, and the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty.[15]

In 1941 Reza Shah Pahlavi was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi by the British. In1944 , Mosaddegh was once again elected to parliament. This time he took the lead of Jebhe Melli (National Front ofIran), an organisation he had founded with nineteen others such as Hossein Fatemi, Ahmad Zirakzadeh, AliShayegan and Karim Sanjabi, aiming to establish democracy and end the foreign presence in Iranian politics,especially by nationalising the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company's (AIOC) operations in Iran.

Mohammad Mosaddegh 4

Prime minister

Support for oil nationalization

Mosaddegh and Kashani

Most of Iran's oil reserves were in the Persian Gulf area and had beendeveloped by the British Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) forexport to Britain. For a number of reasons — a growing consciousnessof how little Iran was getting from the AIOC for its oil; refusal of theAIOC to offer of a ‘50–50% profit sharing deal' to Iran as Aramco hadto Saudi Arabia; anger over Iran's defeat and occupation by the Alliedpowers — nationalization of oil was an important and popular issuewith "a broad cross-section of the Iranian people."[16]

General Haj-Ali Razmara, the Shah's choice, was approved as primeminister June 1950. On 3 March 1951 he appeared before the Majlis(parliament) in an attempt to persuade the deputies against "fullnationalization on the grounds that Iran could not override itsinternational obligations and lacked the capacity to run the oil industry on its own." He was assassinated four dayslater while praying in the mosque by Khalil Tahmasebi, a member of the militant fundamentalist group Fadayan-eIslam.[17] This order of events, while appearing in many mainstream historical accounts, confronts countervailingevidence. Firstly, "[US]embassy staffers early on speculated that Razmara might either be assassinated or becomeinvolved in a power struggle with the Shah."[18] These two concerns appear to converge according to Steven Kinzer,who notes that:

“[e]vidence emerged to suggest that the fatal shot had been fired not by Tahmasibi but by a soldier acting onbehalf of the Shah or members of his inner circle, and that Asadollah Alam had knowingly driven him to hisfatal rendezvous. Years later a retired Iranian colonel wrote in his memoir that the fatal shot had come from aColt revolver, available only to soldiers. “An army sergeant, in civilian clothes, was chosen for the deed”, heasserted. “He had been told to shoot and kill Razmara with a Colt, the moment Tahmasibi began to shoot…Those who had examined the wounds in Razmara’s body were in no doubt that he had been killed by a Coltbullet, not by the bullet of a weak gun.”[19] [20]

While this account is corroborated by several other studies,[21] it remains a point of contention among historians.After negotiations for higher oil royalties failed, on 15 March and 20 March 1951, the Iranian Majlis and Senatevoted to nationalize the British-owned and operated AIOC, taking control of Iran's oil industry.Another force for nationalization was the Tudeh or Communist party. In early April 1951 the party organisednationwide strikes and riots in protest against delays in nationalization of the oil industry along with low wages andbad housing in the oil industry. This display of strength, along with public celebration at the assassination of GeneralRazmara made an impact on the deputies of the Majlis.[22]

Mohammad Mosaddegh 5

Election as prime ministerOn 28 April 1951, the Majlis (Parliament of Iran) named Mosaddegh as new prime minister by a vote of 79–12.Aware of Mosaddegh's rising popularity and political power, the young Shah appointed Mosaddegh to thePremiership. On 1 May, Mosaddegh nationalized the AIOC, cancelling its oil concession due to expire in 1993 andexpropriating its assets. The next month a committee of five majlis deputies was sent to Khuzistan to enforce thenationalization.[23] [24]

Mosaddegh explained his nationalisation policy in a 21 June 1951 speech:

“Our long years of negotiations with foreign countries… have yielded no results this far. With the oil revenues we could meet our entire budgetand combat poverty, disease, and backwardness among our people. Another important consideration is that by the elimination of the power ofthe British company, we would also eliminate corruption and intrigue, by means of which the internal affairs of our country have beeninfluenced. Once this tutelage has ceased, Iran will have achieved its economic and political independence.The Iranian state prefers to take over the production of petroleum itself. The company should do nothing else but return its property to therightful owners. The nationalization law provide that 25% of the net profits on oil be set aside to meet all the legitimate claims of the companyfor compensation…It has been asserted abroad that Iran intends to expel the foreign oil experts from the country and then shut down oil installations. Not only isthis allegation absurd; it is utter invention…”[25] ”

The confrontation between Iran and Britain escalated as Mosaddegh's government refused to allow the British anyinvolvement in Iran's oil industry, and Britain made sure Iran could sell no oil. In July, Mosaddegh broke offnegotiations with AIOC after it threatened "to pull out its employees", and told owners of oil tanker ships that"receipts from the Iranian government would not be accepted on the world market." Two months later the AIOCevacuated its technicians and closed down the oil installations. Under nationalized management many refinerieslacked the trained technicians that were needed to continue production. The British government announced a de factoblockade, reinforced its naval force in the Persian Gulf and lodged complaints against Iran before the United NationsSecurity Council.[23]

Mosaddegh shaking hands with Mohammad-RezaShah in their first meeting after Mossadegh's

election as Prime Minister

The British government also threatened legal action against purchasersof oil produced in the formerly British-controlled refineries andobtained an agreement with its sister international oil companies not tofill in where the AIOC was boycotting Iran. The entire Iranian oilindustry came to a virtual standstill, oil production dropping from241400000 barrels ( m3) in 1950 to 10600000 barrels ( m3) in 1952.This Abadan Crisis reduced Iran's oil income to almost nil, putting asevere strain on the implementation of Mosaddegh's promiseddomestic reforms. At the same time BP and Aramco doubled theirproduction in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq, to make up for lostproduction in Iran so that no hardship was felt in Britain.

Still enormously popular in late 1951, Mosaddegh called elections. Hisbase of support was in urban areas and not in the provinces.[26] This fact was reflected in the rejection ofMosaddegh's bill for electoral reform (which no longer disqualified illiterates from electoral participation) by theconservative bloc, on the grounds that it would "unjustly discriminate patriots who had been voting for the last fortyyears".[27]

According to Ervand Abrahamian: "Realizing that the opposition would take the vast majority of the provincial seats, Mosaddegh stopped the voting as soon as 79 deputies – just enough to form a parliamentary quorum — had been elected."[28] An alternative account is offered by Stephen Kinzer. Beginning in the early 1950s under the guidance of C.M. Woodhouse, chief of the British intelligence station in Tehran, Britain's covert operations network had funneled roughly £10,000 per month to the Rashidian brothers (two of Iran's most influential royalists) in the hope of buying off, according to CIA estimates, "the armed forces, the Majlis (Iranian parliament), religious leaders, the

Mohammad Mosaddegh 6

press, street gangs, politicians and other influential figures".[29] Thus, in his statement asserting electoralmanipulation by "foreign agents", Mosaddegh suspended the elections. His National Front party had made up 30 ofthe 79 deputies elected. Yet none of those present vetoed the statement, and the elections were postponedindefinitely. The 17th Majlis convened on February 1952.Tension soon began to escalate in the Majlis. Conservative opponents refused to grant Mosaddegh special powers todeal with the economic crisis caused by the sharp drop in revenue and voiced regional grievances against the capitalTehran, while the National Front waged "a propaganda war against the landed upper class".[26]

Resignation and uprisingOn 16 July 1952, during the royal approval of his new cabinet, Mosaddegh insisted on the constitutional prerogativeof the prime minister to name a Minister of War and the Chief of Staff, something the Shah had done hitherto. TheShah refused, and Mosaddegh announced his resignation appealing directly to the public for support, pronouncingthat "in the present situation, the struggle started by the Iranian people cannot be brought to a victoriousconclusion".[30]

Veteran politician Ahmad Qavam (also known as Ghavam os-Saltaneh) was appointed as Iran's new prime minister.On the day of his appointment, he announced his intention to resume negotiations with the British to end the oildispute, a reversal of Mosaddegh's policy. The National Front — along with various Nationalist, Islamist, andsocialist parties and groups[31] — including Tudeh — responded by calling for protests, strikes and massdemonstrations in favor of Mosaddegh. Major strikes broke out in all of Iran's major towns, with the Bazaar closingdown in Tehran. Over 250 demonstrators in Tehran, Hamadan, Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Kermanshah were killed orsuffered serious injuries.[32]

After five days of mass demonstrations on Siyeh-i Tir (the 30th of Tir on the Iranian calendar), military commanders,ordered their troops back to barracks, fearful of overstraining the enlisted men's loyalty and left Tehran in the handsof the protesters.[33] Frightened by the unrest, Shah dismissed Qavam and re-appointed Mosaddegh, granting him thefull control of the military he had previously demanded.

Reinstatement and emergency powersMore popular than ever, a greatly strengthened Mosaddegh convinced parliament to grant him emergency powers forsix months "to decree any law he felt necessary for obtaining not only financial solvency, but also electoral, judicial,and educational reforms".[34] Mosaddegh appointed Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani as house speaker. Kashani'sIslamic scholars, as well as the Tudeh Party, proved to be two of Mosaddegh's key political allies, although relationswith both were often strained.With his emergency powers, Mosaddegh tried to strengthen the democratic political institutions by limiting themonarchy's unconstitutional powers,[35] cutting Shah's personal budget, forbidding him to communicate directly withforeign diplomats, transferring royal lands back to the state and expelling his politically active sister AshrafPahlavi.[33]

In January 1953 Mosaddegh successfully pressed Parliament to extend "emergency powers for another 12 months".With these powers, he decreed a land reform law that established village councils and increased the peasants' shareof production.[34] This weakened the landed aristocracy, abolishing Iran's centuries-old feudal agriculture sector,replacing it with a system of collective farming and government land ownership. Mosaddegh saw these reforms as ameans of checking the power of the Tudeh Party, which had been agitating for general land reform among thepeasants.However, during this time Iranians were "becoming poorer and unhappier by the day" thanks to the British boycott.Mosaddegh's political coalition began to fray, his enemies increased in number.[36]

Mohammad Mosaddegh 7

Partly through the efforts of Iranians working as British agents, several former members of Mosaddegh's coalitionturned against him. They included Mozzafar Baghai, head of the worker-based Toilers party; Hussein Makki, whohad helped lead the takeover of the Abadan refinery and was at one point considered Mosadegh's heir apparent; andmost outspokenly Ayatollah Kashani, who damned Mosaddegh with the "vitriol he had once reserved for theBritish".[37]

Overthrow of Mosaddegh

Plot to depose Mosaddegh

Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on 19 August1953.

The government of the United Kingdom had grownincreasingly distressed over Mosaddegh's policies andwere especially bitter over the loss of their control ofthe Iranian oil industry. Repeated attempts to reach asettlement had failed.Unable to resolve the issue single handedly due to itspost-World War II problems, Britain looked towardsthe United States to settle the issue. Initially Americahad opposed British policies. After Americanmediation had failed several times to bring about asettlement, American Secretary of State Dean Achesonconcluded that the British were "destructive anddetermined on a rule or ruin policy in Iran."[38] Byearly 1953, however, Dwight D. Eisenhower won thepresidential election in the United States and a changein US policy toward Iran ensued.

Despite Mosaddegh's open disgust with socialism,Winston Churchill told the United States thatMosaddegh was "increasingly turning towardscommunism" and was moving Iran towards the Sovietsphere at a time of high Cold War fears.[39] [40] [41] [42]

Acting on the opposition to Mosaddegh by the British government and fears that he was, or would become,dependent on the pro-Soviet Tudeh Party at a time of expanding Soviet influence,[43] the United States and Britainbegan to publicly denounce Mosaddegh's policies for Iran as harmful to the country.

In the meantime the already precarious alliance between Mosaddegh and Kashani was severed in January 1953,when Kashani opposed Mosaddegh's demand that his increased powers be extended for a period of one year.

Mohammad Mosaddegh 8

Operation Ajax

Mosaddegh at the tomb of the Unknown Soldierof WWI in Arlington National Cemetery in

Virginia

In October 1952, Mosaddegh declared Britain an enemy, and cut alldiplomatic relations.[44] In November and December 1952, Britishintelligence officials suggested to American intelligence that the primeminister should be ousted. The new US administration under DwightD. Eisenhower and the British government under Winston Churchillagreed to work together toward Mosaddegh's removal. In March 1953,Secretary of State John Foster Dulles directed the US CentralIntelligence Agency (CIA), which was headed by his younger brotherAllen Dulles, to draft plans to overthrow Mosaddegh.[45]

On 4 April 1953, CIA director Dulles approved US$1 million to beused "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mosaddegh". Soonthe CIA's Tehran station started to launch a propaganda campaign

against Mosaddegh. Finally, according to The New York Times, in early June, American and British intelligenceofficials met again, this time in Beirut, and put the finishing touches on the strategy. Soon afterward, according to hislater published accounts, the chief of the CIA's Near East and Africa division, Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. the grandson ofU.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, arrived in Tehran to direct it.[46] In 2000, The New York Times made partialpublication of a leaked CIA document titled, Clandestine Service History – Overthrow of Premier Mosaddegh ofIran – November 1952-August 1953. This document describes the point-by-point planning of the coup by agentDonald Wilbur, and execution conducted by the American and British governments. The New York Times publishedthis critical document with the names censored. The New York Times also limited its publication to scanned image(bitmap) format, rather than machine-readable text. This document was eventually published properly – in text form,and fully unexpurgated. The complete CIA document is now web published [47]. The word ‘blowback' appeared forthe very first time in this document.

The plot, known as Operation Ajax, centered on convincing Iran's monarch to issue a decree to dismiss Mosaddeghfrom office, as he had attempted some months earlier. But the Shah was terrified to attempt such a dangerouslyunpopular and legally questionable move, and it would take much persuasion and many U.S. funded meetings, whichincluded bribing his sister Ashraf with a mink coat and money, to successfully change his mind.Mosaddegh became aware of the plots against him and grew increasingly wary of conspirators acting within hisgovernment.[48] According to Dr. Donald N. Wilber, who was involved in the plot to remove Mossadegh frompower, in early August, Iranian CIA operatives pretending to be socialists and nationalists threatened Muslim leaderswith "savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh," thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was crackingdown on dissent, and stirring anti-Mossadegh sentiments within the religious community. A referendum to dissolveparliament and give the prime minister power to make law was submitted to voters, and it passed with 99 percentapproval, 2,043,300 votes to 1300 votes against.[49] According to Mark J. Gasiorowski, "There were separate pollingstations for yes and no votes, producing sharp criticism of Mosaddeq" and that the "controversial referendum...gavethe CIA's precoup propaganda campaign an easy target". On or around Aug. 16, Parliament was suspendedindefinitely, and Mosaddeq's emergency powers were extended.A few days later on Aug. 19, 1953, Mosaddegh was rounded up as the CIA-backed coup came to a successfulend.[50] He was then tried, imprisoned for three years and kept "under house arrest at his estate" until he died inMarch 1967.[51]

Mohammad Mosaddegh 9

Shah's exile

Shaban Jafari, commonly known as "Shaban theBrainless" in Tehran

In August 1953, the Shah finally succumbed to the CIA plot,having been finally told by Roosevelt that the U.S. would proceedwith him or without him, and formally dismissed the PrimeMinister in a written decree, an act explicitly permitted under theconstitution.[52] Then, as a precautionary measure, he flew toBaghdad and from there hid safely in Rome, Italy. He actuallysigned two decrees, one dismissing Mosaddegh and the othernominating the CIA's choice, General Fazlollah Zahedi, as PrimeMinister. These decrees, or Farmāns as they are called, werespecifically written as dictated by Donald Wilbur the CIA architectof the plan, which were designed as a major part of Wilbur'sstrategy to give the impression of legitimacy to the secret coup, ascan be read in the declassified plan itself which bears his name.Wilbur was later given a letter of commendation by Alan Dulles,CIA head, for his work. It too is now declassified, and appears inWilbur's autobiography.

Coup d'état

Soon, massive protests, engineered by Roosevelt's team, tookplace across the city and elsewhere with tribesmen paid to be atthe ready to assist the coup. Fake anti- and pro-monarchy protesters, both paid by Roosevelt (as he reports in hisbook, cited), violently clashed in the streets, looting and burning mosques and newspapers, leaving almost 300 dead.The pro-monarchy leadership, chosen, hidden and finally unleashed at the right moment by the CIA team, led byretired army General and former Minister of Interior in Mosaddegh's cabinet, Fazlollah Zahedi joined withunderworld figures such as the Rashidian brothers and local strongman Shaban Jafari,[53] to gain the upper hand on19 August 1953 (28 Mordad). The military joined on cue: pro-Shah tank regiments stormed the capital andbombarded the prime minister's official residence, on Roosevelt's cue, according to his book. Mosaddegh managed toflee from the mob that set in to ransack his house, and, the following day, surrendered to General Zahedi, who wasmeanwhile set up by the CIA with makeshift headquarters at the Officers' Club. Mosaddegh was arrested at theOfficers' Club and transferred to a military jail shortly after.

Mohammad Mosaddegh 10

Shah's return

Mossadegh under house arrest in Ahmadabad

Shortly after the return of the Shah, on 22 August 1953, from his flightto Rome, Mosaddegh was arrested, tried and convicted of treason bythe Shah's military court. On December 21, 1953, he was sentenced todeath. Later, Mosaddegh's sentence was commuted to three years'solitary confinement in a military prison, followed by house arrest inhis Ahmadabad residence, until his death, on 5 March 1967.[54] [55] [56]

Mosaddegh's supporters were rounded up, imprisoned, tortured orexecuted. The minister of Foreign Affairs and the closest associate ofMosaddegh, Hossein Fatemi, was executed by order of the Shah'smilitary court. The order was carried out by firing squad on Oct. 29,1953.[57]

Zahedi's new government soon reached an agreement with foreign oilcompanies to form a consortium and "restore the flow of Iranian oil toworld markets in substantial quantities", giving the U.S. and GreatBritain the lion's share of Iran's oil. In return, the U.S. massivelyfunded the Shah's resulting government, including his army and secretpolice force, SAVAK, until the Shah's overthrow in 1979.[58]

Legacy

Iran

Mosaddegh in imperial court in 1955

The secret U.S. overthrow of Mosaddegh served as a rallying point inanti-US protests during the 1979 Iranian Revolution and to this day heis said to be one of the most popular figures in Iranian history.[59]

Despite this, he is generally ignored by the government of the IslamicRepublic because of his secularism and western manners.[60]

The withdrawal of support for Mosaddegh by the powerful Shia clergyhas been regarded as having been motivated by their fear of the chaosof a communist takeover.[61] Some argue that while many elements ofMosaddegh's coalition abandoned him it was the loss of support fromAyatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani and other clergy that was fatal to hiscause, reflective of the dominance of the Ulema in Iranian society anda portent of the Islamic Revolution to come. The loss of the political

clerics effectively cut Mosaddegh's connections with the lower middle classes and the Iranian masses which arecrucial to any popular movement in Iran.[62]

Mohammad Mosaddegh 11

U.S. and other countries

Prime Minister Mosaddegh with President Truman

The US role in Mosaddegh's overthrow was notformally acknowledged for many years, although theEisenhower administration vehemently opposedMossadegh's policies. President Eisenhower wroteangrily about Mosaddegh in his memoirs, describinghim as impractical and naive. However, Eisenhowerdid not admit any involvement with the coup.Eventually the CIA's involvement with the coup wasexposed. This caused controversy within theorganization and the CIA congressional hearings ofthe 1970s. CIA supporters maintained that the coupwas strategically necessary, and praised theefficiency of the agents responsible. Critics say thescheme was paranoid, colonial, illegal, andimmoral—and truly caused the "blowback"suggested in the pre-coup analysis. The extent of this "blowback," over time, was not completely clear to the CIA, asthey had an inaccurate picture of the stability of the Shah's regime. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 caught the CIAand the US very much off guard (as CIA reporting a mere month earlier predicted no imminent insurrectionaryturbulence whatsoever for the Shah's regime), and resulted in the overthrow of the Shah (himself a non-democraticruler) by a fundamentalist, non-democratic faction opposed to the US, headed by Ayatollah Khomeini. In retrospect,not only did the CIA and the US underestimate the extent of popular discontent for the Shah, but much of thatdiscontent historically stemmed from the removal of Mosaddegh and the subsequent clientelism of the Shah. TheUS-backed coup, in effect, had ended Iran's last fully democratic government, and there would be no return ofdemocracy even after the Shah's removal.

In March 2000, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright stated her regret that Mosaddegh was ousted: "TheEisenhower administration believed its actions were justified for strategic reasons. But the coup was clearly asetback for Iran's political development and it is easy to see now why many Iranians continue to resent thisintervention by America." In the same year, The New York Times published a detailed report about the coup based ondeclassified CIA documents.[6]

Due to his worldwide popularity, defiance of Britain, and fight for democracy, Mosaddegh was named as TimeMagazine's 1951 Man of the Year. Others considered for that year's title included Dean Acheson, then-General (andfuture President) Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Douglas MacArthur.[63]

In early 2004, the Egyptian government changed a street name in Cairo from Pahlavi to Mosaddegh to improverelations with Iran.

Mohammad Mosaddegh 12

Mosaddegh in the mediaThe figure of Mohammad Mosaddegh is an important element in the 2003 French TV production Soraya,[64] whichdeals with the life of the Shah's second wife and former Queen of Iran, Princess Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari.Mosaddegh's role is played by the French actor Claude Brasseur.

References• In pronouncing his name, Mohammad Mosaddegh, (Persian: قّدصم دمحم, IPA: [mohæmˈmæd(-e) mosædˈdeɣ] (

listen) the -[e] is the Izāfa, which is a grammatical marker linking two words together. It is not indicated in writing,and is not part of the name itself, but is used when a first and last name are used together.

[1] Andrew Burke, Mark Elliott & Kamin Mohammadi, Iran (Lonely Planet, 2004: ISBN 1740594258), p. 34.[2] Cold War and the 1950s (Social Studies School Service, 2007: ISBN 1560042931), p. 108.[3] Loretta Capeheart and Dragan Milovanovic, Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements (Rutgers University Press, 2007: ISBN

0813540380), p. 186.[4] http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ Middle_East/ FI15Ak03. html.[5] Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power (ISBN 9781439110126).[6] James Risen (2000-04-16). "Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ library/ world/ mideast/

041600iran-cia-index. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2006-11-03.[7] Dan De Luce (2003-09-20). "The Spectre of Operation Ajax" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ iran/ story/ 0,12858,1022065,00. html).

London: Guardian Unlimited. . Retrieved 2006-11-03.[8] Mark Gasiorowski; Malcolm Byrne (2004-06-22). "Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran" (http:/ / www. gwu. edu/ ~nsarchiv/

NSAEBB/ NSAEBB126/ index. htm). National Security Archive. . Retrieved 2006-11-03.[9] Mohammad Mossadegh: political biography By Farhad Dība, p4[10] The Cold War, 1945-1991: Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World by

Benjamin Frankel[11] Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009). The life and times of the Shah (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC& pg=PA110).

University of California Press. p. 110. ISBN 0520253280. .[12] Key figures (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ main. jhtml?xml=/ news/ campaigns/ iran/ irankey. xml), London: telegaph.co.uk, 4 June

2003, , retrieved 2007-11-07[13] Peter Avery, Modern Iran (Praeger, 1965), p. 273: "Older people still speak of Dr. Musaddiq as Musaddiqu's-Saltanah."[14] IFVC, The Political Life and Legacy of Mosaddegh, Bahman Maghsoudlou, Iranian Film Directors, New Productions (http:/ / www. ifvc.

com/ life_and_legacy_of_Mossadegh. htm)[15] Mohammad Mossadegh: political biography By Farhad Dība, p41[16] Saikal, Amin The Rise and Fall of the Shah, Princeton University Press, 1980, p. 38.[17] Saikal, 1980, p. 38–9.[18] Linda Wills Qaimmaqami (1995), "The Catalyst of Nationalization: Max Thornburg and the Failure of Private Sector Developmentalism in

Iran, 1947 - 1951", Diplomatic History, vol.19, no.1, pp.1-31[19] Stephen Kinzer (2003), All the Shah's Men, Wiley, ISBN 0471265179 pp.78-9[20] HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 006055973X, Page 88[21] See, for example, Homa Katouzian (1981), Political Economy of Modern Iran, p.160; Mostafa Elm (1992), Oil, Power, and Principle, p. 80;[22] Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran Between Two Revolutions, Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 266.[23] Abrahamian (1982) p. 268.[24] Alan W. Ford, The Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute of 1951-1952. University of california Press, Berkeley 1954, p. 268.[25] M. Fateh, Panjah Sal-e Naft-e Iran, p. 525.[26] Abrahamian (1982), p. 268–70.[27] Abrahamian (1982), p. 268–9.[28] Abrahamian (1982), p. 269.[29] Kinzer, All the Shah's Men, (2003) p. 150-1.[30] Abrahamian (1982), p. 270–1.[31] Mosaddegh: The Years of Struggle and Opposition by Col. Gholamreza Nejati, p. 761.[32] Abrahamian (1982), p. 271.[33] Abrahamian (1982), p. 272.[34] Abrahamian (1982), p. 273.[35] Zabih, Sepehr. The Mosaddegh Era: Roots of the Iranian Revolution, p. 65.[36] Kinzer, All the Shah's Men (2003) p.135-6[37] Kinzer, All the Shah's Men (2003) p.159

Mohammad Mosaddegh 13

[38] Saikal, Amin, The Rise and Fall of the Shah, Princeton University Press, 1980, p. 42.[39] Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran, Syracuse University Press, May 2004. ISBN

0-8156-3018-2, p. 125.[40] James S. Lay, Jr. (20 November 1952) (pdf), United States policy regarding the current situation in Iran (http:/ / www. gwu. edu/ ~nsarchiv/

NSAEBB/ NSAEBB126/ iran521120. pdf), George Washington University, , retrieved 2007-11-07 Statement of policy proposed by theNational Security Council

[41] Walter B. Smith, Undersecretary (20 March 1953) (pdf), First Progress Report on Paragraph 5-1 of NSC 136/1, "U.S. Policy Regarding theCurrent Situation in Iran" (http:/ / www. gwu. edu/ ~nsarchiv/ NSAEBB/ NSAEBB126/ iran530320. pdf), George Washington University, ,retrieved 2007-11-07

[42] (pdf) Measures which the United States Government Might Take in Support of a Successor Government to Mosaddegh (http:/ / www. gwu.edu/ ~nsarchiv/ NSAEBB/ NSAEBB126/ iran530300. pdf), George Washington University, March 1953, , retrieved 2007-11-07

[43] Review of All the Shah's Men by Jonathan Schanzer (http:/ / www. meforum. org/ article/ 1597)[44] No traction for proposal to name street after Mosaddegh (http:/ / www. tehrantimes. com/ PDF/ 10409/ 10409-16. pdf). Tehran Times. April

10, 2009[45] Malcolm Byrne, ed. (2 November 2000), The Secret CIA History of the Iran Coup, 1953 (http:/ / www. gwu. edu/ ~nsarchiv/ NSAEBB/

NSAEBB28/ ), George Washington University, quoting National security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 28, , retrieved 2007-11-07[46] Halberstam, David (1993). The Fifties. New York: Ballentine Books. pp. 366–367. ISBN 0-449-90933-6.[47] http:/ / web. payk. net/ politics/ cia-docs/ published/ one-main/ main. html[48] Trying to Persuade a Reluctant Shah (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ library/ world/ mideast/ 041600iran-cia-chapter2. html), New York Times

Dec. 7, 2009.[49] Abrahamian, Iran between 2 Revolutions, 1982, (p.274)[50] C.I.A. and Moscow Are Both Surprised (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ library/ world/ mideast/ 041600iran-cia-chapter4. html), New York

Times Dec. 7, 2009.[51] Eccentric Nationalist Begets Strange History (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ library/ world/ mideast/ 041600iran-cia-mossadegh. html), New

York Times Dec. 7, 2009.[52] Iranian Constitution of 1906, Section 4, Article 46 (http:/ / www. worldstatesmen. org/ Iran_const_1906. doc), 5 August 1906, , retrieved

2009-06-20[53] Pahlavani: Misinformation, Misconceptions and Misrepresentations (http:/ / www. pahlavani. com/ ish/ html/ ph/ new/ phmis. htm)[54] Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions by Ervand Abrahamian, (Princeton University Press, 1982), p.280[55] Mossadegh – A Medical Biography by Ebrahim Norouzi[56] Persian Oil: A Study in Power Politics by L.P. Elwell-Sutton. 1955. Lawrence and Wishart Ltd. London[57] Persian Oil: A Study in Power Politics by L.P. Elwell-Sutton. 1955. Lawrence and Wishart Ltd. London. p. 315.[58] Associated Press (6 August 1954), Statements on Iran Oil Accord (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ library/ world/ mideast/

080654iran-statements. html), The New York Times, , retrieved 2007-11-07[59] Noreena Hertz, The Silent Takeover: Global Capitalism and the Death of Democracy, HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 006055973X, Page 88[60] Abrahamian, Khomeinism (c. 1993).[61] Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton (2006), p. 124.[62] Mackay, Sandra, The Iranians, Plume (1997), p. 203, 4.[63] "Mohammad Mosaddegh, Man of the Year" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ subscriber/ personoftheyear/ archive/ stories/ 1951. html). Time

magazine. 1951-01-07. . Retrieved 2006-11-19.[64] Soraya (2003) (TV) (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0348076/ ), Internet Movie Database, , retrieved 2007-11-07

Further reading• Abrahamian, Ervand, Khomeinism: essays on the Islamic Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press, c

1993. 0-520-08173-0• Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=qh_QotrY7RkC&

dq=abrahamian+ iran+ between+ two+ revolutions& pg=PP1& ots=3DASg9yDz2&sig=9MFYtoJRIWR3iJB5kJlkBogmLDo& hl=en& prev=http:/ / www. google. com/ search?hl=en&q=Abrahamian,+ Iran+ Between+ Two+ Revolutions+ & btnG=Search& sa=X& oi=print& ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail), By Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982

• Amir Taheri, The Persian Night: Iran under the Khomeinist Revolution. Encounter Books, 2009, ISBN978-1594032400

• Farhad Diba, Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh; A Political Biography. London: Croom Helm, 1986, ISBN0-7099-4517-5

Mohammad Mosaddegh 14

• Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath. Syracuse: SyracuseUniversity Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8156-2642-8

• Mark Gasiorowski, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran, Cornell University Press,1991, ISBN 0-8014-2412-7

• Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950–1954,Columbia University Press,1997, ISBN 0-231-10819-2

• Sattareh Farman Farmaian & Dona Munker, Daughter of Persia: A Woman's Journey from Her Father's Haremthrough the Islamic Revolution. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006. ISBN 0-307-33974-2

• Stephen Kinzer, All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, John Wiley &Sons, 2003, ISBN 0-471-26517-9

• Stephen Kinzer, Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq, Times Books, 2006,ISBN 0-8050-7861-4

• Nikki R. Keddie, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Yale University Press, 2003, ISBN0-300-09856-1

• Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran, I B Tauris & Co, 1991, ISBN 1-850-43210-4• Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, edited by Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne.

Translated into Persian as Mosaddegh va Coup de Etat by Ali Morshedizad, Ghasidehsara Pub. Co.• Mark J. Gasiorowski, The 1953 Coup D'État in Iran, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3,

p. 261–86 (1987). JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ view/ 00207438/ ap010078/ 01a00010/ 0)• Tom Gabbay, "The Tehran Conviction" William Morrow, (2009), ISBN 978-0061188602

External links• Dr Mosasdegh's genealogy (http:/ / www. qajarpages. org/ mozaffareddinchildren. html) (Qajar website)• (Persian) Ardeshir Zahedi website contains number of articles related to Mosaddegh (http:/ / www.

ardeshirzahedi. eu)• James Risen: Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran — A special report; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in

'79) (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ library/ world/ mideast/ 041600iran-cia-index. html). The New York Times, 16April 2000.

• New York Times Archive containing declassified US intelligence Documents on the Coup of 1953 (http:/ / www.nytimes. com/ library/ world/ mideast/ iran-cia-appendix-a. pdf)

• In Memory of 19 August 1953 (http:/ / www. counterpunch. org/ sasan08192003. html) by Sasan Fayazmanesh,18 August 2003.

• Mosaddegh's photo album (http:/ / www. iranian. com/ Pictory/ mos. html)• Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran (http:/ / www. gwu. edu/ ~nsarchiv/ NSAEBB/ NSAEBB126/

index. htm) Book and declassified documents from the National Security Archive, 22 June 2004• The Secret CIA History of the Iran Coup – U.S. National Security Archive (http:/ / www. gwu. edu/ ~nsarchiv/

NSAEBB/ NSAEBB28)• An alternative view by Ardeshir Zahedi (http:/ / www. ardeshirzahedi. org/ cia-iran. pdf)• "50 Years After the CIA's First Overthrow of a Democratically Elected Foreign Government" (http:/ / www.

democracynow. org/ article. pl?sid=03/ 08/ 25/ 1534210)• How to Overthrow A Government: The 1953 U.S. Coup in Iran (http:/ / www. democracynow. org/ article.

pl?sid=04/ 03/ 05/ 1542249)• A short account of 1953 Coup in Iran (http:/ / www. iranchamber. com/ history/ coup53/ coup53p1. php)• The Sunday Herald, Over A Barrel (http:/ / www. sundayherald. com/ 53456)• Fariba Amini, Don't call me "Sir" - Mosaddegh: Humanity and integrity in government, The Iranian, 9 May 2001,

(http:/ / www. iranian. com/ History/ 2001/ May/ Amini/ index. html).• Dr Mohammad Mossadeqs Lebenswerk und Kampf (http:/ / www. de-mossadeq. tk/ )

Mohammad Mosaddegh 15

• (Persian) A video of Dr. Mosaddegh's house in Ahmadabad (http:/ / www. kalam. tv/ fa/ video/ 8020/ index.html)

Article Sources and Contributors 16

Article Sources and ContributorsMohammad Mosaddegh  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=435213568  Contributors: *drew, 1126thmp, 172, 1776new, AVM, Aboutmovies, Academic Challenger, Acebulf,Agh.niyya, Agha Nader, Alborz Fallah, Alefbe, Alex Middleton, Alex7777, AlexanderPar, Alfons2, Alimossadegh, Allmightyduck, Almondwine, Alterrabe, Amir.Hossein.7055, Anders.Warga,Arabbi, Art LaPella, AscendedAnathema, Aucaman, Audaciter, Aumnamahashiva, Azalea pomp, Badanedwa, Bahram.zahir, Banghi, Behi83, BehnamFarid, Bender235, Binksternet, Biruitorul,Biscuittin, Black Jesus, Bobo192, BoogaLouie, Bradridder, Brandon39, Brunnock, Btmccarthy17, Bulgaroctonus, Burkbraun, ButlerKyle, Buyoof, CBM, CJK, CN3777, Calbaer, Captain Proton,Catherine Huebscher, Caveh, Celareon, Ceranthor, CharlesMartel, Charley sf, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chicheley, Chowbok, ChrisiPK, Ckape, Claritas, CommonsDelinker,CoolKid1993, CreazySuit, Ctjf83, Cunado19, Cyrius, Cyrusk22, D, D6, DBrnstn, DIREKTOR, DabMachine, DanKeshet, Dara Barkhordar, Dariuskan, Darkred, Daveswagon, Dcflyer, Deed89,Definite, DemocraticIranWeneed, Demophon, Dfitzgerald, Dimadick, Discospinster, Dorkrock, Downwards, DragonflySixtyseven, Dryans, Dystopos, Dücanem, E0N, Eagle The Great, Ed Poor,EdelweissPirate, Ehteshami, El C, Eloquence, Emerson7, Ericd, Ericl, Erxnmedia, Eshgh8453, Everyking, Ezeu, Farhikht, Farzad j, Fatidiot1234, Fdiba, FellGleaming, Fight4truth, Fightcancer,Fluppy, Francvs, Frank, Frecklefoot, Gabbe, Georgeslegloupier, Gheuf, Gilgamesh he, Goatasaur, Good Olfactory, GraemeLeggett, Granpuff, Grenavitar, Grittykitty, Ground Zero, Guto2003,Guy Harris, Hadal, Hatef.Z, Headbomb, Heinzlinser, Hempbilly, Hillsbro, Hippietrail, Historian932, Hmains, Homagetocatalonia, Horgen, Houshyar, Ian Pitchford, Indon, IranRussia,IranianGuy, Ixodeth, J M Rice, JLCA, JaafarAbuTarab, Jacobolus, Jahangard, JavidShah, Jebhemelli, Jeff G., Jerome Charles Potts, Jklams, Jll, Joffeloff, John K, Jose Ramos, Joseph Solis inAustralia, Josve05a, Jun-Dai, Juqi, Justsayer, K.Nevelsteen, Kafshar z, Kashk, KellyBousum, Kermanshahi, Kf4bdy, Khodavand, Khoikhoi, Khorshid, Kingliam, Kingpin13, KneeJuan, Koavf,Kurdo777, Kwame Nkrumah, Kwamikagami, LambaJan, Lampajoo, Languagehat, Leandrod, LeoO3, Leroy65X, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Lususromulus, MADemocrat, Macraf, ManiF,Mardavich, Marmoulak, MarritzN, MartinSpacek, MaryMoo77, Marzieh Vafamehr, Mauimonica, Mav, Mboverload, Mcsoftykins, Melca, Midway, MinnesotanConfederacy, Mitchsensei,Miyokan, Mjmehr, MlleMFT, MohammadMosaddeq, Moises de la vera, Mrmadi78, Mushroom, Mx3, Mübarek-Demokrasi, N. Harmonik, Naserman, Nateji77, Natty4bumpo, Neilc, Nemozen,Nemzag, New.Iran2011, Nightscream, Nima Baghaei, Nishkid64, Nsk92, Numbo3, Nuztorad, Nv8200p, Octavian history, Ofhistoricalnote, Ohconfucius, PFHLai, Pantherarosa, Pascal,Pasitigris1, Patchouli, Paxsimius, Pearle, Persian.Saeed, Perspicacite, PhilKnight, Pir, Plasticup, Pmaguire, Prettyfile, Prezen, Princeofpersia1, Quadell, Rayis, Rdavid2003, Rednapped, Relatarefero, Revolución, RevolutionExpert, Rewinn, RichardRB, Rjwilmsi, Rmarghi, Robbie Davis-Floyd, Robert1947, Roozbeh, S.K., SDC, Saadi2000, Saforrest, Sandash, Sangak, Scarian,Scientizzle, SeanMcG, Sesel, Shauni, Shervink, Shirulashem, Shunpiker, Silverhorse, SimonP, Sina, Skywriter, Smith3675, Smitty.i.am, Snowolf, Socialsmitty.i.am, Solipsist, SouthernComfort,Spahbod, Steven J. Anderson, Str1977, SuperJumbo, Sven Manguard, Swedenman, Switchercat, TMLutas, Ta bu shi da yu, Tabletop, Tahmuras, Tassedethe, Taw, Tbp2007, Teachprasad, TheFour Deuces, The Thing That Should Not Be, The machine512, Theboboma, Thomas Gilling, Thorsmitersaw, Tim!, Tommy2010, Trg53, Ugen64, Ukexpat, Utcursch, Vanished user 03, Vargob,Varlaam, Violetriga, Vzbs34, Walterego, Wayiran, Wikimanwomanchild, Will Beback, Wtmitchell, Wvk, Wyatt a, Xoddam, Xyzzyva, Yug, ZEvilV, Zereshk, Zhen Lin, Zictor23, 金翅大鹏鸟,375 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:Mossadegh US04.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mossadegh_US04.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid, R. Engelhardt, Ugo14File:Mohammad_mossadegh_Signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mohammad_mossadegh_Signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: mohammadmossadeghFile:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, 2 anonymous editsImage:Mossadeghfars.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mossadeghfars.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arashk rp2, Ervaude, Mkill, Shizhao, Wvk,ZereshkFile:Mosaddegh & Kashani.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mosaddegh_&_Kashani.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ?Image:Mossadeghmohammadrezashah.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mossadeghmohammadrezashah.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arashk rp2,DIREKTOR, Ervaude, Mkill, WvkFile:28mordad1332.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:28mordad1332.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:ZereshkImage:Mossadegh US24.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mossadegh_US24.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ugo14File:Shaban jafari.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shaban_jafari.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Alborz Fallah at en.wikipedia(Original text : unknown)File:Mohammad Mosaddeq, Ahmadabad, ca 1965 - 2nd.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mohammad_Mosaddeq,_Ahmadabad,_ca_1965_-_2nd.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: BehnamFaridFile:Mosaddegh in Court.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mosaddegh_in_Court.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ?File:465700356 7224b8bd14 o.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:465700356_7224b8bd14_o.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Rowe, Abbie, 1905-1967,Photographer Abbie Rowe, U.S. National Park Service

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