MODULE 12The Cold War

The Cold War 1945-1991

BRACE

B - Border Changes (After WWII)R - Races (arms race and space race)A - Alliances (NATO & Warsaw)C - Communism (policy of containmentE - East vs West (Dividing the world)

Cold War Begins

COLD WAR-a non-military ideological and diplomatic battle between the United States and Soviet Union

• US and USSR feared each other

• World Domination

Hot War –• Conflict between two forces that involves military

forces

• Cold War

• Lasted from 1945-1991

• led to “hot” wars around globe

in Korea, Vietnam

USA vs. USSR

• USA• Democracy

• People vote/Political Parties/Individual Freedoms

• Private Ownership• Small business/Capitalism

• USSR - Communism• Totalitarian Government

• One political party, Limit Religious rights, limit individual rights

• Government Control of Economy• Government controls all production

• Everyone receives equal amount of wealth, based on needs.

US vs. SOVIET Aims in Europe after WWII

US wants to…

•Create new world order-democracy

•Gain access to raw materials and markets

•Rebuild European gov’ts to ensure stability

•Reunite Germany

Soviets want to…

•Encourage communism in other

countries

•Rebuild its own war-ravaged economy

using eastern Europe's raw materials

•Control Eastern Europe to balance US

influence in W. Europe

•Keep Germany Divided and weak, so it

would never threaten USSR again

Former Allies Clash/Why cant we be friends?• Relations Break

• Stalin lost trust in the USA• Only became ally to defeat Hitler

• USA kept the Atomic Bomb a secret from USSR

• Stalin’s spies steal plans to build A-Bomb

• USA took too long to invade Europe

• D-Day 1944

• Racial Discrimination in USA

• Second “Red Scare”

• Yalta Conference 1945• Divide Germany

• 4 Sections

• United Nations• UN – World Peace organization

• Stalin Promised “Free Elections” in Eastern Europe

Tension Mounts

• Potsdam Conference (Summer 1945)• Big Three – USA, USSR, G.B

• USA and USSR create tension• Spread Democracy vs. Communism

• Yalta – Stalin promised “free elections” in Poland• Truman wanted to Spread Democracy + Free Trade

• Soviets wanted Germany to pay reparations

• Soviets Tighten Their Grip On Eastern Europe• Satellite Nations:

• Soviet Union controlled other foreign countries• Buffer Zone• Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland

• Installs Communist rule

• ”Iron Curtain” – Winston Churchill• Division of Europe

• East and West Germany

Cold War in Europe

• USA and Britain try to prevent Communism• Greece and Turkey

• USA emerged as world leader

• Truman Doctrine March 1947

• Help countries who resist communism (Greece and Turkey)

• Containment Policy

• Prevent the spread of Communism

• Marshall Plan June 1947

• Lending aid to European countries in need $• How did this prevent the spread of communism?

• Much of Europe was destroyed after WWI + WW2

Superpowers Struggle over Germany

• Reunifying Germany• Berlin Divided

• Stalin blockade W. Berlin 1948

• W. Berlin with only limited supplies

• The Berlin Airlift 1949

• American and British forces fly supplies into Western Berlin

• Increased American prestige around the world• Soviets lift the blockade

• A new Germany (divided)• East and West Germany

https://youtu.be/cH-GVf9floo

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: defense alliance among U.S. and Europe against the Soviet Union. Still exists.

Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among Soviet Union and its satellite governments in Eastern Europe.

Module 12Section 2The Cold War Heats Up

Communists Revolution in China

China Turns Communist

• Communism Spreads in Asia• Russian Revolution – 1917 helps spread communism

• China’s Civil War• Chiang Kai-shek(Nationalists) vs. Moa Zedong (Communists)

• USA supported Nationalists – sent billions $• Jiang Regime – Corrupt officials pocketed US money

• Soviets Support Moa/Communists

• China Falls to Communism – 1948

• Moa created the People’s Republic of China

It’s History: Korean War Video

Korea After World War II

• Korean History• Japan controlled 1905• 1945 Yalta Conference

• Japan ordered to give up Korea

• Allies divide Korea• North/South 38th parallel

• North – Soviet Union• Kim IL Sung – Communism

• South – America

• Syngman Rae- Unite Korea

U.S. Involvement in Korea

•Containment• Truman wants to prevent communism from

spreading• Remembers failure of appeasement

• Truman to help S. Korea – sent troops –

• never formally declared war

• UN – Supports Truman –

• Votes to enter the fight against N. Korea

• USSR did not vote – absent from the meeting.

• US Attacks • Douglas McArthur – leader of the coalition forces

• Launches a counter attack behind enemy lines

• June 1950 – N. Invades S. Korea

North Korea Invades

Sept. 1950 – McArthur attacks Inchon

Oct 1950 – N. Korea forces retreated

Nov. 1950 – China helps N. Korea – allied

forces retreated China supported by USSR

Domino Theory

The United States Fights in Korea• MacArthur’s Counterattack

• Why attack Inchon?

• The Chinese Fight Back• Help N. Korea

• MacArthur Recommends Attacking China• Should the U.S. use Nuclear Weapons? • Soviet Alliance

• MacArthur Versus Truman• Truman fires MacArthur

• Settling for Stalemate – Re-establishing old boundaries.

• 38th Parallel

Outcomes of the Korean War• The Forgotten War

• Spring 1951 – 1953 Stalemate at the 38th Parallel.

• Short Term • Eisenhower Elected President – 1952

• Promised to end the War

• Threatened to use Atomic Weapons + Death of Joseph Stalin

• Communists negotiate peace

• Long Term• No clear Victory – 38th Parallel

• N. Korea remained communists

• S. Korea allied with USA

• Increased Military Spending

• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)• Defensive alliance to prevent spread of communism

• Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, Australia, France, Britain, USA

4. Impact of the Korean War

Impact of the Korean War

a. Very little settled in Asia

b. 1st time UN gets involved in a conflict

c. Increase in US defense spending ($22

billion to $50) Military build up

d. Increase stockpile of Nukes

e. US sets a pattern for involvement in

undeclared wars

US defense spending ($22 billion to $50) Military build up

d. Increase stockpile of Nukes

e. US sets a pattern for involvement in

undeclared wars

Outcomes of the Korean War

Analyze Data After the Korean War how much more did the U.S spend on defense than

before the war?

Module 12Section 3The Cold War at Home

Brain Starter

What if the government told you there

were spies in Brunswick that were trying

to help terrorists, what would you do?

What should our country’s leaders be

more focused on protecting – security

of the nation or freedom of the nation’s

people? Should this change? Should it

remain the same? Why?

Question

•Summarize the story The Crucible

•Define McCarthyism

•How is the drama The Cruciblean allegory for McCarthyism?

Growing Fear of Communism

• Tension• Soviets expand into E. Europe• China Falls to Communism (WWII)

• Soviets have atomic bomb • Stole plans from US

• 1949 USA intercepts radio signals

• Truman seeks to strengthen military

• H-Bomb, Planes• Arms Race

• Communist Party of America (WW2)

• 100,000 members

Fear of Communist Influence

• Loyalty Review Board (1947)

• Investigate Government employees (3.2 Million)• Dismissals and resignations

• Millions investigated, hundreds resign, thousands quit• Accused not allowed to see

• Violation of constitutional rights?

• FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation• Led investigation

• J. Edgar Hoover

• House Un-American Activities Committee• Called people in front of congress

• Accused people of being communists.• Had to prove you weren’t a communist.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE A COMMUNIST

Red Scare in America

• HUAC and Hollywood• Investigate Film industry

• Thought pro soviet messages were in the films• Walt Disney/Ronald Reagan

• Hollywood Ten (1950)

• Ten Actors/witnesses

• Did not testify, unconstitutional (Freedom of Speech)• Arrested for 1 year

• Blacklist• List of 500+ people suspected for supporting communism

• Careers/reputation ruined

McCarran Act

• McCarran Internal Security Act (1950):unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the U.S.

• “Arrest and detain suspicious and questionable people that could threaten the USA.”

1. Truman vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode his veto

• Venona Project• Decode messages sent by USSR / KGB agencies

• National Security Agency (NSA)

Spy Cases Stun the Nation• Alger Hiss (1948)

• former Communist spy named Whittaker Chambers accused Alger Hiss of spying for the S.U.

• Government official• Accused of supporting communism• Denied the charges

• Hiss was charged with lying under oath and served years in prison• Richard Nixon led prosecution

• Klaus Fuchs• German born scientist, Manhattan project

• Gave secrets to Soviet Union

• Rosenberg’s (1953)• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

• Accused of giving atomic secrets to soviets• Lack of Evidence against them• Refused to answer questions

• Sentenced to death• In 1997, the Soviets released info verifying that Julius was a spy, but their

was no proof that he turned over info related to the bomb

McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”

Joseph McCarthy

• US Senator

• Running for re-election• Played American’s fear to gain reelection

• False accusations

• McCarthy’s Tactics• McCarthyism (1950 -1954)

• Anti-Communist accusations

• Increases/Creates 2nd Red Scare

• Unfounded accusations• Claimed list of hundreds that had USSR ties

• Accused members of the US Army

• Too many false claims/destroyed people’s character

Module 12Section 4

Two Nations Live on the Edge

• Atomic Weapons • Future of Warfare

• Testing sites: New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado, Mississippi, and Alaska

• Hydrogen Bomb• Fusion of atoms

• Energy of Sun and Stars• 100x more powerful than A-Bomb

• Test in 1952 • Island vanished

• Soviets Test H-Bomb• Aug 1953

• Arms Race• Nuclear weapons > soldiers

• B-52 Planes

Atomic Anxiety

Eisenhower and the Cold War• Massive Retaliation

• Vow to launch counterstrike to any attack• Lead the arms race

• Discourage the USSR

• The Policy of Brinkmanship• Brinkmanship

• the U.S. promising to use all of its force, including nuclear weapons against aggressor nations like the S.U.

Mutually Assured Destruction: MAD◼Both countries could destroy each other, even if you

attacked first◼This made the world safer because no one would

attack…

Nuclear Fears

• DUCK AND COVER

• Federal Civil Defense Administration

• (FCDA) to help educate and prepare the public for nuclear emergencies

• Citizens ready to handle a crisis• “back yard may be the next front line”

Federal Civil Defense Administration

The Cold War Spreads Around the World

Spy Agencies• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)• KGB – USSR Spy organization

• The Warsaw Pact• In response to NATO and West Germany

• The Eisenhower Doctrine• military assistance to aid countries in the

Middle East • Resist Communism

• Joined SEATO• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

(SEATO), 1954.

The Cold War Takes to the Skies• Nikita Khrushchev

• Stalin’s successor

• The Space Race• USSR vs. USA

• USSR -Sputnik, on Oct 4, 1957• Power from Sputnik could be used to

launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles. • (ICBMs)

• Sputnik II – carried a dog

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA-1958):

• established to counter the Soviet successes in space• Explorer I (1958): USA Satellite

Spying

• U-2 Spy plane• Francis Gary Power: a U-2 pilot that was shot down over

Soviet territory • Mach 1 = 761.2 mph and flies at 70,000 ft or higher

• The U.S. gov’t knew the plane was shot down, but had know idea Power was alive and captured

• Eisenhower said the U-2 Spy plane was a weather pane

• Soviets present Power on live TV • Sentenced to 10 years in prison for spying.

Khrushchev demanded that Eisenhower end the spy missions & apologize

• b. Eisenhower stopped the spy missions, but did not apologize (the 1960 meeting was cancelled)

Cold War Effects in Government Size

• Limited Civil Liberties• Loyalty oaths, communist investigations, propaganda departments• Imperial Presidents: try to limit checks and balances.

• Ex: Truman does not declare war on North Korea = no Congressional authority

• National Defense Act

• Federal Deficit Spending• Defense budget quadrupled from $13.5 billion (’50) to $52 billion (’52)• Huge deficits afterwards; spent $100 billion on Korean War

• Military Industrial Complex• Conjunction (connection) between a large military establishment and a

large arms industry – endanger democratic process; economy seemingly dependent on military

Cold War Around the World

• Middle East & Latin American• Iran – Mohammad Mossadegh (1951)

• Nationalized Iran’s oil

• Britain stopped buying Iranian oil

• Fear USSR would buy oil

• US – support the Shah to take leadership in Iran

• Guatemala• USA wanted to over throw communists government

• CIA trained an army to invade Guatemala

• Africa & Asia• USA feared communism in Africa and Asia

• Sent money and supplies (Vietnam)

• SEATO – Southeast Asia Treaty Organization• Fight the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia

SUEZ CANAL

• Suez Canal 1955• Egypt built (finance by USA & Britain)

• Gamal Nasser – Egypt’s head of Gov’t

• Deals with USSR

• Egypt Nationalizes Canal

• Israel – Created by UN post WW2• Home for displaced Jews during WW2

• Arab nations outraged & attack Israel

• France, Britain & Israel seized control of canal• US & USSR do not support military take over of canal

• US & USSR compete for Middle East

MODULE 12Lesson 5

Tensions in the 60’s