Module 3: NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION

Technical Modules

Module 3: NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION

Sustainable Agriculture Standard

July, 2017Version 1

D.R. © 2017 Red de Agricultura Sostenible, A.C.

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Table of contents

Module 3 - Page 2

Contributions of this module …………………………..……………………………………….. 3

Principle III: What are its objectives? ……………………..…………………….…………….. 4

Soil management and conservation ………………………………………………………..… 5

Related criteria …………………..…………………………………………………………………………..………... 8

Good auditing practices …………………….……………………………………………...……………..……... 10

Water management and conservation …….…..………………………………….……….… 15

Binding Terms and Definitions …..…………………………………………………………………..…….… 17

Related criteria ………………………..………………………………..….……………………………………..… 19

Management and conservation of water resources……………………….....................….….… 20

Good auditing practices ……...………………………………………..….………………………………….… 27

Waste management …………………………………………………………………...…….…… 29

Binding Terms and Definitions ………………………………………………………….……….……………31

Related criteria …………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. 32

Waste management plan …………………………………………………………………………………….… 34

Good auditing practices ………………………………………………………………………...……………… 37

integrated pest management …………………………………………………………….…… 39

Binding Terms and Definitions …………………………………………………………………………….… 43

Integrated Pest Management Plan ……………………………………………………………….….…… 48

Related criteria ……………………………………………………………………………..…………………… 49

How are the criteria audited?…………………………….……………………………….……………… 51

Mitigation of pesticide-associated risks ……………………………………………………………...… 52

Related criteria ………………………………………………………………………………………..………… 53

How are the criteria audited?………………………………………..…………………………………… 54

Mitigation of risk and environmental impact …………………………………………………… 55

Mitigation of risks to health ……………………………………………………………………..……… 61

Contributions of thismodule

Module 3 - Page 3

Principle 3 of the 2017 Standard establishes

requirements for:

• Soil conservation and management

• Water conservation and management

• Waste management

• Integrated pest management and pesticide

handling

This module provides the following tools to optimize the work of the technical community:

• Graphics that explain the objectives and key topics of Principle 3;

• Information on related Rainforest Alliance Terms and Definitions and their correct

interpretation;

• Tables showing the interrelationships between criteria (for all the standards), which enable a

comprehensive understanding all the requirements related to natural resource conservation;

• Recommendations for auditing complex topics;

• Cases and illustrative examples of complex topics.

The Guide to the 2017

Standard is a key tool for the

implementation and evaluation of

its requirements.

The conservation and proper management of natural resources is basic to sustainable agriculture.

Its purpose is to minimize the negative impacts that agricultural practices can have on the

environment, make rational and sustainable use of natural resources, and avoid having effects on

workers, their families and communities.

Principle IIIWhat are its objectives?

Climate Smart Agriculture

Optimize the fertilization

and soil health plan

Natural Resource

Conservation

Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide

Handling

Soil conservation and

management

Water Management

and conservation

Water conservation and rational

use

Non-contamination

of aquatic ecosystems

with wastewater

Water Quality and

RA Parameters

Module 3 - Page 4

Waste Management IPM as

work plan

Prohibited and Restricted

Pesticides with mitigation measures

Minimizing negative

impacts on soil

http://www.ricbret.com/



SOIL CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

Soil conservation and management

Module 3 - Page 6

Soil management is a key element for enhancing

farm productivity and conserving ecosystems.

The farms implement good practices for the

rational management of the resource and

improving soil health.

This implies that the soil of every farm is

managed using a preventive approach for

conservation and continuous improvement.

As a result of the implementation of Rainforest

Alliance criteria, soil management aims to

minimize the negative impacts on this resource

and improve its health and functions.

For the 2017 Standard, proper soil

management and use must address the

following key aspects:

1. Planning activities taking soil

characteristics into account to achieve

greater productivity and sustainable

production.

2. Including soil management in the

productivity plan.

3. Implementing measures and practices to

conserve soil.

4. Minimizing negative impacts on soils

(erosion, salinization, compaction).

5. Minimizing the environmental impact of

poorly managed soils.

6. Restoring the soil.

7. Optimizing soil health.

Key topicsin soil management

Module 3 - Page 7

• Soil health:

It is the objective of the 2017 Standard that

producers carry out practices to increase soil health,

such as:

1. Incorporation of organic matter.

2. Use of cover crops and compost or mulches.

3. Promotion of biodiversity.

4. Minimum tillage.

5. Introduction of nitrogen-fixing plants

(provided they do not compete with the

crop).

• Soil erosion

This is a very common problem for tropical soils,

where the rainy periods are very intense. The

Standard emphasizes that producers must avoid

and minimize the erosion of soils on their farms,

through effective strategies and management

practices.

• Compaction

If practices that increase soil compaction are

implemented, preventive measures must be taken

to avoid this; for already compacted soils, practices

are carried out to remedy this soil problem.

• Management of soil fertility

Soil fertility is monitored and the nutrients

extracted by the crop are restored through a

fertilization plan based on crop needs and soil

conditions.

Soil conservation and managementRelated criteria (1 of 2)

Module 3 - Page 8

CRITERIA

Critical 2.3Production activities do not degrade any protected area.

Note: the definition of degradation includes no soil removal

C - 1.7

The farm management and group administrator develop and update regularly a

farm management plan to optimize productivity, input use efficiency, and

compliance with this standard. The plan includes soil health and erosion.

Note: non-soil related aspects of this criterion have been omitted.

C - 3.8

Farms reduce water and wind erosion through practices such as ground covers,

mulches, re-vegetation of steep areas, terracing, filter strips, or minimization of

herbicide use.

C - 3.9

Fire may be used only for pest control, only as prescribed by the IPM plan and

only if it creates less negative environmental impact than other pest control

measures. To protect nearby natural ecosystems, infrastructure, and

communities, fire is applied only by trained workers with fire suppression tools,

personal protective equipment, and access to water for firefighting, and only

when wind speed and direction create minimal risk of uncontrolled burning. If fire

is used, fire use areas and history are indicated on updated farm maps.

B - 3.10

Farms implement practices such as crop rotation, planting of nitrogen-fixing

ground covers or cover crops, or application of compost or mulch to maintain or

enhance soil health.

B 3.11

Nutrient management practices are implemented based on assessment of crop

needs, regular monitoring of soil fertility and crop nutrient status, or

recommendations from local agronomic experts. Organic fertilizers are

preferentially used where locally available.

Soil conservation and managementRelated criteria (2 of 2)

Module 3 - Page 9

CRITERIA

B 3.12

Farms apply fertilizers precisely to make nutrients available when and where

crops need them and to minimize loss to or contamination of the environment.

Equipment for mixing and applying fertilizer is calibrated annually, after

maintenance, or whenever the product type is changed.

B 3.13Farms reduce soil compaction through no-till or reduced-tillage farming, low

pressure tires, or restrictions on vehicle size and access times.

B 5.19

The farm management and group administrator develop and implement a

pasture management plan including:

• Selection of forage species considering agro-ecological conditions, production

rates, nutritional value, non-invasiveness, resistance to pests, and climatic

variability;

• Periodic evaluation of pasture condition and level of weed infestation; and

• Actions to avoid overgrazing and pasture degradation.

B 5.22

Urine and manure from cattle stables and enclosures are collected, composted or

treated to reduce pathogens and minimize methane emissions. Composted solids

are reused as part of the production system.

A 3.14

Based on record-keeping (see 1.11), the farm management and group

administrator demonstrate that nutrient inputs to crops and soils are sufficient

to compensate for production-related uptake and losses, but do not contribute to

eutrophication through excessive application.

Module 3 - Page 10

• In new farms and new productive areas, it is important to ensure that the company has

considered the characteristics of the crop and the soil in the design and establishment of the

productive operation and for the construction of infrastructure.

• Which documents can be requested?:

a) Previous soil studies on soil depth and physical-chemical characteristics as well as crop

requirements.

b) Studies of land use and capacity have confirmed the suitability of the site.

c) In the case of small producers that do not have the information mentioned: conduct an

interview to confirm the criteria that took into account the selection of the terrain,

accompanied by a visual audit.

d) If an ESIA was done for the farm, a soil evaluation is part of this study.

From these studies it is concluded that the soils are suitable for the activities and corrective

measures or management actions are established to minimize the negative impacts, if any exist.

• Soil management is documented as part of the productivity plan:

‒ The practices and measures to conserve, improve and restore the soil are detailed.

‒ Soil problems (physical-chemical, erosion, compaction, salinization, etc.), problematic sites

on the farm, and the measures taken for the sustainable management of this resource are

identified.

Soil conservation and managementGood auditing practices

RELEVANT INFORMATION TO REVIEW

Module 3 - Page 11

• Verify that the soil is managed in a

planned way as part of the productivity

plan and that measures to conserve,

restore and improve the soils in the

medium to long term are taken into

account and include measures to offset

sensitive or risk aspects that were found

in the ESIA (if applicable).

• Evaluate whether actions are taken to

remedy problems that require soil

restoration, such as problems of

salinization, acidification, or loss of

organic matter.

• Confirm the implementation of soil

conservation measures and remediation

actions in areas that require them; areas

that require remediation may be detected

in previous studies or during a visual

inspection.

• If the farm is required to have an ESIA:

verify whether the aspects related to soil

quality and management were evaluated.

• Check the proposed fertilization and

nutrition plan and confirm that this covers

the needs of the crop, and that dosages

are in accordance with the physical and

chemical characteristics of the soil.

Before going to the field

• Verify the use of practices and techniques to

prevent erosion and runoff on the farm, such as:

green cover crops, contour crops, runoff water

diversion channels, use of sewers, water cuts on

roadways, and measures to lower the speed of

water in channels, among others.

• For those crops with intensive use of

machinery: check that soil management

includes measures to avoid or remedy

compaction problems. For example, in crops

such as sugarcane, pineapple, grains, orange,

melon and watermelon.

• Verify that the use of fire is limited only to the

technical specifications contained in the IPM

Plan and the requirements established in

Criterion C-3.9 are met.

• Verify that harvest residues are treated or

incorporated into the soil, where possible.

• Analyze whether measures are implemented to

prevent eroded crop soil from contaminating

aquatic ecosystems.

• Analyze the progress in meeting the established

goals.

• Verify that there is coherence between what is

observed in the field and what is documented in

the management plan (bear in mind that

measures for remediation generally show

results over the long term).

Auditing in the field


Module 3 - Page 12

• Check the farm maps and locate areas with high erosion potential: terrain or plots with steep

slopes, soils with sandy structures, and areas with no canopy cover.

• According to the management plan data, check the measures that have been implemented and

their progress.

• Confirm that the measures taken by the farm are sufficient to control erosion.

• Confirm that no soil has been removed from protection zones and conservation areas.

• In grazing areas: check the animal load, grass cover conditions, soil quality, and weather

conditions.

• Inspect the farm’s machinery and its dimensions and confirm whether the farm(s) implement

measures to prevent compaction; for example: the implementation of agricultural practices such

as subsoiling.

Visual inspection

During the audit process, it is important to

determine the degree of soil erosion on the

farm.

The most obvious symptoms of erosion are:

‒ Landslides;

‒ Exposed roots;

‒ Sedimentation in water channels,

streams and rivers;

‒ Pedestals under stones, crops and/or

other geological formations.

Take into account the time of year and the

presence or absence of rains in the season

of the inspection.

Erosion symptoms


Pedestals caused by soil erosion

Module 3 - Page 13

There are some productive systems whose characteristics facilitate soil erosion; and in these cases it

is necessary to pay more attention to signs of erosion.

Some of these characteristics are:

• Crops fully exposed on sloping soils (whether gentle, moderate or steep);

• Crops that rely extensively on machinery;

• Crops with hydric needs that are met by rainfall; and

• Crops where there is intensive use of herbicides.

Crops that show some of the characteristics mentioned above are: sugarcane, vegetables, pineapple,

coffee, cocoa, and others.

Important notes

Soil compaction is a problem that in some cases is not observed at first glance. It even occurs in low

soil layers more than 40 cm deep.

High intensity use of agricultural machinery in the fields is the main cause of compaction. In crops

such as pineapple, sugarcane, grains, melon, and watermelon, mechanized agricultural practices are

commonly used.

Some tips for auditing the criteria related to this concept are:

• In the crop management plan, check which tasks are done using machinery.

• Confirm whether there are any limitations on the transit of machinery under special conditions

such as rain, and check whether these limitations are respected.

• Make an estimate of the number of machinery passes through the crop field and take into

account the dimensions of the equipment and the use of mitigation measures for equipment, such

as:

‒ Tire type and size.

‒ Tire inflation pressure.

‒ Weight distribution of the equipment.

• Check whether the farm takes measures to reverse the process with subsoiling practices or

biological strategies such as crop rotation.

Compaction


Module 3 - Page 14

Good soil management must take soil fertility into account; therefore, as a minimum, the farms must

replace the nutrients the crop extracts from the soil to maintain its balance and health. Under this

premise, the fertilization plan must be a function of productivity.

During the audit it is important to:

• Confirm the realization of soil and/or foliar analyses as a monitoring mechanism for soil

nutritional quality.

• Check that there is a nutrition and fertilization plan for the crop.

• Check that the fertilization plan and the recommended fertilizer doses cover the needs of the

crop according to its yield (crop needs are determined through theoretical estimates based on

research and on the site’s climatic characteristics, crop variety and edaphological conditions).

• Confirm that the fertilizer application mechanisms are appropriate and take into account the

phenological status of the crop and the climatic conditions of the area.

• Check that there are regular procedures for the calibration of the fertilizer application

equipment.

Management of soil fertility


WATER MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION

Water management and conservationContributions of this section

Module 3 - Page 16

Water is a vital and necessary resource for life and

agricultural and livestock production.

The 2017 Standard aims to ensure that the farms

and their productive systems make efficient use of

the resource, care for water sources, and prevent

contamination.

Good water management under the 2017 Standard

implies:

1. That the producers, workers and their families

have access to sufficient potable water to cover

their essential needs.

2. Minimizing the volume of water used in all farm

activities and processes.

3. Preventing the contamination of water sources

and bodies present on the farm, and in

protected or conservation areas.

4. Managing wastewater so that it does not

pollute, or it can be exploited or reused.

5. In the event the wastewater cannot be used, it

is disposed of in compliance with the various

Rainforest Alliance Parameters or the

applicable law, whichever is more strict.

6. Establishing a water conservation plan, with

records and information on the source and the

volume used in each activity. These records

allow efficient management, verify the legal

operation of the sources, and demonstrate

compliance with the Rainforest Alliance

parameters.

Objective of water management

To optimize water resource management by

minimizing water use and eliminating the

risk of contamination of the sources, water

bodies and natural ecosystems that could be

receivers of wastewater.

Criteria and requirements

The 2017 Standard establishes criteria and

requirements for:

1. The management of water and its

sources.

2. Water for human consumption:

producers, workers and their families

3. Water for animal consumption.

4. Water for irrigation.

5. Water for agro-industrial use.

6. Disposal of wastewater (industrial,

sewage and greywater).

In this section you will find:

• Related Rainforest Alliance Terms and

Definitions and their correct

interpretation.

• Tables that show the interrelationships

between criteria for an integral

understanding of all the requirements

related to water management.

• Recommendations for auditing complex

topics.

Water management and conservationBinding terms and definitions

Module 3 - Page 17

• Aquatic ecosystems: Flowing and still water bodies and other wetlands, as further defined

within the definition of natural ecosystems.

• Eutrophication: A form of water pollution that occurs when excessive nutrients stemming

from fertilizers runoff from the land into aquatic ecosystems. This encourages dense growth of

algae (algal bloom) and other aquatic plants and may result in the death of animal life from lack

of oxygen.

• Greywater: Wastewater generated from housing or other infrastructure that is free from

fecal contamination from toilets. Sources of greywater include sinks, showers, baths, clothes

washing or dish washing. Wastewater from agricultural processing operations is not considered

greywater for the purpose of this standard.

• Sewage: Wastewater and waste solids that contain fecal matter. Any wastewater stream that

includes discharge from toilets is considered as sewage, whether or not it is mixed with

greywater.

• Wastewater from processing operations: Water that has been adversely affected in

quality by industrial processes and originating from processing operations such as mills (such as

coffee wet mills, palm oil mills, sugar cane mills), washing operations (such as fruit or vegetable

or milking facilities), packing plants or factories (such as juice or puree factories).

• Water contamination risk: Alteration of water treatment systems and associated pipes, or

natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, tremors or landslides.

• Water for cattle: drinkable and safe water is of a pH between 5.5 to 8.5 and contains less

than 3,500 ppm (mg/L) of Total Dissolved Solids. Coliforms counts are below 50 per millimeter

of water; chloride content is of less than 1,600 mg/l for dairy cattle and less than 4,000 mg/l for

beef cattle; and temperature is below 30°C.

Because these Terms and Definitions are binding, we emphasize their importance to a correctunderstanding of the different criteria and requirements

Water management and conservationBinding terms and definitions

Module 3 - Page 18

• Rainforest Alliance safe drinking water parameters: safe drinking water

parameters are based on WHO parameters as follows:

• Rainforest Alliance industrial wastewater parameters for irrigation:

• Rainforest Alliance industrial wastewater parameters:

The Rainforest Alliance Parameters related to water quality should be implemented in the absenceof an applicable law or when the law is less strict than the 2017 Standard. The following parametersare established for evaluation:

Parameter Value

E. coli or thermo-tolerant coliform

bacteriaNot detectable in any 100-ml sample

Chlorine residue or residue from other

treatment disinfectantsMaximum 0.5 mg/L

pH 6.5 to 8.5

Sodium Maximum 20 mg/L

Nitrates Maximum 10 mg/L as nitrates

Sulfates Maximum 250 mg/L

TurbidityLess than or equal to 5 NTU

(Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)

Water Quality Parameter Value

Intestinal nematodes (arithmetic mean No. or eggs per liter) <1

Fecal coli forms (geometric mean No. per 100 ml) <1000


Biochemical Oxygen Demand (DBO5) Less than 150 mg/l

Total suspended solidsLess than 50 mg/l

Grease and oils

pH Between 5.5 – 9.0

Water management and conservationRelated criteria

Module 3 - Page 19

Criteria

C - 1.7 The farm management and group administrator develop and update regularly a

farm management plan to optimize productivity, input use efficiency, and

compliance with this standard. The plan includes ….

b) Water management (including estimated use of irrigation water);

C - 3.15 Farms comply with applicable law for the withdrawal of surface or groundwater

for agricultural, domestic or processing purposes.

C - 3.16 Any new irrigation system is designed to optimize crop or pasture productivity

while minimizing water waste, erosion and salinization.

B - 1.10 The farm management and group administrator keep up-to-date records of

inputs and production data for at least the crops or cattle production system

covered by the Rainforest Alliance certificate scope. These records include ….

For cattle production systems, the quantity, type, and origin of feed produced outside the farm.

B - 3.17For operations that irrigate or that use water for processing or cattle production,

the farm management and group administrator develop and implement a water

conservation plan to reduce water use per unit of product produced or processed.

The plan documents current water consumption, evaluates future water needs

and water availability, and establishes targets for improving water use efficiency.

B - 3.18 Existing irrigation and water distribution systems are managed and maintained to

optimize crop or pasture productivity and minimize water waste, erosion and

salinization.

A - 3.19 Based on record-keeping (see 1.10), the farm demonstrates reductions in water

used for irrigation, processing, or cattle production per unit of product produced

or processed.

Management and conservationof Water Resources

Module 3 - Page 20

The 2017 Standard requires that the farm

administrator and group administrator manage

water resources well.

There are productive regions where water is a

limited resource and others where the resource

is abundant. In both scenarios the objective of

the 2017 Standard is the same, saving as much

of the liquid as possible through efficient

management.

The activities that use water on agricultural and

livestock farms (which may vary according to

the crop), in order of importance in terms of the

volume consumed are:

a. Crop irrigation.

b. Processing or industrialization of the final

product. Packing plants for banana,

pineapple, coffee processing centers, sugar

mills.

c. Consumption and use by workers for

nutritional and personal hygiene purposes.

d. Pesticide and foliar fertilizer applications

and spraying.

e. Cleaning of animal pens.

f. Animal consumption.

Management implies:

Establishing an efficient use plan

(Criterion 1.7)

Complying with laws applicable to water

extraction (concessions and exploitation

of natural sources).

Implementing activities and

technologies that enable savings and

reductions in water consumption.

Compliance with the Rainforest Alliance

Parameters and applicable law for

wastewater discharge.

Generating records on consumption for

operations that use water for irrigation,

processing and livestock; and

demonstrating reductions in

consumption over time.

Good Water Management ensures the availability of the resource in the medium and

long term

Planningwater use

Module 3 - Page 21

The planning criteria in the 2017 Standard require the inclusion of water as part of the plan for

optimizing productivity (1.7) and records on inputs and production (1.10). The farm must ensure

that it efficiently plans the use of the resource and that it has the volume and quality of water

necessary for each of its needs.

Planning the use of water involves:

a. Identifying available sources and the quality of their waters.

b. Estimating the water needs of the productive systems and farm activities.

c. Implementing measures to maximize efficiency in the use of water resources.

d. Establishing wastewater treatment systems.

According to Criterion B-3.17, those operations that use water for irrigation, processing or cattle

production, must also:

a. Quantify the water needs of each activity according to the technology applied.

b. Establish mechanisms for recording water consumption.

c. Implement a water conservation plan, with goals and deadlines for reductions in use and

consumption.

d. Establish activities for monitoring the performance of the irrigation process and the proper

operation of the system.

Water forhuman consumption

Module 3 - Page 22

Critical Criterion 4.12

Farmers, workers, and their families are afforded access to potable water through one of the

following means:

• Access to a public potable water system is provided;

• Potable water provided by the farm management and group administrator complies with

Rainforest Alliance safe drinking water parameters based on testing preceding each

certification audit and any time that new water contamination risks have occurred. Potable

water sources are protected and water distribution mechanisms are maintained to avoid

contamination; and

• In the case of smallholder groups, the group administrator implements and documents a

training program to instruct smallholder members on potable water treatments, such as

boiling, filtering or chlorinating and the prevention of water contamination.

The requirements of this critical

criterion ensure access to potable water

from the public system or water that

meets the Rainforest Alliance

parameters for workers, producers and

their families. The producers and group

administrators implement actions to

maintain the potability of the sources,

prevent contamination and also teach

producers how to make water potable.

For more information, review the

recommendations for evaluating this

criterion in the Technical Module for

Principle 4

Water foranimal consumption

Module 3 - Page 23

Criterion C - 5.11

Water for cattle is continuously available to animals in quantities sufficient to avoid dehydration.

The farm management and group administrator develop and implement a water quality

monitoring plan to comply with Rainforest Alliance parameters for cattle water

In water management for cattle:

It is important to ensure that cattle

always have access to water that

meets the Rainforest Alliance

parameters on water for cattle.

Water quality is monitored to ensure

animal hydration.

For more information, review the

recommendations for evaluating this

criterion in the Technical Module for

Principle 5.

Water for cattle: drinkable and safe water has a pH between 5.5 and 8.5 and contains less than

3,500 ppm (mg/L) of Total Dissolved Solids. Coliform counts are below 50 per millimeter of

water; chloride content is of less than 1,600 mg/l for dairy cattle and less than 4,000 mg/l for beef

cattle; and temperature is below 30°C.

Waterfor irrigation

Module 3 - Page 24

Rainforest Alliance industrial wastewater parameters for irrigation:

Criteria

C 3.16Any new irrigation system is designed to optimize crop or pasture productivity whileminimizing water waste, erosion and salinization.

B 3.17

For operations that irrigate or that use water for processing or cattle production, the farm management and group administrator develop and implement a water conservation plan to reduce water use per unit of product produced or processed. The plan documents current water consumption, evaluates future water needs and water availability, and establishes targets for improving water use efficiency.

B 3.18Existing irrigation and water distribution systems are managed and maintained to optimize crop or pasture productivity and minimize water waste, erosion and salinization.

A 3.19Based on record-keeping (see 1.10), the farm demonstrates reductions in water used for irrigation, processing, or cattle production per unit of product produced or processed.


Intestinal nematodes (arithmetic mean No. or eggs per liter) <1

Fecal coli forms (geometric mean No. per 100 ml) < 1000

Irrigation Management

The implementation of irrigation optimizes

production

Achieves savings in water resource use

Prevents salinization, erosion and

contamination

The water conservation plan includes irrigation

Water managementand contamination

Module 3 - Page 25

CRITERIA

Critical 2.3 Production activities do not degrade any protected area.

(T&D Degradation: Dumping solid waste or untreated wastewater).

Critical 3.1 Wastewater from processing operations is not discharged into aquaticecosystems unless it has undergone treatment to meet Rainforest Allianceindustrial wastewater parameters. Wastewater from processing operations is notapplied to land with very sandy or highly permeable soils, where slopes exceed8%, or where the water table is seasonally or permanently high. Wastewater fromprocessing operations may not be applied to soil unless it has undergonetreatment to remove particulates and toxins and to reduce acidity and complieswith additional Rainforest Alliance industrial wastewater parameters forirrigation. Wastewater from processing operations may not be mixed with cleanwater for the purpose of meeting Rainforest Alliance industrial wastewaterparameters.

Critical 3.2 Untreated sewage is not discharged into aquatic ecosystems.

Critical 3.7 Farms do not use human sewage in production or processing activities.

C - 3.20 Greywater is collected and managed through treatment or drainage systems, andis not discharged into aquatic ecosystems.

B - 3.21 Farms map all pit latrines and sewage disposal sites and their drainage systems.These systems are sited, designed and managed to minimize risks to aquaticecosystems and drinking water supplies.

B - 3.22 Treated sewage meets the water quality parameters as defined by applicable lawprior to discharge.

A - 3.43 The farm management and group administrator check service providers whoremove oil, plastic and sewage waste and ensure that the contractors’ disposaland recycling methods do not pose risks to natural ecosystems, drinking watersupplies, or the health and safety of people living near the disposal sites.

Several criteria of the 2017 Standard address the relationship between water management and

environmental contamination.

The 2017 Standard establishes measures for the protection of ecosystems and regulates the

discharge of wastewater that potentially affects ecosystems adversely.

Water management and conservationWhat can or cannot be done?

Module 3 - Page 26

Type of wastewater

Permitted actions Prohibited actions

Industrial -resulting from

processing operations

• Discharge into aquatic ecosystems once it istreated and only if it meets the RainforestAlliance parameters for industrialwastewater (3.1)

• Discharge into soil if it was treated andparticles and toxins were removed, theacidity was lowered and the RainforestAlliance parameters for industrialwastewater for irrigation are met (3.1). Thedischarge can be done in fallow fields,grasslands, natural ecosystems andproduction lots as long as:‒ Soils are not sandy or highly permeable;‒ Slopes do not exceed 8%‒ Water table is not seasonally or

permanently high (3.1).

• NO discharge of untreatedwastewater into aquatic ecosystemsor the soil (3.1)

• NO application of wastewater onlands with (3.1):‒ Sandy or highly permeable soils;‒ Slopes greater than 8%;‒ High water tables (seasonal or

permanent).

• NO mixing with clean water to dilutethem to comply with the RainforestAlliance parameters for industrialwastewater (3.1)

• NO dumping of untreatedwastewater into natural ecosystemsso as not to degrade them (T&DDegradation)

Greywater

• Collected and managed by a treatment or drainage system (3.20).

• Discharge into a non-aquatic ecosystem, provided it has been treated.

• NO discharge of greywater into aquatic ecosystems (3.20), not even if it has been treated.

Sewage

• Sewage disposal sites and latrines aremapped; they are sited and managed tominimize contamination of aquaticecosystems and potable water (3.21)

• Prior to discharge, sewage water meets thelegally required standards for quality (3.22).Once treated and the applicable legalrequirements are met, it can be dischargedinto any kind of ecosystem.

• For sewage waters of animal origin,criterion B-5.22 requires the collection ofurine and manure and their subsequenttreatment or composting. These waters canbe used to produce biogas, organicfertilizers, and biols (bio-fermentedsubstances).

• No discharge of untreated sewageinto aquatic ecosystems (3.2)

• Human sewage water is not used inproduction or processing activities(3.7)

Water management and conservationGood auditing practices

Module 3 - Page 27


Before visiting the field, it is important to:

1. Check the applicable water law in the region

where the farm is located.

2. Request the map or sketch of the farm where

the water bodies are located, the infrastructure

that makes use of the resource and the sites

receiving wastewater.

3. Request evidence confirming compliance with

the applicable law regarding water extraction

and exploitation of natural sources.

4. Check the list of activities that require water

use, and ask for the records or estimates of

consumption.

5. On the farm map, plan or sketch, indicate the

infrastructure and activities that generate

wastewater.

6. On farms with irrigation systems: request the

system installation plan, the irrigation plan and

the records on consumption.

7. Verify compliance with the Rainforest Alliance

parameters for water, using the corresponding

analyses for each source and use.

8. For operations that use water for irrigation,

processing or cattle production: verify progress

in meeting the goals established in the water

conservation plan.

In the field

Once you are in the field, we recommend:

1. Locating and inspecting the water sources

used. Verify the absence of potential

contamination activities or risks.

2. Inspecting the packing plants, housing,

wet mills, sanitary services, and

wastewater treatment plants. Verify that

the waters receive adequate treatment

prior to their release to the environment

or water bodies, and comply with the

different parameters established by

Rainforest Alliance .

3. Inspecting the septic tanks and drains.

Confirm that these are located in

appropriate sites. In cases where there is

discharge into soils, confirm that the soils

have the proper texture so as not to allow

direct infiltration into water bodies (% of

sandy silts and clays), and the slope does

not facilitate landslides toward natural

water bodies. Check the soil water table

and note the implementation of additional

practices such as treatment with lime.

Water managementGood auditing practices

Module 3 - Page 28

In the interviews

During interviews with farm workers and community neighbors, it is important to ask for

information on:

1. Sources of potable water.

2. Design and capacity of water treatment systems: Can they handle the volumes generated by the

farm, especially during peak activity?

3. Studies or analyses done for community water sources, to rule out contamination with

substances coming from farm activities, including the presence of agrochemicals.

4. If there are workers living on the farm: presence of diseases normally caused by poor water

quality.

5. Problems of wastewater management in rainy seasons: overflow of septic tanks or collapse of

treatment plants.

Special cases

Certain crops are prone to conflict situations due to the generation of wastewater and the

contamination of water sources:

• Sugarcane: this industry requires large

amounts of water for the initial stages of

processing, and it produces wastewaters

that require treatment.

• Pineapple: The packing plants use water to

wash the fruit and they produce

wastewaters and liquid mixtures of

agrochemicals from post-harvest treatment,

which are potential contaminants of water

bodies or sources if not managed properly.

• Cattle production: requires water for

washing the facilities and for animal

hydration. Animals accessing the sources of

water or water bodies such as rivers, can

contaminate the water.

• Cocoa: The large processing plants for fresh

cacao (in pulp) produce leachates that are

potential contaminants and they must be

managed in a way that prevents the

contamination of different ecosystems.

• Coffee: in countries where coffee is processed in

large plants or mills, liquid and solid wastes are

produced that are potential contaminants of

water bodies. The coffee milling process is water

demanding in most cases; however, there is now

a wide range of technology used in processing

equipment that is increasingly less demanding of

water. In countries where coffee is processed by

the producer, each farm must have a system for

collecting the pulp waters and wastewater from

the mill.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Wastemanagement

Module 3 - Page 30

The 2017 Standard requires the integrated

management of wastes generated at the farm level.

In general, waste management is organized around

these topics:

• An integrated waste management plan is

developed and implemented;

• Environmental contamination is avoided;

• Risks to human health are avoided;

• Suppliers of products that minimize wastes

from their own products are preferred;

• Waste management done by service

providers is evaluated.

Proper waste management includes all types of

wastes generated on the farm:

• Wastewater (industrial, sewage and

greywater);

• Solid wastes (organic and inorganic);

• Hazardous and bio-infectious materials;

• Greenhouse gas emissions.

Avoid

Reject

Reuse

Recycle

Compost

The objective of proper waste management

is to minimize negative impacts to the

environment and to the health of the farm

workers and communities.

Avoid and reduce the consumption of inputs, materials and products

Avoid waste generation

Waste managementBinding Terms and Definitions

Module 3 - Page 31

• Hazardous materials: Used lead acid batteries, asbestos, energy saving mercury lamps, E-

waste, electric transformers with POPs (PCBs), medical equipment, radioactive material,

pesticides, expired human and veterinary medicines, used oils, bio-infectious waste,

disinfectants, animal parts and carcasses, and particles (ashes, dust, pesticide drifts).

• Service provider: Organizations, businesses, individuals or their subcontractors who carry

out activities on behalf of the farm or group administrator, whether these activities take place

on or off the subject farm(s), such as hiring of workers on the farm, pesticide application, waste

treatment or disposal, transport of products or workers, and providing worker housing in the

name of the farm or group administrator. Service providers include those providers furnishing

the farm or group administrator with fuelwood, timber, or any product originating from local

natural ecosystems. However, providers of other types of goods or inputs to the farm are not

considered service providers.

• Risk to the woman’s, fetus's and infant’s health: The following activities pose risks to

the woman’s, fetus's or infant’s health: manual handling of loads; activities subject to shocks,

vibrations or movement; work environment exposed to extremes of heat or cold or to hazardous

materials.

• Waste: Waste is an unwanted or undesired material or substance. It is also referred to as

rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk depending upon the type of material and the regional

terminology. Most waste is comprised of paper, plastic, metals, glass, food waste, organic

material, feces and wood. Includes hazardous materials. It covers domestic or industrial waste,

rejected products, construction debris or rubble, soil and stones from excavations, rubbish and

soil from cleaning or preparing land.

Waste managementrelated criteria

Module 3 - Page 32

Criteria

Critical 1.4

An independent environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) isconducted prior to land conversion or the development or expansion of farminfrastructure when required by applicable law or when these proposedchanges will exceed Rainforest Alliance ESIA parameters. The ESIA includeswritten plans and procedures for minimizing and mitigating any negativeimpacts and enhancing positive impacts. The farm management and groupadministrator implements and monitors ESIA plans during the installation andoperation phases of the new development.

Critical 2.3Production activities do not degrade any protected area.

Note: Including waste management.

C-3.37Waste storage, treatment and disposal practices do not pose health or safetyrisks to farmers, workers, other people, or natural ecosystems.

C-3.38

The farm management and group administrator develop and implement a wastemanagement plan including:• Documentation of the origin, approximate volume, and current means of

disposal for all waste streams; and• Activities to segregate different waste types to facilitate re-use, recycling or

composting.

B-3.39Waste is not burned, except in incinerators technically designed for the specificwaste type.

B-3.40

Waste is segregated based on available waste management and disposaloptions. Recyclable wastes are separated and recycled. Organic waste iscomposted or otherwise processed for use as organic fertilizer. Scrap materialsthat can feasibly be reused are stored in designated areas away from processingplants and housing.

B-3.41Farms and infrastructure are kept clean and free of waste accumulationsoutside of designated storage and disposal sites.

Waste management and suppliersrelated criteria

Module 3 - Page 33

Criteria

Critical 1.5 The farm management and group administrator document and implementmechanisms for the selection, monitoring, and management of service providers toensure that service providers comply with applicable critical criteria of this standardfor work conducted within the certification scope. When the service providerprocesses, stores, packages, and/or labels products on behalf of a farm or groupadministrator, the service provider holds an active Rainforest Alliance Chain ofCustody Certificate.

A-3-42 The farm management and group administrator give priority to product suppliers thatminimize the waste associated with their products, and that accept used packagingand containers for recycling.

A-3-43 The farm management and group administrator check service providers who removeoil, plastic and sewage waste and ensure that the contractors’ disposal and recyclingmethods do not pose risks to natural ecosystems, drinking water supplies, or thehealth and safety of people living near the disposal sites.

Key questions in the audit

1. Has the service been selected taking

into account its management of the

wastes it generates?

2. Why were the attributes selected?

3. Is there an evaluation of the

supplier?

4. Has the supplier implemented an

environmental management or

waste management system?

Waste managementplan (C-3.38)

Module 3 - Page 34

Agricultural, agro-industrial and livestock

production activities generate diverse types

of wastes, for which the 2017 Standard

requires that the farm administration or

group administrator have a waste

management plan.

The waste management plan should have an

approach that first establishes strategies for

reducing waste generation. Once this is

achieved, wastes are managed in ways that

include their reuse, recycling or composting

in order to have the minimum impact

possible on the environment.

The waste management plan:

a. Identifies and documents the origin, approximate volume, and measures for the disposal of all

wastes.

• Identification of origin: some examples are harvest wastes, crop wastes, cattle, chemical

input and agrochemical containers, packaging, machinery, gases from furnaces, etc.

• Volume estimation: this can be done directly by weighing wastes, or by using an

estimation method (extrapolation from samples taken at different times) and information

generated on the farm.

• Disposal measures: each waste is subjected to a treatment such as reusing, recycling or

composting, in order to maximally reduce the waste stream to a disposal site.

b. Identifies the activities for separating waste types for reuse and recycling.

c. Establishes an information baseline (based on identification and quantification) for evaluating

continuous improvement year by year in terms of consumption and reduction.

d. Establishes goals, responsible management and completion dates for each one.

Waste generationand management

Module 3 - Page 35

Identifies the different types of wastes by

origin and type (domestic, agricultural or

industrial)

Locates the areas where the identified

wastes are generated (packing plant,

warehouses, field)

The farm:

Characterizes wastes to define volumes

according to type of waste (example:

agrochemical containers or harvest

wastes)

Quantifies the volume and frequency of

the generation of wastes

Implements measures for disposal

(temporary or final) and use of wastes

according to the characteristics and

volume of the wastes generated

Considers applicable law and

regulatory requirements regarding

natural ecosystems and human health

Reduce Reuse Recycle Compost

+ Implementation of practices...

Which practices should not be presenton certified farms?

Module 3 - Page 36

NO storage of wastes for any purpose

in a way that is hazardous to the health

of workers and the environment.

Suppliers whose products or services

generate more wastes and have no

waste collection and recycling

services are NOT selected.

NO organic wastes are disposed of in

open dumps without any type of

management, generating outbreaks of

pests harmful to animals and people.

NO wastes are disposed of near water

sources, protection zones or natural

ecosystems in ways that would pose a

risk to the environment.

Workers are NOT allowed to dispose of

wastes in the field. Ex.: agrochemical

containers.

NO wastes are burned unless there is

an incinerator with technical

specifications that are appropriate for

the types of wastes burned.

Hazardous Materials

Hazardous materials such as pesticides, lead acid batteries, and asbestos

pose health risks in general and to pregnant women and their children in

particular. It is important to verify that:

• The farm identifies these materials in the waste management plan;

• Risks are identified and addressed;

• Protective equipment is used when they are handled;

• Staff are trained on proper management and protective measures;

• Workers at risk are relocated.

Waste managementGood auditing practices

Module 3 - Page 37


1. In the Management Plan, check that all

farm-generated wastes are identified, the

wastes are accounted for and measured,

there are actions for handling them, and

those responsible for these functions are

identified.

2. Review the list of suppliers, identify the

materials, inputs or services that the

company provides, and check the

evaluation of the supplier; confirm that the

suppliers are committed to the

management of waste generated from the

use of the acquired input or service.

3. On the farm map, plan or sketch, indicate

the areas for waste storage.

4. In cases where the farm(s) had to develop

an ESIA: check that the risks identified with

the wastes are taken into account; and

review the Waste Management Plan, which

should identify and develop the important

topics identified in the ESIA regarding

waste management.

In the field

1. Verify the way in which wastes are

managed; confirm that there is no

unmanaged waste. We recommend making

a visual inspection of all places where

wastes are stored.

2. Check and confirm that waste storage

mechanisms do not affect or pose a risk to

workers, water sources and ecosystems.

3. Verify that wastes are separated by type for

their subsequent reuse, recycling, return to

the supplier, or composting.

4. Visit the organic waste composting site, the

waste trench, or the biodigester to evaluate

their management and possible risks of

contamination.

5. If there is an incinerator: confirm its legality

of operation and the measures taken to

avoid contamination.

6. In the case of crop wastes: verify that these

are incorporated into the soil or composted

in ways that do not generate pest problems

for crops or for their surroundings.

7. Is the farm ‘visually clean’?

Waste managementGood auditing practices

Module 3 - Page 38

In the interviews

We recommend:

1. Visit the people of the community in the

farm’s area of influence and check

whether waste management problems

that affect the community have been

identified, i.e. dumps, bad odors, pests,

leachates or smoke.

2. Confirm with the workers whether waste

management is causing health problems

or contamination at the farm or housing

area.

3. If the farm provides housing to its

workers, investigate how domestic

wastes are managed, who collects them,

and how often.

4. Ask the workers if the farm has places

where wastes are stored or disposed of

temporarily, and make the respective

inspection if appropriate.

5. Ask the workers whether the farm has

had problems with the neighbors due to

waste management.

6. Make visual inspections of worker

housing and the surroundings to confirm

that domestic wastes are managed

properly and there is no burning of

wastes.

Special cases

Certain crops are prone to conflict situations due

to waste generation and its associated

contamination:

• Coffee: in countries where coffee is processed

in large plants or mills with no plan to process

or dispose of coffee plant debris or fruit pulp,

bad odors and house flies can be generated.

• Sugarcane: in some countries, sugarcane is

burned prior to harvest. This generates smoke

that negatively impacts the neighboring

communities.

• Pineapple: Mismanagement of crop wastes in

old or non-productive plantations generates

pests, such as flies (Stomoxys calcitrans).

• Melon and Watermelon: the accumulation of

fruit in the field that does not meet quality

standards generates bad odors and the

proliferation of rodents and flies.

• Packing and processing plants: Different types

of wastes are generated in these facilities and

they should always be visually inspected.

Packing materials, waste fruit, wastewater, and

generation of gases from combustion are

examples of situations that could occur.

• Cattle production: The management of manure,

dead animals, and bio-infectious wastes, are

high risk and dangerous factors.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT

Integrated Pest ManagementContributions of this section

Module 3 - Page 40

The management of pests and diseases in

agricultural production generates impacts on

human health, biodiversity, water sources

and ecosystems, mainly due to the use of

pesticides for their control.

It is the objective of the 2017 Standard that

the farms carry out technical management of

pests and diseases to minimize the use of

pesticides and their negative impacts.

If their use is necessary, the Standard limits

the type of pesticides authorized and

requires good agricultural practices (GAP)

and good agrochemical handling practices

(GAHP) in order to avoid negative effects

from the use of these inputs.

In this module you will find:

• Graphics that organize the objectives and

elements of pest and pesticide

management

• All the Terms and Definitions related to

this topic that contain binding elements

• Tables that organize the criteria according

to the major topics of this section: IPM

Plan; general risk mitigation, the

environment and human health.

• Good auditing practices.

The 2017 Standard has an innovative approach for

pest and pesticide management. The following

documents have all the information you need to

understand, implement and evaluate this topic.

1. Rainforest Alliance Lists for pesticide

management: Rainforest Alliance lists of

prohibited pesticides and pesticides for use

with risk mitigation

2. Key Concepts of the 2017 Standard:

integrated pest management and pesticide

management. This new approach is explained

in detail.

3. The Guide to the 2017 Standard: relevant

information for each criterion related to

pesticide management

4. Procedures for exceptional pesticide use:

establishes the conditions for requesting

temporary exceptional use of certain generally

prohibited pesticides.

5. Technical Module for Principle 4: Occupational

health and safety for safe pesticide

management.

The analysis of these documents is key to

understanding, implementing and

evaluating the requirements the 2017

Standard.

Integrated Pest Managementand Pesticide Management

Module 3 - Page 41

MITIGATING OVERALL RISK

• Use only legallyregistered pesticides.

• Rainforest Alliance Listof prohibited pesticides.

• Storage conditions.

• Final disposal ofcontainers, expired andprohibited products (ifthese existed prior tocertification).

• Selection of equipment,application techniquesand optimal PPE for thetype of agrochemicaland crop.

• Conditions forinfrastructure andservices available toworkers.

MITIGATING ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS

Rainforest Alliance list ofpesticides for use with riskmitigation

• These substances are restricteddue to risks to aquaticorganisms, wildlife andpollinators. They can only beapplied with measures toreduce their risk.

• Rainforest Alliance parameters:

– No application zones.

– Plant barriers.

– Aerial fumigation.

– Rules for the use ofnematicides androdenticides.

• Measures to reduce risk topollinators.

• Reduce aerial drift to naturalecosystems.

MITIGATING RISKS TO HEALTH

• Occupational health and safety plan; risk analysis includes those associated with hazardous substances.

• Pre-harvest intervals (MSDS) and reentry intervals (REI).

• Warn affected communities about applications.

• Reduce aerial drift to areas with human activity.

• PPE (according to the MSDS), application techniques and equipment maintenance.

• Children are prohibited from working with pesticides.

• Training on safer pesticide use.

• Bathroom and shower facilities for workers.

• Health checkups for workers based on detected risks.

The 2017 Standard requires an IPM plan that prioritizes practices for:

• Prevention of pest outbreaks and their spread;

• Pest monitoring;

• Pest control using biological agents, cultural practices and the use of low toxicity substances;

• Reducing the use of pesticides; and

• Training for all persons involved in the implementation of the plan.

If pesticides are used (only as part of an IPM plan)

Mitigation of risks to health and the environment

Integrated Pest Managementand Pesticide Management

Module 3 - Page 42

The implementation of the related requirements in the 2017 Standard produce the following results

in the management of the farm:

Minimization of risks and impacts to human health

Reduction of negative impacts on ecosystems, pollinators, wildlife and

aquatic life.

Efficiency in productionReduction in the use of pesticides

In accordance with the Rainforest Alliance Terms

and Definitions, integrated pest management

consists of:

“careful analysis of all available pest control

techniques and the subsequent integration of

appropriate measures to hamper the

development of pest populations and maintain

pesticides and other interventions at

economically justified levels while reducing or

minimizing the risks to human health and the

environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of

healthy crops with the least possible disturbance

of agro-ecosystems and promotes natural pest

control mechanisms. Pesticide application is

based on documented thresholds of economic

damage from diseases or pest infestations”.

The 2017 Standard requires that the farm

implement an IPM plan that prioritizes

practices for:

Prevention to avoid the outbreak and

spread of pests;

Pest monitoring;

Pest control using biological means,

cultural practices, and the use of low

toxicity substances;

Conservation of habitats for parasitoids or

other biological controllers that live in the

native vegetation;

Reduction in the use of pesticides in

general; and

Training for any person involved in the

implementation of the plan.

Integrated Pest Management Binding Terms and Definitions

Module 3 - Page 43

The T&D are binding and therefore should be considered for a comprehensive understanding of the

criteria of the 2017 Standard. The following are the T&D related to integrated pest management

and pesticide management:

• Active ingredient: A pesticide consists of several substances. The active ingredient is the

chemical that triggers in the treated organisms (e.g. fungi, insects, and mice) the specific toxic

effect. The other substances can assist this effect, directly or indirectly.

• Aircraft: Helicopters, planes, drones or other aerodynes that can carry liquids for aerial

fumigation.

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The careful consideration of all available pest

control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the

development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are

economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM

emphasizes the growth of healthy crops and cattle with the least possible disruption to agro-

ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. Application of pesticides is based

on documented thresholds for disease or pest infestations.

• Natural pest control substances: Chemicals with non-toxic modes of action such as insect

pheromones, and insect attractants derived from plant extracts; mineral substances that irritate

or cause mechanical disruption to pests; and microbial pesticides, including bacteria, fungi,

viruses and protozoa.

• Pest: An organism that is detrimental to humans or their crops, cattle, or property, typically by

causing economic damage.

• Pesticide: Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or

controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, and including unwanted

species of plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production,

processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood

products or animal feedstuffs, and also include substances administered to animals for the

control of insects, arachnids or other pests on their bodies.


Module 3 - Page 44

• Restricted entry interval (REI): Minimum amount of time that shall pass between

pesticide application to an area or crop and the moment that people can enter that area without

personal protective equipment.

• Rainforest Alliance non-application zones: The distance in meters indicates the width

of the non-application zone between pesticide applied crops and areas of human activity, or

aquatic and terrestrial natural ecosystems:

‒ 5 meters, if applied by mechanical, hand-assisted and targeted application methods, such

as for example knapsack sprayers, banding, baiting, specific granule placement, soil or

plant injection, seed treatments and weed wiping;

‒ 10 meters, if applied by broadcast or pressurized spray application methods, such as for

example motorized sprayers or spray booms10 , air blast sprayers, foggers (Ultra Low

Volume fogging machines) depending on the equipment’s technical specifications.

• Rainforest Alliance parameters for vegetative barriers:

‒ Barriers are as high as the crop height or the height of the equipment’s application valves

over the ground, whichever is higher.

‒ Barriers are composed of plants that maintain their foliage all year, but which are

permeable to airflow, allowing the barrier to capture pesticide drops.

‒ Preference is given to native species.

• Spray booms: Structure mobilized by a tractor to apply pesticides or fertilizers consisting of

two arms suspended over the crop and which apply pesticides or fertilizers through their nozzles

in atomized or dusty form.

• Spray drift: The quantity of applied product –representing an active ingredient of a pesticide -

which is deflected from the treated area by the action of air currents during the application

process.


Module 3 - Page 45

• Rainforest Alliance restoration parameters: Restoration parameters for adjacent

zones of aquatic ecosystems are:

‒ Remnant or restored vegetation is primarily native, e.g. agroforestry systems that comply

with Rainforest Alliance canopy cover and species diversity parameters; and

‒ Minimum widths of restored areas adjacent to aquatic ecosystems (water course width is

defined as the width of the normal flow during the rainy season but not during flood

conditions) are;

• 5 m horizontal width along both sides of water courses less than 5 meters wide;

• 8 m horizontal width along both sides of water courses 5-10 meters wide, and

around springs, wetlands, and other water bodies; and

• 15 m horizontal width along both sides of rivers wider than 10 m;

• Rainforest Alliance rodenticide risk management requirements:

1. Only formulated rodenticides baited traps classified as moderately toxic (blue label) or

slightly toxic (green label) are used;

2. Rodenticide traps are only used, if rodent monitoring demonstrates that mechanic control

methods are not effective;

3. Signs of rodent activity (droppings, tracks, gnaw marks, burrows) are monitored and the

results recorded. Traps are inspected daily and bait stations and installations weekly;

4. Bait stations are tamper-resistant, anchored, and constructed in such a manner and size as to

permit only the entrance of rodents;

5. Food sources attracting rodents and debris are eliminated;

6. Rodent carcasses are handled with gloves and buried in locations that do not pose risk to

human health or water contamination; and

7. Bait stations are removed and the amount of stations diminished when there are no longer

signs of rodent feeding or there is evidence of use by non-target wildlife.


Module 3 - Page 46

• Rainforest Alliance requirements for aerial fumigation::

1. Aerial fumigations are recommended by a competent professional;

2. Spray drift next to natural ecosystems and areas of human activity is reduced through non-applicationzones or vegetative barriers:a) Non-application zones are at minimum:

i. 30 meter wide next to public roads and housing areas if application is parallel to the non-application zone with half wing applications (outer boom off) to minimize drift to high risk areas.

ii. In the case of rivers, a 15 m non-application zone for each river bank.

b) Vegetative barriers are reforested with non-crop trees whose canopy is higher than the crop heightbut not higher than 6 meters;

3. Aircraft:a) Are equipped with Geographic Positioning Systems (GPS) with automatic shut-off valves connected

to the GPS system;b) The flight altitude is maximum 5 meter above the crop canopy; andc) The length of the application boom is at maximum 80% of the aircraft’s wingspan;

4. Nozzle type and number of drops are calibrated every six months and the application doses are calibratedbefore each application;

5. Hoses, nozzles, valves, GPS system and automatic flow meter are checked before and after each flights;

6. Weather conditions are:a) Wind speeds are less than 10 kilometers per hour (km/h);b) Inversion conditions are avoided; andc) Maximum temperature is 29 °C;;

7. Each aerial fumigation is documented with an operational report, including :a) Location of the property;

b) Type of service performed;

c) Treated crop and area (in hectare) with sketch of the area indicating its boundaries, barriers, roads,power grids, watery, buildings, magnetic north and geographic coordinates at least one point);

d) Pesticide applications, including all receipts for purchases, label names of products applied, activeingredient (AI) name, and concentration (volume per liter, mass per kg, or %AI) in each product,quantity of each formulated product applied, and the application dates, location, and land area overwhich each product is applied, type of application equipment, name of pesticide handlers;

e) Flight and application parameters: height of the flight, width of the effective deposition range,temperature range, wind speed and direction; model, prefix, type and angle of used aircraft;

f) Date and time of application (beginning and end of application); and

g) Direction of application ranges (shots); location of the flight track through geo-referencing, specifyingwhether the application was performed with the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS);


Module 3 - Page 47

• Work harmful to children: Work that may harm children’s’ health, safety or morals,

including:

a) Handling of pesticides, hazardous substances or residues;

b) Operating, assisting to operate, or cleaning power machinery or tools;

c) Activities requiring physical exertion beyond the child’s safe capacity, such as heavy lifting

of loads greater than 20% of a minor’s body weight;

d) Work on steep slopes of more than 50%, near cliffs or drop-offs, or on roofs or ladders;

e) Work in storage areas, silos and construction sites; and

f) Night work.

The Integrated PestManagement Plan

Module 3 - Page 48

Integrated Pest Management involves a variety of agronomic and farm zoning activities to achieve

effective pest control with the least impact on the environment and health.

Criteria 3.3 and 3.23 require the development of an IPM plan.

A good plan considers the following elements:

a. Objectives.

i. Minimize the effects of the pest or disease

on production.

ii. Minimize risks to health and the

environment related to pest and disease

control.

b. Identification and detailed characterization

of the biology and etiology of each pest and

disease.

c. Establishment of the monitoring method for

each pest or disease.

d. Establishment of the monitoring method for

climate variables.

e. Establishment of records on pest and disease

monitoring results.

f. Establishment of economic thresholds for

action to initiate pesticide application.

g. Identification and scheduling of preventive

and avoidance measures to apply for a pest or

disease.

g. Identification of non-chemical control

methods, such as biological or botanical

ones.

h. Choosing the type or types of pesticides

and the rotation, by pest and/or disease.

i. Records and quantification of pesticides

and the applications implemented.

j. Training and training records for the

established Integrated Pest Management

Plan.

k. Complete implementation of the

Integrated Pest Management Plan.

l. Verification of internal or external

compliance.

Integrated Pest

Management

1. Preventing infestation

2. Avoiding propagation

3. Monitoring occurrence

4. Suppression

Integrated Pest Management Planrelated criteria

Module 3 - Page 49

Criteria

Critical 2.4 Animals that are endangered or protected are never hunted or killed. Animals are

not hunted on the farm, with the following exceptions:

• Smallholders may hunt non-endangered species for non-commercial use only; and

• Vertebrate pest wildlife may be hunted only in accordance with the farm’s

integrated pest management (IPM) plan, and only as a measure of last resort.

Explosives or toxic substances are never used for hunting, fishing, or control of

wildlife pests. Control of rodents follows Rainforest Alliance rodenticide risk

management requirements.

Critical 3.3 The farm management develops and implements an integrated pest management

(IPM) plan that is based upon the prevention and monitoring of pests and aims to

avoid economically significant crop losses while reducing pesticide risks. The farm

management determines pest management steps based on the analysis of pest

monitoring records. Pests are managed using biological controls or other non-

chemical methods where feasible. When pesticides are used, preference is given to

non-restricted low toxicity pesticides, and pesticides are applied only to the parts of

the crop affected by pests. All workers involved in pest management activities are

trained about the contents of the IPM plan.

C-3.9 Fire may be used only for pest control, only as prescribed by the IPM plan and only if

it creates less negative environmental impact than other pest control measures. To

protect nearby natural ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities, fire is applied

only by trained workers with fire suppression tools, personal protective equipment,

and access to water for firefighting, and only when wind speed and direction create

minimal risk of uncontrolled burning. If fire is used, fire use areas and history are

indicated on updated farm maps.

C-3.23 In the case of groups, the group administrator develops an integrated pest

management (IPM) plan for the group, according to the contents of Critical Criterion

3.3. The group administrator trains and supports its members to implement this plan

on the member farms.

Integrated Pest Management Planrelated criteria

Module 3 - Page 50

Criteria

C-3.24 The farm management and group administrator record pest infestations with the

following parameters:

• Pest type;

• Infestation dates, area and location, and degree of damage; and

• Weather during the infestation.

B-3.10 Farms implement practices such as crop rotation, planting of nitrogen-fixing ground

covers or cover crops, or application of compost or mulch to maintain or enhance

soil health.

B-3.25 Smallholders record pest infestations with the following parameters:

• Pest type;

• Infestation dates, area and location, and degree of damage; and

• Weather during the infestation.

B-3.26 The farm management and group administrator analyze pesticide application and

pest monitoring records, document any significant reductions or increases in pest

severity and pesticide use, and update the IPM plan annually considering the

effectiveness of past pest management approaches and any new pest control

challenges or opportunities.

How do we audit the criteriarelated to the IPM Plan?

Module 3 - Page 51


We recommend:

a. Requesting the IPM plan and checking

that the document contains at least the

aforementioned points.

b. Checking and cross-checking the

information from the IPM plan with:

i. Records on applications and

monitoring of pests in the field,

ii. Monitoring of environmental

conditions,

iii. Threshold for action, and

iv. Records on pesticide applications.

c. Comparing planned versus implemented

activities.

d. Confirming that the persons responsible

for implementation have been trained on

the activities established in the plan.

e. Analyzing whether there is annual

progress in accordance with specific

indicators or indices of efficiency, such as:

amount of Active Ingredient used per

hectare or per kg of crop produced and/or

exported; farm productivity; incidence of

pests and diseases.

f. Identifying whether fire is used in IPM;

and review of the technical criteria that

justify this.

In the field

Once in the field, it is important to:

a. Interview the persons in charge and those

responsible for implementing preventive

actions, interventions or chemical control. In

this way you confirm that all the planned

activities are being carried out, especially

those aimed at avoiding and preventing the

pest or disease.

b. Visually verify activities such as: pest

trapping, measurement of climatological

variables, field infestation, and possible

symptoms of nutrient deficiency in crop

plants.

c. Visually verify the effectiveness of the control

mechanisms implemented by the farm.

Mitigation of risksin pesticide management

Module 3 - Page 52

In the 2017 Standard, there is a series of criteria

whose objective is that the farms implement good

management, storage, handling and use of pesticides;

thus reducing the risks associated with their

management.

The criteria and provisions related to risk mitigation

in the use of pesticides are addressed by two

different approaches, and they apply only to

pesticides included on the corresponding lists:

1. The requirements associated with the use of

pesticides included on the Rainforest Alliance List

of Pesticides for Use with Risk Mitigation, which

includes mitigation measures for:

• Substances hazardous to aquatic life, according

to mitigation criterion 3.27;

• Substances hazardous to pollinators, according

to mitigation criterion 3.29;

• Substances with inhalation risk in accordance

with the mitigation requirements of Critical

Criterion 4.15.

2. The requirements associated with the use of

pesticides included on the Rainforest Alliance List

of Prohibited Pesticides whose use has been

authorized by the Rainforest Alliance Procedure

for Exceptional Pesticide Use, which includes:

• Rainforest Alliance requirements for the

management of risks from rodenticides;

• Rainforest Alliance requirements for the

management of reproductive toxicity risk.

Some good practices to mitigate the risk

associated with pesticide handling are:

1. The farm has a training program on the

use, management, handling, and

application of pesticides, and calibration

of the application equipment.

2. Pesticide storage is safe, orderly, and

well demarcated with good signage for

the pesticides.

3. Use of appropriate mix preparation and

measuring equipment.

4. Presence of specialized infrastructure for

the mixing and storage of pesticides

(warehouses, mixing areas and

equipment for filling retention

mechanisms).

5. Presence of materials to soak up spills in

pesticide storage and preparation sites.

6. Presence of safety information (MSDS) in

areas where pesticides are stored and

handled.

7. Triple washing is carried out when

mixtures are prepared and application

equipment is filled.

8. Empty containers are handled safely so

as not to contaminate the environment

with their remnant residues or expose

humans to them.

Risk mitigation in pesticide management –related criteria

Module 3 - Page 53

Criteria

Critical

3.4

The use of substances included in the Rainforest Alliance List of Prohibited Pesticides is

prohibited. Only pesticides that are legally registered in the production country are used.

The use of agriculture mineral oils is only allowed, if these contain less than 3% of

Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) residues.

Critical

3.5

Pesticide application by aircraft complies with Rainforest Alliance requirements for

aerial fumigation. Workers are not present in areas during aerial fumigation with

pesticides. In the case of primary and secondary drainage canals with permanent water, a

plan is developed and implemented to cover these water bodies with vegetation or other

effective physical means.

C-1.8 The farm management and group administrator develop and implement a training plan to

train workers on the competencies required to carry out their work and to comply with

this standard.

B-1.11 The farm management and group administrator document all training according to

training topic, name, organization and title of the trainer, focal crop, number of women

and men trained, and an attestation of each worker or group member that s/he

participated in the training.

C-3.30 All pesticides are stored in a safely locked storage facility. Only people trained in

pesticide risks and management have access to the pesticide storage facility.

C-3.31 Pesticides listed in the Rainforest Alliance Prohibited Pesticides List and expired

products that were in use before farms applied for certification are returned to the

supplier or, if the supplier does not accept these products, these are labeled and stored

separately from other products until disposed of safely.

C-3.33 Empty pesticide containers and application equipment are triple washed, and the rinse

water is returned back to the application mix for re-application. Empty pesticide

containers are kept in a locked storage area until safely returned to the supplier or, if the

supplier does not accept empty containers, they are cut or perforated to prevent other

uses. Containers may be re-used only for the original contents and only when labeled

accordingly.

B-3.34 Farms select the optimum pesticide application equipment and techniques for the crop

and pesticide type to reduce spray drift.

B-3.36 The farm management and group administrator calibrate equipment for mixing and

applying pesticides, at least annually, after maintenance, and whenever the type of

product is changed.

How are the criteria forrisk mitigation audited?

Module 3 - Page 54


We recommend:

a. Request and review the IPM Plan. Requestthe notes on technical criteria that justify theuse of the substances that are applied.

b. Request the farm map that shows existinginfrastructure and the distribution of nativevegetation, and locate the pesticide storageand preparation areas.

c. Check the training records of pesticideappliers and other workers involved withpesticide handling.

d. Request a list of the application equipmentused and check the records on calibrationsand adjustments made and their frequency.

e. Confirm that the materials used in traininginclude all the necessary safety informationfor implementing safe applications.

f. Confirm that training for the workers hasbeen provided by a person with a mastery ofthe topic and adequate preparation.

g. Confirm that the measures for riskmitigation are included in the IPM plan andalso meet the parameters and requirementsprescribed by the 2017 Standard.

In the field


a. Inspect all the facilities andinfrastructure where pesticides arestored and prepared. Check theircondition to rule out any risks.

b. Verify the presence of emergency eye-washes and showers in the event ofaccidental contamination throughcontact.

c. Also verify the presence of materialsand equipment for cleaning up spills ofpesticides and pesticide mixtures.

d. Visually confirm the way workershandle pesticides and triple-wash theempty containers.

e. Confirm that the risk mitigationmeasures for the use of pesticidescomply with the parameters andrequirements established by the 2017Standard.

Interviews with workers

During the interviews:

a. Confirm that the workers understand theimportance of safe pesticidemanagement. It is important to ask aboutthe basic concepts of safe management.

b. Confirm the use of personal protectiveequipment, try to identify aspects thatworkers consider negative in its use, suchas goggles that fog up and excessive heat,and confirm that there are measures tomitigate these effects.

Training on the use, handling, preparation, and application of pesticides is key to meeting the objective of the different

criteria. Training should include all the Rainforest Alliance concepts, as an

example. Rainforest Alliance lists of pesticides, areas for exclusion from

application, the IPM Plan, and mitigation measures.

Risk mitigation and relatedenvironmental impact criteria

Module 3 - Page 55

Criteria

Critical

3.4

The use of substances included in the Rainforest Alliance List of Prohibited Pesticides is

prohibited. Only pesticides that are legally registered in the production country are used. The use

of agriculture mineral oils is only allowed, if these contain less than 3% of Dimethyl Sulfoxide

(DMSO) residues.

Critical

3.5

Pesticide application by aircraft complies with Rainforest Alliance requirements for aerial

fumigation. Workers are not present in areas during aerial fumigation with pesticides. In the case of

primary and secondary drainage canals with permanent water, a plan is developed and

implemented to cover these water bodies with vegetation or other effective physical means.

C-3.27 Farms apply substances listed in the Rainforest Alliance List of Pesticides for Use with Risk

Mitigation as having risk to aquatic life only if Rainforest Alliance non-application zones around

aquatic natural ecosystems are enforced or vegetative barriers are established compliant with

Rainforest Alliance parameters for vegetative barriers or other effective mechanisms to reduce

spray drift. Farms apply substances listed in the Rainforest Alliance List of Pesticides for Use with

Risk Mitigation as having risk to wildlife only if Rainforest Alliance non-application zones around

natural ecosystems are enforced or vegetative barriers are established compliant with Rainforest

Alliance parameters for vegetative barriers or other effective mechanisms to reduce spray drift.

C-3.29 Farms apply substances listed in the Rainforest Alliance List of Pesticides for Use with Risk

Mitigation as having risks for pollinators only if:

• Less toxic, efficacious pesticides are not available;

• Exposure to natural ecosystems is minimized by complying with Rainforest Alliance non-

application zones or by establishing vegetative barriers compliant with Rainforest Alliance

parameters for vegetative barriers or by implementing other effective mechanisms to reduce

spray drift; and

• Contact of pollinators with these substances is further reduced through:

– Substances are applied only when pollinators are not active; or

– Substances are not applied to flowering weeds or flowering weeds are removed; and

– Substances are applied while the crop is not in peak flowering period. Not applicable to

banana, cocoa, grapes, lemon grass, pineapple, psyllium, sugar cane, and tea.

• If bee hives are used, they are temporarily covered during application, and hive bees are

provided with a clean water source outside the treated area.

Critical

2.4

Animals that are endangered or protected are never hunted or killed. Animals are not hunted on

the farm, with the following exceptions:

• Smallholders may hunt non-endangered species for non-commercial use only; and

• Vertebrate pest wildlife may be hunted only in accordance with the farm’s integrated pest

management (IPM) plan, and only as a measure of last resort.

Explosives or toxic substances are never used for hunting, fishing, or control of wildlife pests.

Control of rodents follows Rainforest Alliance rodenticide risk management requirements.

Rainforest Alliance Requirementsfor Mitigating Risks for Pollinators

Module 3 - Page 56

Until June 30, 2020 the use of the three neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and

thiamethoxam), and the phenylpyrazole fipronil is only permitted if the following Rainforest

Alliance pollinator risk management requirements are fully implemented::

a. Less toxic, efficacious pesticides are not available; and

b. Exposure to natural ecosystems is minimized by complying with Rainforest Alliance non-application zones or by establishing vegetative barriers compliant with Rainforest Allianceparameters for vegetative barriers or by implementing other effective mechanisms toreduce spray drift; and

c. Contact of pollinators with these substances is further reduced through:

i. Substances are applied only when pollinators are not active; or

ii. Substances are not applied to flowering weeds or flowering weeds are removed;and

iii. Substances are applied while the crop is not in peak flowering period; Notapplicable to Banana, cocoa, grapes, lemon grass, pineapple, psyllium, sugar cane,and tea.

d. If bee hives are used, they are temporarily covered during application, and hive bees areprovided with a clean water source outside the treated area..

Pesticide CAS Number Pollinator impact

1) Clothianidin 210880-92-5 P

2) Fipronil 120068-37-3 P

3) Imidacloprid 138261-41-3 P

4) Thiamethoxam 153719-23-4 P

Rainforest Alliance Requirementsfor Rodenticide Risk Management

Module 3 - Page 57

The nine rodenticides brodifacoum, bromadiolone, bromethalin, chlorophacinone,

difethialone, diphacinone, strychnine, warfarin and zinc phosphide may be used only if the

following Rainforest Alliance rodenticide risk management requirements are fully

implemented:

a. Only formulated rodenticides baited traps classified as moderately toxic (blue label) orslightly toxic (green label) are used; and

b. Rodenticide traps are only used, if rodent monitoring demonstrates that mechaniccontrol methods are not effective; and

c. Signs of rodent activity (droppings, tracks, gnaw marks, burrows) are monitored andthe results recorded. Traps are inspected daily and bait stations and installationsweekly; and

d. Bait stations are tamper-resistant, anchored, and constructed in such a manner andsize as to permit only the entrance of rodents; and

e. Food sources attracting rodents and debris are eliminated; and

f. Rodent carcasses are handled with gloves and buried in locations that do not pose riskto human health or water contamination; and

g. Bait stations are removed and the amount of stations diminished when there are nolonger signs of rodent feeding or there is evidence of use by non-target wildlife.

Pesticide CAS Number WHO Ia WHO IbGHS Repro 1A

1B

1) Brodifacoum 56073-10-0 P P

2) Bromadiolone 28772-56-7 P P

3) Bromethalin 63333-35-7 P

4) Chlorophacinone 3691-35-8 P P

5) Difethialone 104653-34-1 P

6) Diphacinone 82-66-6 P P

7) Strychnine 57-24-9 P

8) Warfarin 81-81-2 P

9) Zinc phosphide 1314-84-7 P P

Rainforest Alliance requirements for themanagement of risk from rodenticides

Module 3 - Page 58

Five nematicides (cadusafos, ethoprop, fenamiphos, oxamyl and terbufos) can only be

used with the full implementation of the following Rainforest Alliance requirements for

the management of Risk from Nematicides:

a. Lower toxicity nematicides are used as part of the rotation for nematicide riskmanagement; and

b. The application methods accurately place the product on the root zone of the plants orinject it directly into the plant. The application of uncovered granules in no applicationzones is prohibited; and

c. The maximum daily application time per operator is limited to six hours. For two shiftsand a bath for the operator to wash off pesticide residues, the total daily maximumapplication time is limited to 4 hours plus 2 hours = 6 hours; and

d. The application is done during the coolest hours of the day; and

e. Annual medical monitoring of the health of the operator (kidney and liver function) isprovided; and

f. Cholinesterase levels are analyzed for the workers who handle the cholinesteraseinhibitors cadusafos, ethoprop, fenamiphos, oxamyl or terbufos. These tests are donefor workers before they apply the substances for the first time and periodicallythereafter, for as long as they are assigned the task of applying these pesticides. Ifunacceptable cholinesterase levels are found in handlers of organophosphorus orcarbamate pesticides, they are offered other work positions that do not involve thehandling of these chemicals.

Pesticide CAS Number WHO Ia WHO Ib

1) Cadusafos 95465-99-9 P

1) Etoprophos; Ethoprop 13194-48-4 P

1) Fenamiphos 22224-92-6 P

1) Oxamyl 23135-22-0 P

1) Terbufos 13071-79-9 P

Risk mitigation related parameters

Module 3 - Page 59

Farms implementing the criteria of the 2017 Standard mitigate the effects of pesticide use on the

environment, with a special emphasis on reducing the risk of agrochemical contamination in natural

aquatic ecosystems, and reducing the negative effects on wildlife, aquatic life and pollinators.

The Standard presents a series of Mitigation Parameters, whose main objectives are mitigation of the

risk of contamination from pesticide application and reduction of spray drift.

Rainforest Alliance parameters for

restoration

Rainforest Alliance no-application zones

Rainforest Alliance requirements for aerial

fumigation

Rainforest Alliance parameters for vegetative

barriers

Prevent the degradation of aquatic ecosystems

Regulate the conditions for aerial pesticide application.

Reduce risks from the effects ofpesticides in:

- Natural ecosystems (includingaquatic ecosystems);

- Areas with pollinators present;

- Wildlife and aquatic life; and

- Areas of human activity.

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Spray drift: is the portion of the applied product that is diverted from the treated

area due to the action of air currents during the application process, and which

represents an active ingredient of the pesticide.

How do we audit the criteriaFor environmental impact mitigation?

Module 3 - Page 60


We recommend:

a. Request and review the IPM Plan.

b. Review the plan’s application ofpreventive and avoidance measures.

c. Review whether the pesticide applicationswere justified in relation to the fieldmonitoring results of pest impacts(severity and % infestation).

d. Review the type and classification of thepesticides used and applied; verifywhether there is some kind of mitigationmeasure on the Rainforest Alliance List ofpesticides for use with mitigationmeasures.

e. Review the calibration and maintenancerecords for the application equipment.

f. In the application records, check the timesof application and relate these data to thetime of greatest activity of pollinators thatcould be present on the farm.

In the field


a. Interview managers and those responsiblefor implementing preventive actions andchemical interventions or control; confirmthat all planned activities are being carriedout, especially those aimed at avoiding andpreventing pest occurrence.

b. Review the mitigation measures applied atthe time of pesticide application.

c. Review the ecosystem protectionmeasures, setbacks from water sources,buffer zones, and no application zones.

d. Verify the presence of pollinators in thecrop.

e. In temporary water passages or drainagechannels, check the waterway protectionpractices (covers on drains, for example).

f. In aquatic ecosystems, observe wildlifepresent to confirm the quality of the water.

Special cases

a. Pollinators are used in melon andwatermelon crops; check the measuresused to prevent contact of pesticides withbees (nocturnal applications, hiveprotection).

b. In banana crops, the extensive drainagenetworks are a source of direct andindirect contamination of ecosystems.

In general, insect pollinators in the

field are most active in the morning

hours. Nocturnal or afternoon

pesticide applications reduce the

impacts on these insects.

Mitigation of risksto health

Module 3 - Page 61

Farms that implement the criteria of the 2017

Standard mitigate the effects pesticide use has on

human health, in workers as well as passersby and

the inhabitants of communities near the farms.

Good practices to prevent risks to health are:

1. To avoid the use of pesticides

a. Conserve or plant native vegetation that

functions as habitat for parasitoids or other

biological controllers, such as insectivorous

birds.

b. Application of activities and agricultural

practices to avoid and prevent a pest, so as

not to reach the threshold of damage that

would justify pesticide application (IPM).

c. Use biological or botanical inputs or

pesticides.

2. To mitigate risks to health

a. Train personnel on all topics related to

Occupational Health, Pesticide Handling and

Application (GAPs, use of Personal Protective

Equipment, pesticide toxicity, measures to

prevent intoxication).

b. Do not use substances that are on the

Rainforest Alliance List of Prohibited

Products. Do not use substances that are not

legally registered in the country.

c. In the case of pesticides that are on the

Rainforest Alliance list of pesticides for

restricted use with risk mitigation measures,

use them in accordance with the indications

for mitigating the risk of inhalation.

d. In areas where workers or neighbors live or

frequent (areas of human activity),

establish natural barriers to contain drift.

e. Warn communities and workers in advance

about applications that could affect them.

f. Implement pre-harvest intervals.

g. Implement re-entry periods to a

production plot after an application.

h. Everyone who handles or is exposed to

contact with pesticides uses PPE.

i. The administration has measures for the

implementation of safety and emergency

procedures.

j. Prior medical check-ups of application

personnel are done to confirm their

physical and mental suitability for

implementing applications.

k. Cholinesterase analyses are done for

workers who apply organophosphorus and

carbamate compounds.

l. Annual medical monitoring is done on the

health (kidney and liver function) of

operators working with five nematicides

(see the Procedure for Exceptional Use).

m. When applicable, an Occupational Health

Commission is implemented.

n. Measures and compliance with these

criteria are verified annually.

Mitigation of risks to healthrelated criteria

Module 3 - Page 62

Criteria

Critical

3.5

Pesticide application by aircraft complies with Rainforest Alliance requirements for aerial

fumigation. Workers are not present in areas during aerial fumigation with pesticides. In the case

of primary and secondary drainage canals with permanent water, a plan is developed and

implemented to cover these water bodies with vegetation or other effective physical means.

C-3.28 Farms establish and maintain non-crop vegetative barriers compliant with Rainforest Alliance

parameters for vegetative barriers or Rainforest Alliance non-application zones between

pesticides applied crops and areas of human activity.

C-3.32 Potentially affected persons or communities are identified, alerted, and warned in advance about

pesticide applications and prevented from access to pesticide application areas.

B-3.35 Pre-harvest intervals of pesticides as stipulated in the product’s Material Safety Data Sheet

(MSDS), label or security tag are complied with when applying pesticides. When two or more

products with different pre-harvest intervals are used at the same time, the longest interval is

applied.

Critical

4.15

Functional Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in accordance with the product’s MSDS, safety

tag or other instructions, whichever are more stringent, is provided free of cost to workers. All

persons who mix or handle pesticides, fertilizers hazardous materials, or other chemical

substances or natural pest control substances with possible dermatological or microbiological

risks use PPE. Substances listed in the Rainforest Alliance List of Pesticides for Use with Risk

Mitigation as having inhalation risks may be used only if restricted entry intervals are enforced

and respirators with an organic vapor (OV) cartridge or canister with any N, R, P, or 100 series

pre-filter are used, and only if all application sites are flagged to indicate inhalation risks to

bystanders.

Critical

4.16

The farm management trains all workers and the group administrator trains all group members

or their representatives that handle or come into contact with pesticides or other substances

posing potential health risks. Training is conducted by a competent professional on safer

management of these substances and includes:

• Occupational health topics specific to chemical handlers as defined in the Occupational Health and

Safety Plan;

• An explanation of the names, formulations, toxicity, health risks, and other relevant MSDS information

related to all substances to be applied;

• Techniques for correct handling of these substances;

• Correct use of PPE;

• Preventative measures for reducing possible damage to health and the environment caused by these

substances; and

• Emergency procedures, first aid and medical attention for cases involving poisoning or undue contact

with these substances.

Mitigation of risks to healthrelated criteria

Module 3 - Page 63

Criteria

Critical

4.17

Bathing facilities are provided to all handlers of pesticides or other substances posing

potential health risks. These handlers bathe and change their clothes after finishing the

daily application schedule and before leaving the workplace at the end of the workday.

All PPE for workers is washed and stored on the farm or group administrator facilities,

and does not enter workers’ housing.

Critical

4.18

Women who are pregnant, nursing or have recently given birth are not assigned to

activities that pose risk to the woman’s, fetus's or infant’s health. In cases of job

reassignment, there is no reduction in remuneration.

C-4.35 Farms implement Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) for persons entering pesticide

application areas without PPE that are at least 12 hours or as stipulated in the product’s

MSDS, label or security tag, whichever is more stringent. For WHO class II products, the

REI is at least 48 hours. When two or more products with different REIs are used at the

same time, the longest interval applies.

C-4.36 The farm management and group administrator test cholinesterase levels of workers

who handle WHO Class II or III organophosphates or carbamates. Tests are conducted

prior to the first time workers apply these substances on the farm and periodically

thereafter as long as they remain assigned to this task. The farm management and group

administrator offer other work that does not involve use of these chemicals to those

pesticide handlers with results outside of the accepted cholinesterase levels.

C-4.37 When workers are diagnosed with temporary health conditions or have short-term

disabilities that impair their ability to carry out their job, the farm management and

group administrator reassign these workers for the length of the disability period to a

different work task without penalty or a decrease in compensation.

C-4.41 The farm management and group administrator provide workers with medical

examinations as specified in the Occupational Health and Safety plan (see Critical

Criterion 4.14). Workers have access to the results of their medical examinations.

C-4.42 The farm management and group administrator provide emergency showers and eye-

washing facilities in or close to workshops, storage areas, and processing facilities

where pesticides or other hazardous materials are used or stored.

Rainforest Alliance Reproductive Toxicity RiskManagement Requirements

Module 3 - Page 64

The use of the eight substances categorized as GHS repro 1A/1B (Pesticide active ingredients

and their formulations that meet the criteria of reproductive toxicity Categories 1A and 1B of

the Globally Harmonized System on Classification and Labelling of Chemicals) Borax, Boric

acid, Carbendazim, Epoxiconazole, Fluazifop-butyl, Glufosinate-ammonium, Quizalofop-p-

tefuryl and Tridemorph is only permitted if the following Rainforest Alliance reproductive

toxicity risk management requirements are fully implemented:

a. Less toxic, efficacious pesticides are not available; and

b. Use is part of the product rotation defined in the integrated pest management plan; and

c. Women of reproductive age (15 – 50 years) do not apply GHS repro 1A/1B pesticides; and

d. Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) are implemented for persons entering pesticideapplication areas without PPE that are at least 12 hours or as stipulated in the product’sMSDS, label or security tag, whichever is more stringent. For WHO class II products, theREI is at least 48 hours. When two or more products with different REIs are used at thesame time, the longest interval applies; and

e. Workers that apply GHS repro 1A/1B pesticides are provided with medical examinationsas specified in the Occupational Health and Safety plan (see Critical Criterion 4.14); and

f. Potentially affected persons or communities are identified, alerted, and warned inadvance about pesticide applications and prevented from access to pesticide applicationareas; and

g. Farms establish and maintain non-crop vegetative barriers compliant with RainforestAlliance parameters for vegetative barriers or Rainforest Alliance non-application zonesbetween pesticides applied crops and areas of human activity..

Pesticide CAS Number GHS Repro 1A 1B

1) Borax; disodium tetraborate decahydrate 1303-96-4 P

2) Boric acid 10043-35-3 P

3) Carbendazim 10605-21-7 P

4) Epoxiconazole 133855-98-8 P

5) Fluazifop-butyl 69806-50-4 P

6) Glufoslufosinate-ammonium 77182-82-2 P

7) Quizalofop-p-tefuryl 119738-06-6 P

8) Tridemorph 81412-43-3 P

How do we audit the criteriafor the mitigation of impacts on health?

Module 3 - Page 65


We recommend:

a. Request and review the IPM Plan.

b. Request the list of pesticides used andcompare it to the Rainforest Alliance lists forpesticide management.

c. Check the plan’s inclusion of preventive andavoidance measures.

d. Check the training of the workers involved inpesticide application.

e. Review the calibration and maintenancerecords for application equipment.

f. Review the types and classification of thepesticides used and applied; verify whetherthere is some kind of mitigation measure onthe Rainforest Alliance list of pesticides foruse with mitigation measures (risk ofinhalation).

g. Check the medical exams and cholinesteraselevels of workers who apply pesticides.

In the field


a. Review the mitigation measures that mustbe implemented when pesticides areapplied.

b. Confirm the presence of showers and eye-washes in the vicinity of pesticide handlingareas.

c. Verify the use of personal protectiveequipment (PPE) by workers in the fieldduring application; observe theapplication and use of the PPE.

d. Confirm that there are measures toprevent the entry of persons and workerswithout PPE into application areas, andcheck the effectiveness of those measures.

e. In the storage areas, confirm that thereare no substances prohibited by the 2017Standard and the managed pesticide lists.

Special cases – Aerial applications

a. Aerial applications are used in banana, rice and citruscultivation. It is important to verify that measures toprevent the presence of workers in the fields areimplemented.

b. Records are used to verify whether re-entry periodsare respected. It is possible to use records on thebeginning and ending of aerial spraying, information onthe polygon area sprayed, and the record system onworker entry into different production plots.

c. It is also important to visit the aerodromes, review thedocuments and conduct interviews to verify: a) thecalibrations, b) mixture preparations, c) polygons forapplications and deviations from same, and d)automatic nozzle opening and closure technology.

In the case of aerial fumigations,

due to their characteristics and

potential environmental and

health impacts, the 2017

Standard requires that

application equipment have

certain specialized technological

characteristics.

It is important to ensure that the

farm or the service provider

complies with the Rainforest

Alliance requirements for aerial

fumigation.

Module 3: NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION

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