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CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 1
LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT
Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals
The circulatory system is divided into a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system. Humans, fish, amphibians and birds have a closed circulatory system, while insects have an open circulatory system. Unlike fish which have a single circulatory system, amphibians, birds and humans have a double circulatory system.
The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. Blood is made up of blood cells and plasma. Blood cells consist of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma consists of water, plasma proteins, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones and antibodies.
Blood vessels are divided into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries.The heart is the organ that pumps blood, which carries all the vital materials that help
the body function and waste products that the body does not need.
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 2
Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below.
Activity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functions
Write the correct cell due to its function.
Cellular component Function
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Leucocytes
(white blood
cell)
Granular
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in
allergic reactions.
Kills parasitic worms.
Combats inflammation in allergic reactions.
Agranular Produces the immune response against foreign
substances.
Circulatory system
Fish
Open
Double circulatory system
consists of
example
example
Human Birds
Heart Blood vessel
consists of
Plasma
made up of
consists of
Red blood cell
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 3
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Involved in the process of blood clotting.
Activity 3 : Blood vessels
Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer.
Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins
Function
Allow rapid gaseous
exchange, nutrients, waste
and hormones between the
blood and cells
Carry deoxygenated
blood (except for the
pulmonary vein)
towards the heart
The thickness of
the wallThinnest (one-cell thick)
Valves
No valves, except semi-
lunar valves in the aorta
and pulmonary artery
The size of
lumenSmall Large
Activity 4 : The Human Heart
The heart consists of four chambers: left and right atria, and left and right ventricles.The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. The bicuspid valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. These valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria when the ventricles contract. Semi-lunar (mitral) valves are present at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery to prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles.
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 4
Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.
Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart
Fill in the blanks.
1. Vena cava carry d_________ __ blood right a__________ through
t______________ valve right v_____________ through s ______________
valves p_______________ arteries lungs.
2. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by p_______________ veins left
a____________ through b_____________ valve left v______________
through s________________ valves aorta.
The wall of left ventricleChorda tendinae
Pulmonary veinSuperior vena cava
Right atrium
Left atrium
Septum
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 5
Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart
Match the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in
the pumping of the heart :
2. The electrical impulses spread rapidly over the walls of both atria, causing the atria to contract simultaneously. The contraction of the atria helps push blood into the ventricles.
1. The SA node as the pacemaker generates electrical impulses.
3. The electrical impulses spread to the ventricles causing them to contact and push blood out to the lungs and body.
4. The electrical impulses reach the AV node. Bundle of His fibres, bundle branches and Purkinje fibres conduct the impulses to the apex of the heart
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 6
Activity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects, fish, amphibians and humans
Complete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects,
fish, amphibians and humans.
Organisms Insects Fish Amphibians Humans
Type of circulatory systemOpen Closed
- Single Double
Separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood- - Incomplete
Number of chambers in
the heart
(A single
blood vessel
forms the
heart)
Four
Activity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Complete the schematic diagram below.
Activity
9 : The Lymphatic System
A Tick ( ) if the statement
is true, cross ( X ) if the statement is
wrong.
Damaged blood vessels
Agglutination of platelets
stimulates
T___________
T____________
Prothrombin
Liver
secretes
Ca+
F___________ (soluble protein)
F________(insoluble protein)
Blood clotting
Vitamin K
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 7
1. Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, foreign particles and
dead leucocytes. ( )
2. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells. ( )
3. Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source. ( )
4. Lymph is in the blood vessels. ( )
5. Lymph contains glucose, amino acids, fat droplets, dissolved gases, minerals
and hormones but no lymphocytes. ( )
6. Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein. ( )
7. Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid. ( )
8. Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells. ( )
9. Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic duct
to be returned to the circulatory system. ( )
10. Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema. ( )
B Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding the
lymphatic system.
1. The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of s___________
m_____________ around it.
2. Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways :
(a) by diffusing back into the t d and the r ________
l d___________
(b) through the c_______________ into the circulatory system.
Activity 10 : The Body’s Defence Mechanism
Complete the schematic diagram below.
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 8
Activity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy things
Match each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.
Lymphatic system
Defence mechanism
is involved in
S_________________________
First line of defence
T________________________
is divided into
consists of
Phagocytic white blood cell
Lymphocyte
S_______ M________m__________
consists of
consists of
Antibodies can clamp pathogens together. The clumping makes the pathogens easy targets for phagocytes to capture and destroy.
Opsonins are antibodies that bind with antigens to act as markers so that phagocytes can recognize the antigens and destroy them.
An antibody can neutralize the toxins produced by bacteria by binding to the toxin. This prevents the toxin from attaching to cells and causing damage.
Lysins are antibodies that bind to antigens and cause the antigens to rupture or disintegrate
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 9
Activity 12 : Immunity
The schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram.
Types of immunity
Active immunity Passive immunity
Artificially acquiredNaturally acquired
T____________Antibodies are required from the
mother
Artificially acquiredNaturally acquired
- A v _________ stimulates the body to produce antibodies.
- The body has acquired immunity through vaccination.
- A_____________ are produced in response to the antigens.
- The person is immune after he has been infected by it.
- Permanent immunity
- A serum which contains antibodies or a____________ can be injected from the donors.
- Temporary immunity
- A foetus receives maternal antibodies through p_______.
- Babies acquire the immunity through breastfeeding.
- Temporary immunity
H____________, d____ _, p______
C__________p___
is divide into
example
characteristics
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 10
Activity 13 : The Transport of Organic Substances and Water in Plants
A. Complete the schematic diagram below.
Sample questions.
1. Figure 1 shows the
human circulatory
system.
Figure 1
(a) Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation.
( i ) P : ________________________________________________________________
PLANTS
Xylem P______
Transport of w_______ and m____________
from roots to leaves
T____________
C________ and a_________ in the xylem
Transpiration pullRoot pressure
Transport of o________ s________
through translocation
due to
divided into types of transport
function in
via three mechanisms
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 11
Description : _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
(i i) Q : ________________________________________________________________
Description : _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 4 marks )
(b) On Figure 1, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations P and Q.
Oxygenated blood with the arrow ( )
Deoxygenated blood with the arrow ( ) ( 1 mark )
(c) The pacemaker of a patient’s heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to
replace the original pacemaker.
Explain how the electronic pacemaker works.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks )
(d) Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y.
Blood vessel Volume / cm3 Pressure / kPa
X 100 13.3
Y 300 0.3
Table 1
( i) Based on Figure 1 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of blood
flow in the blood vessels X and Y? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 12
(ii) Explain how vigorous exercise increase the blood flow in the blood vessel X.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
2. Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart.
Figure 2
(a) On Figure 2,
( i) complete the right half of the heart and label the drawn parts.
(ii) draw an arrow to show the flow of blood. ( 3 marks )
(b)( i) Which chamber is relax?
______________________________________________________________________
(ii) Based on Figure 2, give two reasons to support the answer of (b)(i).
1. ____________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks )
(c)( i) State the difference between chambers labeled Y and Z.
______________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain the importance of the difference in (c)(i).
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 13
(d) )( i) Do the contractions of the cardiac muscle need to be stimulated by nerve impulses?
______________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
3. Figure 3 shows the concentration of antibody in the blood of Individuals P and Q during
the treatment to acquire immunity.
(a) Identify the type of immunisation given to each of them.
Individual P : __________________________________________________________
Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(b) State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between Individual P and
Q. Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(c) State the advantages of the type of immunisation given to both individuals.
Individual P : __________________________________________________________
Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 14
(d) Apart from the natural defences provided by the phagocytes and the lymphocytes,
antibiotics and vaccination are used to combat infectious diseases.
Explain what is meant by :
( i) antibiotic : _______________________________________________________
(ii) vaccines : ________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
4. Table 2 shows the information of types of blood.
Type of
blood
Function
Carries oxygen
and carbon
dioxide
Defense
mechanism
Produces
antibodies :
- Lysine
- Agglutinin
- Antitoxin
Blood clotting
Table 2
(a)( i) Cell Q engulfs the pathogen entering the body by phagocytosis. Complete the diagram
below to show the mechanism of phagocytosis occurred in cell Q.
(ii)
Cell R destroys the pathogens entering the body by the action of antibodies. State one
of the mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy pathogens.
______________________________________________________________________
Cell P Cell RCell Q Cell S
Pathogens
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 15
( 1 mark )
(b)( i) Explain how cell P functioning in the transportation of respiration gases.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks)
(ii) Based on Table 2, state two structural differences between Cell P and Cell Q.
1. ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(c)( i) Explain how Cell S functioning in the blood clotting.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(ii) Write down two enzymic reactions in the mechanism of blood clotting.
1.
2.
( 2 marks )
5. Figure 4 shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 16
(a) On Figure 4, label the structures S, T and U. [2 marks]
(b) Name fluid R. [1 mark]
(c) Briefly describe the formation of fluid R. [2 marks]
(a) (i) State two differences between fluid R and the blood. [2 marks]
(ii) Vessel T forms a part of a circulatory system. Name the system.[1 mark]
(iii) Explain the structure of the system. [2 marks]
Figure 4
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 17
(b) Apart from returning tissue fluid back to the blood circulatory system, state two other functions of the system in d(i). [2 marks]
6.
(a) What are the main tissue that are involved in the transport in plant? [1 mark]
(b) State the functions of the tissues in 1 (a). [2 marks]
(c) Draw and label a plant diagram to show the cross-section of a young dicotyledonous stem.
[2 marks]
(d)(i) State the process that enables the transportation of organic food substances
synthesised by the leave to other part of the plant. [1
mark]
(ii) State two importance of process d(i) to a plant [2 marks]
Plants photosynthesise and produce food from inorganic substances mainly in the
leaves. For this process to take place, the plant requires water, minerals and a
number of trace elements.
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 18
(e) Relate the structure of phloem to its function [3 marks]
Essay item
1 (a) The arrows in figure 5 show the movement of water from the roots to the leaves and out
to the atmosphere.
Figure 5
Based on Figure 5, explain the movement of water in a plant. [10 marks]
(b) What is the importance of transpiration to the plant? [2 marks]
(c) Discuss the factors that affect the rate of transpiration [8 marks]
flow of
water
cohension of water molecules
adhension of water
molecules
transpiration
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT 19