Module Chapter 6

8/4/2019 Module Chapter 6

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6.1 VARIOUS MINERALS FOUND IN THE EARTHS CRUST

Natural mineral elements Natrual mineral compounds

They can exist as elements because they

are inactive and cannot combine which

other elements.

These are usually formed from active

metals which have combined with one or

more non-metals.

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Minerals

Minerals are natural elements or compounds present in the Earths crust

Metals Non-mentals

Platinum

Gold

Silver

Mercury

Carbon

Sulphur

Oxygen

Nutural

mineral

compounds

Main mineral present

Bauxite

(white)

Cassiterite

(black)

Haematite

(brown)Colchosite

Galena

(gray)

Iron pyrite

(blacK

Calcite

Magnesite

Malachite

(green)

Siderite

Clay

Mica

Limestone

Aluminium oxide

Tin oxide

Iron oxide

Copper sulphide

Lead sulphide

Iron sulphide

Calcium carbonate

Magnesium carbonate

Copper carbonate

Iron carbonate

Aluminium silicate

Potassium aluminium

silicate

Calcium carbonate


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PROPERTIES OF

MINERALS

Hardness Solubility in water

Generally hard

Measured using Mohs

scale

Harder minerals can

scratched the softer

one

Soluble

oxide

Potassium sulphide

Sodiumcarbonate

Insoluble

Most metals

Action of heat

Metal oxides Metal sulphides Metal carbonates

Stable at high temperature

Do not brake down

Except mercury oxide

Mercury mercury +

oxide oxygen

Brake down to

Metal Sulphur

oxide dioxide gas

bleaches acidified

potassium manganate

(vii) solution

Lead lead oxide +sulphide sulphur

dioxide

Brake down to

Metal carbon

oxide dioxide

turns limewater

cloudy

Calcium calcium

carbonate oxide+

Carbon

dioxide


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ACTIVITY

1. Complete the table below.

Natrul mineral Type of ore Mineral content Elements in the mineral

Bauxite Aluminiumore

Almunium oxide - Alminium- Oxygen

Cassiterite

Hematite

Magnetite

Malachite

Iron pyrite

Galena

Colchosite

Limestone

Clay

Mica

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6.2 REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

1. Reactions between some matelswith oxygen

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Glass wool

1. Pottassium manganate (VII) is heated slowly to produce oxygen

2. Most metals can react with oxygen to form metal oxides

HeatedMetal + Oxygen Metal oxide

3. Examples:Heated

a) Magnesium + oxygen

Heatedb) Aluminium + oxygen

Heatedc) Zinc + oxygen

Heatedd) Iron + oxygen

Heatede) Copper + oxygen


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2. Reactions between some matelswith sulphur

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1. Sulphur is a non-metal which is yellow in colour

2. Most metals can react with sulphur to form metal sulphides

HeatedMetal + sulphur Metal sulphide

3. Examples:Heated

e) Magnesium + sulphur

Heatedf) Aluminium + sulphur

Heatedg) Zinc + sulphur

Heatedh) Iron + sulphur

Heated

e) Copper + sulphur


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2. Activity series of metals

Potassium

Sodium

Calcium

Magnesium

Aluminium

CARBON (non-metal)

Zinc

Iron

Tin

Lead

Copper

Mercury

Silver

Gold

Platinum

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DESCENDING


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6.3 SILICON COMPAOUND

1. Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earths crust.

2. Silicon is a non-metallic element.

3. Silicon does not exist freely but combined with other elements to form silicaand silicate

4 Complete the chart below

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Silicon compounds

Silica Silicate

Similarities

1. Do not react with...........................................

2. Do not react with...........................................

3. Do not break down when..............................

Differences

Elements

Examples

......................... and

.............................

.................... , ..............

and ..........................


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Uses of silicon compounds

Choose from the given silicon compound and fill in the blanks with the correct use ofsilica and silicate

Siliconcompound

Use

Used for making glass, cement, concrete and bricks

Used for producing sparks by friction in lighters and gas stoves

Used in the making af glass and porcelain

Used as a drying agent (for absorbing water)

Used for making bricks, roof tiles, cenment and ceramics

Used for electrical insulators in electrical appliances

Used for making ceramics e.g. cups, plates, bowls and vases

Used as a heat insulator in firemans fire-proof clothing and asceiling boards

Used for preserving eggs and for making furniture polish andsilica gel

Used as decorative orecious stones or accessories

Pure siliconUsed in making silicon chips or electronic ships use incomputers

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Silica Silicate

-Sand-Flint-Quartz

-Silica gel -Clay-Abestos --Mica-Sodium silicate -Feldspar (water glass)-Coloured silicates (e.g. ruby,jade)

Silicon compound


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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDProperties of calcium carbonate

1. calcium carbonate is a natural calcium compound made up ofcalcium,carbon and oxygen.

2. It does not dissolve in water.3. it reacts with a dilute acid to form salt, water and carbon dioxide.

Matel carbonate + acid salt + water + carbon dioxide

a) Observation :The gas released turned lime water chalky.

b) Conclusion:

Carbon dioxide was produced when calcium carbonate reactedwith dilute hydrochloric acid.c) Equation:

+ + +

4. Calcium carbonate decomposes on strong heating to form calcium oxide andcarbon dioxide except potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate.

a) Observation :The gas released turned lime water chalkyThe new substance formed in the boiling tube was cacciumoxide.

b) Conclusion:

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Calcium carbonate

powder

Calciumcarbonate

Hydrochloricacid


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Calcium carbonate dissociated to calcium oxide and carbondioxide.

e) Equation:

+ + +

Formation of calcium oxide (quicklime) and calcium hydroxide (slakedlime)

Heat a piece of calciumcarbonate (limestone)strongly until it becomes calcium oxide (quicklime)

Calcium carbonate Heated

+

Or

Limestone Heated +

When water are dripped onto the calcium oxide(quicklime), calcium hydroxide (slaked lime isformed.

Calcium oxide + water

Or

Quicklime + water

When more water is added to calcium hydroxide

(slaked lime) and than filtered, calcium hydroxidesolution (lime water is produced.

Calcium hydroxide + more water

Or

Slaked lime + More water

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Calciumcarbonate

Heated


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ACTIVITY

Complete the chart below

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Calcium carbonat

heated

1. ........................................2. ........................................

+ drops of .............................

3. ........................................

+ excess water

4. ........................................

+ carbon dioxide


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6.5 NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THIER IMPORTANCE

1. Petroleum is a mixture that consists of various types of hydrocarbon.2. Each hydrocarbon component has different boiling point.

3. The different boiling points are used to separate petroleum into differentfractions by fractional distillation.

Fractional distillation of crude petroleum

4. The hydrocarbons with lower boiling point:a) are clearer in appearanceb) are less viscousc) releaseless carbon when they burn

Efficient ways of using natural fuel resources

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Petroleum gas (< 30oC) - Used mainly forcooking

Naphtha (75-150)oC - Used as a source ofchemicals

Petrol (40-75)oC - Used as petrol for car

Kerosene (150-230)oC - Used as fuel foraeroplanes and for making detergents

Diesel (230 250)oC - Used as fuel forbuses, lorries and trains

Lubricating oils (250 300)oC - Used aslubricants for machines

Fuel oil (300 350)oC- Used as fuel forships and boilers

Bitumen (>350oC)- Used for makingroads and runways

Efficient ways of usingnatural fuel resources

Design and use fuel-saving devices

More emphasis should beput on the use of energyresources that can berenewed, like solar andbiomass

Develop technology to

improve the effectiveness inprocessing and using theseenergy resources

Recycle sustances likeplastic.Reusing chemical

substances from used goodsreduces the usage of raw chemicalsubstance like petroleum in themanufacturing industry


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Module Chapter 6

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