Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 1 Module 4 Analyzing the Project Context Session 4.1: Actors and...
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Transcript of Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 1 Module 4 Analyzing the Project Context Session 4.1: Actors and...
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 1
Module 4
Analyzing the Project Context
Session 4.1: Actors and Factors
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 2
Instructional Objectives
At the end of this module, you should be able to: Define: environmental scan (context analysis), actor,
factor, stakeholder, informal linkage, and formal linkage Use three environmental scanning tools to identify
potentially relevant actors and factors Evaluate potentially relevant actors and factors in terms of
dependency, risk, and control Determine which actors and factors need special attention
from management Proactively manage key actors and factors (or their effects
on the project)
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 3
A Project as a System
The Environment
Inputs Processes Outputs
The Project
Boundary
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 4
The Environment
Customers or Beneficiaries
Inputs Processes Outputs
The Project
Inputs
Outputs
The Project Organization
The Project as a System within a System
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 5
Actors and Factors as Inputs and Outputs
The Environment
Accounting
Reports
The Project
Outputs
The Project OrganizationSupplies
Inputs
Labor
Facilities School
Improved instruction
Government agencies
Improved economic
growth
Money
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 6
Actors (Stakeholders) and Factors as Inputs and Outputs
Stakeholders: Actors with an interest in or who could be impacted by the project
Project
OutsideEnvironment
(outside of parent organization)
Factors• climate• inflation• ...
Actors
Factors
Actors• people• institutions• ...
Inputs Outputs
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 7
Five-Step Process for Environmental Analysis
1. Scan environment and identify actors/factors
2. Screen in terms of dependency, risk, and power
3. Identify problem and beneficial actors and factors
4. Develop strategies and act
5. Repeat throughout implementation
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 8
Step 1: Scan and Identify Relevant Actors and Factors in the Environment
• Make a list
• Use three tools
• systems model
• geo/political
• sector analysis
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 9
Scan the Environmentin Terms of Inputs and Outputs
Project
Conditions
OutputsInputs
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 10
Scan the Environment Geo/politically
World Region
NationState (province)
Local
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 11
Scan the Project Environment by Sector
projectphysical
- cultural- social- psychological
- political- legal
technological
- commercial- financial- economic
infrastructure
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 12
Step 2: Screen Actors and Factors
Rate in terms of
• Dependency: How important?
• Risk: Likelihood something will go wrong
• Power: Degree of control or influence
Assign High, Low, or Medium rating to each
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 13
Identifying Problem Actors and Factor
Actors and Factors Grid
Degree of dependency
Degree of risk
Degree of power
Degree of problem
actor 1 medium high high
actor 2 low medium low
actor 3 high high low high
factor 1 low medium low
factor 2 low high low
factor 3 high high low
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 14
Estimate the Degree of Dependency
Definition of dependency• How important is the actor or factor to the successful
completion of the project?
Degree of Dependency(High, Medium, Low)
Degree of dependencyhighlowhigh
lowlowhigh
Cement Plantactor 2actor 3
factor 1factor 2factor 3
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 15
Evaluate Degree of Risk
Definition of risk• the chance that something will go wrong (hinder the
completion of the project in a significant way)
Degree of Risk(High, Medium, Low)
Cement Plantactor 2actor 3
factor 1factor 2factor 3
Degree of riskhighmediumlow
mediumhighhigh
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 16
Power: Ability to Make Something Occur
Control
Influence
AppreciationPOWER:High = controlMedium = influenceLow (none) = appreciation
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 17
Power: The ability to get someone to do something one wants done
Degree of Power(High, Medium, Low)
DependencyCement Plantactor 2actor 3
factor 1factor 2factor 3
RiskDegree of powerlowlowhigh
lowlowlow
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 18
Step 3: Identify Problem Actors and Factors
Look for High/High/Low pattern
Degree of dependency
highCement Plantactor 2actor 3
factor 1factor 2factor 3
Degree of risk
high
Degree of power
low
Degree of problem
high
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 19
Use general strategies
Reduce dependency
Reduce risk
Increase power
Capitalize on beneficial actors and factors
FormulateSpecific Actions
?
?
?
?
Step 4: Develop Strategies and Act
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 20
Use Linkages to Increase Influence
Formal
committees
project coordinator
task forces
incorporation or merger
Informal
meetings
plans
teambuilding
personality
rewards
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 21
Actors Degreeof
dependency
Degree of
risk
Degree of
power
Degree of
problem
Ministry ofFinance
High High Low High
Factors
Rainfall(water)
High Low (storage
dam)
High (irrigation)
Low
Agriculture Project: Actors and Factors Grid
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 22
Scanning is not a one-time event
Circumstances change
Keep current
list of problem actors and factors
strategies
contingency plans
Step 5: Continuously Scan
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 23
Worksheet 1: Sector Analysis
ActorsSectors Factors
Project:
Infrastructure
Commercial/Financial/Economic
Cultural/Social/Psychological
Political/Legal
Physical
Technology
Module 4 Session 4.1 Visual 24
Worksheet 2: Actors and Factors Grid
Factors
Degree of dependencyActors
Degree of risk
Degree of power
Degree of problem
Project:___________________________________
H=HighM=MediumL=Low