MODULE 19 MOTIVATION “Treat others as you would like to be treated” How do human needs influence...
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Transcript of MODULE 19 MOTIVATION “Treat others as you would like to be treated” How do human needs influence...
MODULE 19
MOTIVATION
“Treat others as you would like to be treated”
• How do human needs influence motivation to work?
• How do thought processes and decisions affect motivation to work?
• What role does reinforcement play in motivation?
MOTIVATION
Human Needs
MODULE GUIDE 19.1
Maslow described a hierarchy of needs topped by self-actualization.
Alderfer’s ERG theory focuses on existence, relatedness, and growth needs.
Herzberg’s two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.
McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.
MOTIVATION
Human Needs
Motivation accounts for the level, direction, and
persistence of effort expended at work. Need
an unfulfilled physiological or psychological desire.
MOTIVATION
Human Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
MOTIVATION
Human Needs
Alderfer’s ERG TheoryExistence Needs
are desires for physiological and material well-being. Relatedness needs are desires for satis-fying interpersonal relationships.
Relatedness Needs are desires for satisfying interpersonal
relationships. Growth Needs
are desires for continued psychological growth and development.
MOTIVATION
Human Needs
Herzberg’s Two-factor TheoryHygiene Factor
is found in the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary.
Motivator Factor is found in job content, such as a sense of
achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, or personal growth.
MOTIVATION
Human Needs
McClelland’s Acquired NeedsNeed for Achievement
is the desire to do something better, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks.
Need for Power is the desire to control, influence, or be
responsible for other people. Need for Affiliation
Is the desire to establish and maintain good relations with other people.
MOTIVATION
Thought Processes and DecisionsMODULE GUIDE 19.2
Equity theory explains how social comparisons can motivate individual behavior.
Expectancy theory considers motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence
Goal-setting theory says that well chosen and well set goals can be motivating.
MOTIVATION
Thought Processes and Decisions
Adams’ Equity TheoryExplains how social comparisons can
motivate individual behaviorAny perceived inequities will motivate us to
behave in a manner that will change them
MOTIVATION
Thought Processes and Decisions Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence Expectancy
a person’s belief that working hard will result in achieving a desired level of task performance
Instrumentality a person’s belief that successful performance will lead to rewards and
other potential outcomes Valence
the value a person assigns to the possible rewards and other work-related outcomes.
MOTIVATION
Thought Processes and DecisionsVroom’s Expectancy Theory
MOTIVATION
Thought Processes and Decisions
Locke’s Goal-setting Theory emphasizes the motivational power of goals that are
specific and challenging.
MANAGEMENT TIPS
• Set specific goals—avoid more generally stated ones, such as “Do your best.”
• Set challenging goals—when realistic and attainable, they motivate better than easy ones.
• Build commitment—people work harder for goals they accept and believe in.
• Clarify priorities—expectations should be clear on which goals to pursue first.
• Provide feedback—people need to know how well they are doing. • Reward results—don’t let accomplishments pass unnoticed.
MOTIVATION
Reinforcement
MODULE GUIDE 19.3
Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.
Positive reinforcement connects desirable behavior with pleasant consequences.
Punishment connects undesirable behavior with unpleasant consequences.
MOTIVATION
Reinforcement
The law of effect states that behavior followed by a pleasant consequence is likely to be repeated; behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence is unlikely to be repeated.
MOTIVATION
Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning – B. F. Skinner Influences behavior by controlling its consequences Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by
making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
Punishment discourages by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.
Extinction discourages a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
MOTIVATION
ReinforcementOperant Conditioning – B. F. Skinner