Module I: Overview of Semantic Technologies and …...Systems developed in different work practice...

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Module I: Overview of Semantic Technologies and the

Semantic Web

© Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc. Slide 2

Module I - Executive Briefing on Semantic Technologies and the Semantic Web [Course Day 1]

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The Semantic Wave is NOT one thing … there are differing major streams within it

!!The Semantic Web "! Information sharing on a global scale

"! Intranets vs. Internet

!!Semantic Technology "! Enhanced knowledge access and search

"! Semantic Interoperability

"! Information syndication

"! … and so forth


Semantic Web: Make web content machine-readable!

“The Semantic Web is a vision: the idea of having data on the Web defined

and linked in a way that it can be used by machines not just for display purposes, but for automation, integration and reuse of data across various

applications.[W3C 2001] ”

“The Semantic Web is an extension of the current Web in which information is

given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” [Tim Berners-Lee et al 2001]


What could the Web do?

Can this sort of interaction become part of the Web itself?


How could the Web do it?

Built-in by the Webmaster

Agree upon an “interlingua”


What about XML? Doesn’t it support semantics?

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Gartner: All Tied Up with XML: 1999

Unprecedented growth of standard development


Gartner: All Tied Up with XML: 2001

From 2001 through 2004 enterprises spent $3 billion on modeling activities with no return on investment from $ 2 billion of it.


A new Web of terminology

Use the same technology for mapping web pages to terminology to map terminology to one another

What’s the Interlingua for the Interlingua?


AAA Slogan -

Anyone

can say Anything

about Any topic


Non-unique naming

“Java”

public String getContextPath() { try { Method getContextPathMethod = delegate.getClass().getMethod("getContextPath", null); //$NON-NLS-1$ return (String) getContextPathMethod.invoke(delegate, null); } catch (Exception e) { // ignore } return null; }

“Java”?

Programming language? Hot Beverage?

“Coffee”?


What is Semantic Technology?

“Semantic technology (software) allows the meaning

of and associations between information to be known

and processed at execution time.

For a semantic technology to be truly at work within a

system, there must be a knowledge model of some

part of the world (an active ontology) that is used by

one or more applications at execution time.”(((

-- TopQuadrant


Semantic Technology and the Internet

1995 2000 2005

+ RDF, OWL ?

+ XML J2EE, .NET, …

En

co

din

g

Para

dig

m

Cre

ati

on

+ RDBMS JSP, ASP, Java, …

Generated applying specific templates, used by people

Kille

r A

pp

s

•! Search

•! Content Mgmt

•! Web Application Servers

•! Portals

•! Process Integration

•! Web Services

Generated by applications based on fixed schemas, used by applications and people

•! Advisors

•! Personal Agents

•! IP Apps

•! Cognitive Engines

Generated by applications based on models, used by applications, devices and people

Static Dynamic Transactional Semantic

HTML CGI, Perl, ...

Hand crafted by people for people

•! Browser

Marketing Sales Service Integration


Contrasting the Semantic Web and Semantic Technology Solutions

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W3C standards for semantic models

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“Semantic Web is stimulating a whole new class of applications at individual, enterprise and web

scales” – Eric Miller, W3C, Semantic Technologies for eGOV’2003

www.w3.org/ www.w3.org/2001/sw


Application integration today

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How do they do it?

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Simplest kind of Application Integration – everyone

agrees on a simple representation. Just use it!


It’s supposed to be a web, after all!

Mash-ups are not the

responsibility of some service on the web …

They are the

responsibility of the web infrastructure!!


How does it work?

RDF

RDF – the Ultimate Mash-up

Language !!

RDF

RDF RDF


Capability Case: Model-enabled Application Integrator Solution Story: Geospatial Mashup in TopBraid Composer

A view of TopBraid Composer being used to connect a real estate ontology and other RDF resources with geospatial ontologies.


CapabilityCase: Semantic Multi-Faceted Search SolutionStory: BeachHouse – search and bring the beach home


CapabilityCase: Semantic Multi-Faceted Search SolutionStory: Executive Search Company


Semantic Model-driven Applications

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Capability Case: Semantic Portal

CapabilityCase:

Semantic Portal

http://del.icio.us/CapabilityCases/SemanticPortal

Intellidimension’s Semantic

Portal Nokia’s Mobile Phones

Forum

Ontference


CapabilityCase: Semantic Portal SolutionStory: Ontference

Integrating multiple sources of information – talk submissions, attendee registrations, user profiles:


CapabilityCase: Semantic Data Integrator SolutionStory: FAA Passenger Threat Analysis

Data for passenger threat analysis comes from a wide range of heterogeneous, structured and

unstructured sources, including the FBI most wanted list, flight details, news, public records,

and biometrics. A solution built using Semagix Freedom allows security personnel to assess passenger threats

while maintaining a high rate of passenger flow. Semagix Freedom interfaces with diverse

information sources, extracts relevant information in near real-time, and then organizes and normalizes them based upon the ontology. It

co-relates the information from different sources to determine possible threats. by discovering

hidden relationships between seemingly unrelated pieces of information.

Systems developed in different work practice settings have different

semantic structures for their data. Time-critical access to data is made difficult by these different semantics. Semantic Data Integration allows

data to be shared and understood across these settings.

Aviation Security – Passenger Threat Analysis

Passenger Threat Analysis Console (Ontology-based Analysis)


Customer Story: Major retailer deploys customer site in 12 weeks

A web portal for consumers to maintain information about their homes and belongings. Many different product – all have different types of information.

JENA SDB RDF Store

(User Data)

MySQL

JENA in-memory RDF Store (domain model)

JENA in-memory RDF Store (form models)

JENA in-memory RDF Store (USER 1 data)

JENA in-memory RDF Store (USER N data)

.

.

Generated Web UI (view and edit)


TopBraid Live – has an open Architecture


Graph stores

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Comparing Semantic and Relational

RDB Semantic Model (Ontology)

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#! Database must be designed to answer the questions

#! Specific, typically complex, queries must be developed

#! Ontology must be designed to answer the questions

#!Queries can be generic and very simple

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#! Inflexible: "! Database structure must be modified so it can continue to answer the questions

"! Queries must be re-written

"! Data must be ported

#! Flexible: "! Ontology can be easily extended so it can continue to answer new questions

"!No data porting required

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#! Can be very fast with proper tuning – mature technology:

"! Known optimization approaches

#!Certain queries, such as multi table joins and self joins are known to cause problems

#! Not as fast, but improving, tuning does not affect flexibility:

"! Adding more processing power and distributed computation helps

#!Performs better than RDBMS for certain query types


Key differences in the representation of relationships

RDB Semantic Model (Ontology)

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#!Relationships are either 1:1, many:1 or many:many

#!Many:many relationships must be broken into many:1 relationships by creating join tables

#!By default all relationships are many:many

#!Functional properties and cardinality restrictions are used to specify 1:1, many:1 as well as other cardinalities

#!It is possible to specify, for example, 1:4 or min 2, etc.

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#!Additional information about the relationship is represented by the extra columns in the join table

#!Relationship is reified (made into a class)

#!Additional information is represented as properties of the class

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#! Implicit #!Embedded in the name of the join table or in the name of the column

#!Typically these names are not designed for ease of understanding of the nature of the relationship

#! Explicit #!Care is taken to name a relationship in a way that its nature and intentions are well understood


Properties (ST) vs. Attributes and Relations (OO)

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Properties are first-class constructs

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This is not a class diagram!

!! In contrast to most OO paradigms, where properties are “owned” or “contained in” Classes

… and for other modelers to reuse properties

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In OWL, Properties may have Sub Properties

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(ST) In OWL, Classes are inferred or computed

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Properties (ST) vs. Attributes and Relations (OO)

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Semantic Web – OO Gotchas!

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How Semantic Languages Work

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C$+F*3/D6.6/>6<*?%$*?'$#/.$*=$%(.11-"7*

RDF

RDFS

OWL


What is RDF?

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"! ZK(/+"7.*+"&**

"! C-1#$-J')"7*4.#+&+#+*

RDF Triple:

Subject

Object

Massage

Predicate

offers

Safety Harbor


RDF: A distributed network of data!

offeredBy Safety Harbor

offers

Massage

Safety Harbor

offers

Massage

Facial

offeredBy

Safety Harbor

RDF Files: “bags of triples”

… …

Facial


RDFS is a schema language for RDF

WC;3*+66%F1*'1*#%*($.+#.*G%(+J'6+$-.1*

offers

Spa

rdf:type

Resort

rdfs:subClassOf

Safety Harbor

Massage

Treatment

Activity

rdfs:subClassOf

rdf:type

offers rdfs:domain rdfs:range


SafetyHarbor

offers

Massage

offers

rdfs:domain

Safety Harbor

rdfs:subClassOf

Resort

Spa Spa

rdf:type

If the bags contain RDFS key symbols, then RDFS can infer certain conclusions

…

…

RDFS is RDF, too!

offers

Spa

rdf:type

Resort

rdfs:subClassOf

Safety Harbor

Massage

Treatment

Activity

rdfs:subClassOf

rdf:type

offers rdfs:domain

rdfs:range

Module I: Overview of Semantic Technologies and …...Systems developed in different work practice...

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Transcript of Module I: Overview of Semantic Technologies and …...Systems developed in different work practice...