MODULE CLASS XII CHEMISTRY.docx

8/17/2019 MODULE CLASS XII CHEMISTRY.docx

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MODULE CLASS XII CHEMISTRY

ABUNDANCE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Arranged by

Sri Rejeki

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

SEMARAN STATE UNI!ERSITY

"#$%

Hand&'( CHEMICAL INREDIENTS

Elements which are the basic components making up matter, found in nature in its

elemental form, compounds, and mixtures thereof either in the earth's crust, water and

atmosphere. To be able to extract and process them in need of understanding the properties of

elements.

T)e *r'+( is the outermost layer of Earth is divided into two categories, namely the

oceanic crust and continental crust.Oceanic crust has a thickness of about 5!" km, while the

continental crust has a thickness of about #"$" km.

The chemical elements that form the earth's crust are% Oxygen &O &().)*, silicon &+i

$.$*, aluminum &l &-.!*, iron &e &5, "*, /alcium &/a &0.)*, +odium &1a

.-*, 2otassium &3 .)*, 4agnesium &4g .!*.

The crust and some mantle lithosphere form layers with a total thickness of

approximately -" km.

The experts can reconstruct the layers that exist below the surface of the earth is based

on analysis of the seismograms recorded by seismic recording station in the whole world.

Table !. The abundance of several elements in ndonesia.


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Element bundance in ndonesia nformation

ron 6ampung, +outh +umatra, East

3alimantan, 7est 3alimantan,

/ilacap, 89ung 3ulon, /entral

+ulawesi.

The iron industry in /ilegon produces

concrete iron, steel, iron plate and an

iron plate.

aluminim

&Ore bauxite

2ulau :intan &;iau, Tayan

&+outh 3alimantan

4ining of bauxite ore in :intan sland

since !(" span

? @span@A

/opper 2apua, 7est 3alimantan 4ining site in 2apua contains not only

copper, but also contain gold and

silver. 4ineral reserves are estimated to

last for the next 5" years the value of B

C -" billion.

1ickel 2omalaa &+outheast +ulawesi,

+oroako &/entral +ulawesi,

2alopo &+outh +ulawesi,

Dalmahera and 2apua.

1ickel is mined there is exported

directly in the form of nickel ore, and

some are fused to obtain ferronickel

&e1i containing B #"* nickel with a

higher sales price.

/arbon &/oal :ukit sam &+outh +umatra,

3ota :aru, :an9armasin, 3utai

&East 3alimantan

:ased on the / content, coal is

classified with high =uality &antarsit,

medium &bituminous, and low &sub


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bituminous and lignite. +eabagai

picture, antarsit used in industries such

as steel and cement, power plants,

smelting tin and nickel, as well as

bituminous for the aluminum industry

and power plants.

chromium /entral +ulawesi

lkali element is a soft metal, shiny white, and has a melting point that rendah.+enyawa

alkali widely found in nature are sodium chloride and potassium.

• lithium

an alkali element with the strongest reduction.

6i obtained from the electrolysis of

molten lithium garam.3egunaan are as follows%

• as in the synthesis of alkali metal liyhium

• lithium salt is used as a treatment for mental disorders

• 6i alliance with 2b is used for wrapping the cable

• 6i alliance with l used to increase the corrosion resistance of l.

• sodium

1a much seawater can be in the form of 1a/l, so many compounds are made from

valuable 1a/l murah.1a also used as filler light the lamp on the road or vehicles, as

emissions mampun yellow color through the fog.

1a is also used for the manufacture

TE6, namely to raise the octane number fuel.

Other sodium compounds are used as%

• 1aOD, which is produced from the electrolysis of 1a/l solution. 8sed

as

raw

material for

soaps, detergents, paper, rayon fibers, and separating the sulfur from

petroleum.


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• 1aD/O 0 &baking soda, will be decomposed by heat which generates /O # gas so

that the cake becomes fluffy.

1aD/O 0was also used sebag ai buffer to maintain

the pD,

because it can react with acids and bases in accordance with the following reaction%

D/O 0 D , D # /O 00 D/O OD F D # O /O 0 #

o 1/O 0 is used for the manufacture of glass, eliminating water hardness, sodium

silicate as a raw material in papermaking and detergents

o 1aglutamate as a food flavoring

o 1abenGoate as a preservative of food cans.

• 2otassium

/ompounds potassium that is widely used is 3OD as raw material for soap, 3/lO 0 as

raw materials firecrackers and matches, 3/6 for the manufacture of fertiliGers, 3:r

as material for making drugs, and 31O 0 are soluble in water as materials for

fertiliGers, explosives and preservatives daging.2ada for human and animal bodies,

1a and 3 ions play a role in delivering kondusi nerves, and maintaining osmotic

balance in the blood.

n plants, 3

ions play an important role in growth.

• rubidium

This element will emit electrons when exposed to the light, so it is widely used as

photoelectric cells.

;ubium which reacts with water to cause an explosion.

• cesium

golden, slightly in nature, and are in some silicate minerals ..

sesium will emit electrons when exposed to the light, so that the banya is used in

photoelectric cells.

sesiumakan resulting in an explosion when reacted with water.

• francium

This element is rarely found in nature., :ecause it is radioactive and has a very short

isotopes, which are #! minutes.francium made in the natural radioactive decay or in

nuclear reactors.


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lkaline earth element is a metal bracket that has two valence electrons, which tend to

release electrons, so that the charged #.

:ecause the valence electrons easily dislodged,

alkaline earth elements are easily oxidiGed, although not as easy as alkali group.

so,

alkaline earth group elements is a strong reducing agent.

• beryllium

The element is used as a frame of missiles and spacecraft.

other than that beryllium is

transparent to Hrays, so that the bias is used as an xray tube window.

• 4agnesium

is one of the alkaline compound that is widely available in

nature. 4agnesiumbermanfaat as a constituent of chlorophyll in plants. magnesium

produced because it is stable in air terbuka.4agnesium widely used for the prevention

of corrosion of metal pipes in the ground and diding ships.

in the pharmaceutical

field, 4g &OD #, can be used as an ulcer drug, and 4g+O (, better known as the

English salt, used to laktasif intestine.

• /alcium

an alkaline compound that is widely available in nature in addition to

magnesium.+enyawa calcium is a compound that can easily and abundant in nature, it

can be used as building materials, such as one of the ingredients of cement

manufacture.

n addition to the alkaline earth elements, calcium /a/O0 pure form

compounds that can be used as toothpaste and chalk.

• strontium

produces deep red color spectrum.

lkaline earth element +r, the compound +r+O (, if

in the fuel produces a red flame.These compounds can be used as a source of ignition

of fireworks.


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• :arium produce a yellowish green color spectrum. :arium can also be used as a

flame color fireworks

• ;adium is an element that only a few occur in nature,

element

is radioactive, the

strength of radioactivity will decrease !* every #5 years.

/hemical

properties

radiummirip

with barium, which if deposited will be a sulfate.

;adium

in the

form

ofsalt should be are

stored in glass tubes closed and given a protective lead.

,

1oble gases contained in the atmosphere in relatively small =uantities. s we know ouratmosphere dominated by nitrogen gas &1 # and oxygen &O #, each of which cover $-* and

#!* by volume of the most noble udara.Ias di9impaidi atmosphere is argon. /overing".


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a.

+ubstitute hydrogen gas to fill balloons helium gases other than air because light

can not burn.

b.

s the filler tube diving with oxygen, replacing the nitrogen contained in the

air.

1itrogen can cause 'bends', namely the release of nitrogen gas bubbles that had

been dissolved in the blood with increasing hydrostatic pressure experienced by the

diver with incredible pain.

c.

8sed to create an inert environment to prevent oxidation of the metal plating

process

d.

6i=uid helium can be used as a refrigerant &coolant, especially on a nuclear reactor.

• 1eon

a.2engisi billboard lights, emit red

b.1eon li=uid can also be used as refrigerants

• rgon is a noble gas that is the highest in the air can also be

obtained by

heating

the

air and calcium carbide /a/ #,nitrogen and oxygen in the air will be

bound by the /a/ #, so that the remaining air we obtain argon, argon :enefits%

a.2engisi incandescent light bulb filaments that are not easily broken

b.Kipakai to make the atmosphere inert environment

c.2engisi billboard lights, emitting pink and blue at low pressure at high pressure

• 3rypton

a.+tandar international siGe, ! meter ? !,)5",$)0.$0 times the wavelength of krypton gas

b.2engisi billboard lights, emit white

• xenon

a.+ebagai dope

b.Oksida xenon is a strong oxidiGing agent because it is easily transformed into

elemental

• ;adon


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s for radon 9ust apat raioaktif obtained from the decay of radium elements, based on

the nuclear reaction below%

##)

### -) -- ;a F ;n ( #DE

This element is used for cancer therapy because it emits radioactive rays

:enefits of halogen.

Dalogen is a reactive compound.

Dalogen in the periodic system of

elements occupy !$ group &La.Dalogen consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine,

and astatine. Each of these elements has a great advantage. The use of halogen in everyday

life can be seen below.

• lour

There are many uses of fluorine such as to make the coolant and detergent.

luor is also

used mainly for producing uranium heksafluroida and is also used to make

lainnya.+ebelumnya fluorine compounds, fluorine is used for the production of //s

used in aerosol sprays, cleansers and polymers.

Dowever, these compounds can cause

depletion of the oGone layer.

The usefulness of fluorine the other is for rocket fuel.

onfluoride used in toothpaste because it can prevent cavities.

n some countries, fluoride

added to municipal water supplies to reduce tooth decay.

luorinated compounds can be

used to make plastics and also for etching glass.

luorinated compounds used for etching

are not only decorative but also to mark the thin glass ball to be carved.

• - .&r in

The most important use of chlorine bleach is as paper and cloth.

/hlorine is one of the

chemicals most fre=uently produced in the 8nited +tates.

The most common use of

chlorine is in drinking water and swimming pools because it can kill harmful

bacteria.

The use of chlorine include production of everyday products such as

insecticides, solvents, food dyes, plastics, dyes, textiles, petroleum products, paper

products etc.

• B r&/


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:rom also used to disinfect water because it can kill the bacteria.

norganic forms of

bromine is used in photographic film.dditionally, bromine is also used in fumigants, fire

extinguisher, dyes and pharmaceuticals.

• i&dine in

odine is an element that is very important and has many uses.

odine compounds are

basically used in medicine, photography and dyes.

odine can also be to identify

starch.

nother very important usage of iodine is because it is =uiteradioopaque, so it can

be used as a contrast Hray and for intravenous in9ection

• a+(a(in

statin utiliGation has not been found.

The Three Elements abundance.

luminium is a metal element that is most abundant in the earth's crust, covering $.-*

of the mass of the earth's crust, which ranks third after oxygen and silicon.

luminum is

found in rocks as aluminum silicate &compounds composed of elements of l, O, and +i,

bauxite &l # O # .#D # O, clay &l # +i # O $ .#D # O and cryolite &1a 0 6 ). luminium

was first isolated in !-#5 by scientists of Kenmark.

luminum name comes from the 6atin

kat alumen, meaning alum.

Ore uatama aluminuim are often used to make the metal is

bauxite.

n ndonesia, bauxite numerous in :intan sland and 7est 3alimantan.

n nature, silicon is the element of rank second only to oxygen in the earth's crust,

covering about #-* of the weight of the earth, the silicon can be in the form of silica

&+iO # or =uartG sand, aluminosilicate, ortoklase &3 # O.l # O 0. )+iO # and asbestos

&4g/asilikat. +and is often found everywhere is not pure silica, while the more pure silica

can be &the flint and opal &opal.

+ilicon can be obtained by reducing +iO # at high

temperature using a reducing carbon.

+iO # &s #/ # &s F +i &s #/O &g


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2hosphorus is found in rock phosphate as luorapatite compound &/a 5 &2O ( 0 ,

hydroxyapatite &/a 5 &2O ( 0 &OD, and klorapatit &/a 5 &2O ( 0 /l.

The name is derived daribahasa latin sulphurium sulfur, which artunya

brimstone.

+ulfur &sulfur is an element of the third period which occur in nature in a free

state or in the form of compounds.

n a free state, generally sulfur found in the form of

sulphide minerals, such as iron sulfide &e+ #, gypsum &/a+O ( .#D # O and Ginc &Mn+. n

addition, sulfur is also contained in natural gas, such as D # + and +O #.

s an element, sulfur contained in the volcanic mountains and as sediment at depthsA

!"" m underground.

These deposits probably formed from the reaction of /a+O( reduction to

elemental + by bacteria.

bundance 2eriod our Elements

+candium is found in nature together with lanthanide elements and has the same

properties as these elements.

+candium is a rare metal.

The content of this element in the

estimate of between 5 to 0" ppm, and is only found in some mineral mines.

The use of

scandium is commercially very limited, one of them is as a component in highintensity

lights.

2ure scandium metal is made by electrolysis of a li=uid mixture +//6 0 with other

chlorides.

Titanium has the electron structure Nr 0d # (s #.

energy to e9ect four electrons are so

great that no Ti ion and titanium compounds &L that is covalently attached. There are

similarities between the Ti &L and +n &L, ie TiO # is isomorphic with+nO# and both yellow

when hot.

Ti/l ( as well as +n/l ( is in the form of a li=uid which can be distilled, easily

hydrolyGed by water, and acts as asan lewis.

Titanium is relatively abundant in the earth's crust &".)*.

mong the metals found in

nature, has an abundance of titanium metal number seven.

+o much more than the metals

Ginc, copper, and nickel.

The main titanium ore rutile TiO # and ilmenti eTiO 0. titanium

metal production lately more and more, this is caused by the need in the military and

aerospace industries.

Titanium is preferred over aluminum or steel in the aircraft industry, asaluminum will lose strength at high temperatures, while the steel is too heavy.


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4etal vanadium found in nature more than the metals copper, Ginc, lead, and mercury

&approximately "."#* in the earth's crust.

These metals despite widespread but little deposit

concentrated.

n nature these metals obtained on vanadit, 2b 0 &LO ( #as well as the compound

L # + 5. Lanadium is also obtained in carnotit ores containing elements potassium, uranium,

vanadium and oxygen.

This compound is very important as a source of uranium.

n addition

vanadium is also contained in the petroleum from LeneGuela, and recovered as L # O 5 from

the dust of fumes after burning.

2ure Lanadium scarce, because as titanium, is =uite reactive towards oxygen, nitrogen,

and carbn at the high temperatures used in metallurgical processes.

Kue to ma9or uses

commercially is for steel alliance that provides properties can be stretched and vibration

resistant, the production is mainly as iron alliance @ferrovanadium@.

7ith a complex chemical

reaction obtained vanadium &L oxide.

This compound is then converted into alliance

vanadium iron by reducing L # O 5 using aluminum metal in steel flakes.

0 L # O 5 &s !" l &s F )L &s 5l # O 0 &s

The element manganese ore found in nature in pirolusit

4nO #, 4n # O # manganit .h # O and also hausmanit 4n 0 O (.On the seabed, on kedalamn

thousands of meters, have also been found manganese nodules.

This difference resembles the

rock that is composed by a layer of manganese and iron oxides with small amounts of other

metals such as /o, /u and 1i.

1odules are usually round in shape with a diameter of a few

millimeters samapai about !5 cm. The largest reserves in the area of +outheast Dawaii.

2ure manganese can be obtained by reducing the 4n 0 O ( using aluminum

reductant.

The resulting manganese metal and vacuum distilled.

0mn 0 O ( &s -6 &s F (6 # O 0 &s


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form of the mineral chromite &e/r # O ( and lead chromate &2b/rO (./hromium can be

obtained by reducing chromium & oxide, /r # O 0 using aluminum reductant. The process is

called thermite process because the reaction is highly exothermic.

/opper is not very abundant in nature, and is found both in a free state or a

compound.

/opper ore contained in the form of mineral chalcopyrite &/ue+ #, chalcocite

&/u # +, kuprit &/u # O, malakonit &/uO, and malakit &/u &OD # /O 0. Elements that are

free are usually found among 1orthern 4ichigan in the 8nited +tates.

n ndonesia, these

minerals are found in rian Paya.

/opper is also found in small amounts in some types tanama, in bird feathers

&especially the colored light and in the blood of marine animals such as shrimp and scallops.

/obalt is a metal that is rare and estimated as many as #" ppm contained in the earth's

crust.

/obalt is found in the backup that collects, thereby reaching millions of tons of annual

production.

The main ore is kobalti &/os+, and smaltit &/oas #. These ores usually obtained

together with other elements such as iron, nickel, copper, sulfur, and arsenic.

1ickel ranks #(th in the number of abortion dikerak earth.

1ickel ores are usually in

the form of sulphide or arsenide compound is mixed with other metals such as e, /u, and

/o.

for example pentladit &1i, /u, e + and gernierit &1i, 4g +iO 0.xD # O. large nickel

deposit discovered in /anada and in ndonesia there in +ulawesi.

Mink found in nature mainly as Ginc blende &kerpu Ginc, Mn+ located in ustralia,

/anada and Mn/O 0. /admium is obtained together with Ginc. n the processing of ore of Ginc

and cadmium, Ginc kdmium can be separated by means of fractional distillation.

+ilver in nature is obtained in the free form and in the form of compounds in various

rocks.

+ilver alloy 9oint obtained as gold, copper, or mercury.

s the compounds, the main

ore is pwerak sulfide &g # +, silver chloride &g/l, and as complex sulphide together

arsenic and antimony &+b # + 0 .0g # +. some were =uite convincing were also obtained

during the extraction of lead and copper.

Iold is usually found in nature in betuk metal as small granules in the sand along /u

and g or together with platinum group metals.

Iold also can be in the compound as amineral Telluride &ute # and silvanit &ugTe (


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or centuries gold obtained by washing the rock with water to separate the small

particles of gold particles that are larger in siGe.

n the amalgamation process for extracting

gold, refined flour gold ore is washed on the sheet of copper coated mercury, which is half of

the gold will be dissolved.

malgam later in the dredger and the mercury is removed by

distillation.

Iold is recovered as a residue.

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