Module 6 : Perspectives in

Strategic Planning

Catherine T. CaoileDiscussant

Prof. Jo B. BitonioME 210 Strategic Management

of Engineering Enterprise

PERSPECTIVES IN STRATEGIC PLANNING

- There are certain requirements for managers and planners to seriously consider before any actual strategic planning is undertaken.

- If managers and planners aspire to experience the praxis dimension of strategic planning and formulate a realistic, achievable, responsive and effective strategic plan, they have to have the following perspectives:

PERSPECTIVES IN STRATEGIC PLANNING

a. Down-Board Thinkingb. Paradigm Shiftc. Planning Orientation

- Systems approach- Mega-level environment- Outside-in planning

a. Down-board Thinking- This concept is similar to the way a chess grandmaster thinks and does when he plays the game. He does not just only think and decide on his immediate moves but he must look “down-board” and considers his opponent's possible responses to his moves and plans a number of several moves ahead ( L.D. Goodstein et al, 1993)

- Effective strategic planning create scenarios and consider the consequences of these scenarios in the light of competition and the response of other factors.

- This suits well Peter Drucker's suggestion: “ ...if we can not predict the future, we had best create it.”

b. Paradigm Shift- Paradigm is basically a set of ideas, usually unwritten, that people have learned and developed through education and experiences that defines the conventional methods about the rules of nature and life (J.F.Cali, 1993)

- A paradigm acts as a mental filter or sievingdevise that delimits the way we think about things by erecting a set of boundary conditions that are often more perceived than real.

- Paradigm shift requires disassemblying our old and conventional ways of seeing, doing, thinking and assessing a thing because they no longer apply with reality and the present.

b. Paradigm Shift- The new paradigm calls for a broad, flexible, creative and futuristic mental framework.

We must now change and enlarge our educational paradigm:- from teaching to learning- from rote mastery to process learning and dynamic citizenship- from input-oriented to output-oriented budgeting- from school- to industry-oriented curriculum development

c. Planning Orientation

- Systems approach

- Mega-level environment

- Outside-in planning

c. Planning Orientation: Systems Approach

- a system is an organized unitary whole composed of two or more interdependent parts, components or subsystems and delineated by identifiable boundaries from its environmental suprasystem (F. Kast and J. Rosenzweig, 1979).

- the elements of a system are inputs, conversion process, outputs and outcomes.

c. Planning Orientation: Systems Approach

DemandsMandateResources

manpowerfundsmaterialsphysical

Others

Teaching-learningCo-curricularResearch executionTraining ProgramsTechnology ApplyInnovative Management SystemPhysical plan imple- mentation

Quantitative number of graduates trainees & researchQuantitative manifest competence researches published technologies commercialized

Board examsEmployed graduates traineesResearch awardsSelf-reliantSelf-sufficiencyCitizenshipBetter Quality of life

feedbackA Systems Planning Framework of a University

INPUTS CONVERSION PROCESS OUTPUTSOUTCOMES

Effects Impact

c. Planning Orientation: Mega-Level Environment

3 scopes of planning levels identified by R.A. Kaufman and associates (1996):

- Mega levelMega level views views the society and the educational clients as the basis for everything the education system or organization uses, does and delivers.

- Macro level is primarily looking after the organization but without any substantial

commitment to both client and society.- Micro level is concerned onlywith individual

or group jobs and tasks.

c. Planning Orientation: Mega-Level Environment

- The levels of planning environment vary and slide depending on the highest level of planning environment one adopts in planning. But all three are used in one planning activity.

For instance:- if the society is the highest level of planning

environment, then use mega for society, macro for the region, and micro for the province, city or town.

- if we go up our level of planning environment, so to the world, one result would be: mega – global, macro – Philippine society, and micro – region say the National Capital region.

- If we go down our level of environment, the pairings will be: mega-region, macro-province, and micro-district or town.

c. Planning Orientation: Mega-Level Environment

If the society is chosen as the mega level of planning environment:

c. Planning Orientation: Mega-Level Environment

- In this context, a college or university is viewed as an organization that is embedded in agiven environment. It has to respond to that environment to maintain a dynamic state. If it does not the organization dies a natural death.

- a college or university is an instrument of the state and of society in the persuit of human resource development in terms of highly educated professionals and skilled manpower.

c. Planning Orientation: Outside-in Planning

- if one plans for society as the mega level of planning environment, then an alternative perspective – an enlarged perspective – is gained.

- R. Kaufman and associates (1996) say that planning in this way is as if one were looking into the organization from the outside – from tha vantage point of society back into the organization and its results and efforts. Outside-in planning is proactive.

- It is a paradigm or frame of reference that continuously challenges the status quo while identifying possible scenarios and new opportunities that bring about positive change and growth to society.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU