Module 06 Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies & Impacts (continued)
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Transcript of Module 06 Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies & Impacts (continued)
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Module 06
Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies & Impacts (continued)
- Use of RE sources in electricity generation, in transport, and in other energy consumption modes
- Ecological impacts of RE sources, and mitigation measures
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
- Hydroelectric- Solar Photovoltaics (Solar PVs)- Solar Thermal (Solar T),
also known as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)- Wind - Geothermal- Marine (Wave and Tidal)- Biofuels (Biomass, Bioethanol and Biodiesel)
RE technology options:
Anything else?
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Wind Energy
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Wind power report. 7th ed. London: ABS Energy Research; 2010
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CountryTotal installed
capacity at 2010 (GW)
Proposed installed capacity in 2020 (GW)
China 42.3 200
USA 40.2 Lack of proper policies
Germany 27.2 55 onshore10 offshore
Spain 20.7 40 onshore05 offshore
India 13.1
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Top 05 wind energy users
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Onshore wind farm
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Country Installed capacity (MW) Start-up yearUSA 781.5
735.5662.5599.8585.3523.3500
2008200520072009200320052009
China 500 1989USA 458
45020092007
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Top 10 onshore wind farms until 2010
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Wind Energy
Country Capacity (MW)China 20,000USA 5050USA 4000
Sweden 4000Romania 1500Australia 1000
USA 500 - 1000 New Zealand 860
USA 845Romania 700
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Top 10 proposed onshore wind farms
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Wind Energy
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Offshore wind turbine
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Wind Energy
Country Capacity (MW)UK 300
Denmark 209; 207UK 194; 180; 172
Denmark 166
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Large offshore wind farms
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Wind Energy
Rotor diameter
Swept area
Rotor blade
Tower
Nacelle with gearbox and generator
Hub height
Underground electrical connections (front view)
Foundation (side view)
Drawing of the rotor and blades of a wind turbine
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
Horizontal axis Vertical axis
Rotor diameter
Rotor blade
Tower
Generator
Nacelle
Gearbox
Rotor diameter
Rotor blade
Generator Gearbox
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind turbine size
In a large modern wind turbine, - the generator can be 100 times of the size of a
similar turbine in 1980, - blade length has increased almost 8 times over the
same period. - the rotor diameter ranges from 40 to 90 m, and is
rated between 500 kW and 2 MW
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
"Aerogenerator" is a machine that rotates on its axis and would stretch nearly 275 m from blade tip to tip and would stand
nearly 600 ft high above the waves. Each turbine should be able to generate enough electricity to
provide 5,000-10,000 homes.
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
- Sway (Norway) is planning to build massive floating turbines that would stick straight out of the sea from 100m-deep floating "masts" anchored to the seabed.- An EU-sponsored research project is also investigating 8 –10 MW turbines. - American and Danish companies are planning 9 MW machines. - Full-scale prototypes of all three leading designs are expected to be complete within three years. - These projects have the potential to transform the global energy market forever.
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind turbine sizeHowever manufacture of a large wind turbine could be hampered by factors like special reinforced materials and bespoke lifting vehicles, etc.
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
each Lens measuring 112 meters in diameter, can provide enough energy for an average household.
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsNoise impact: - stress symptoms (headaches) appeared in those who were annoyed by the presence of wind turbines - wind turbines cause noise in two main ways: mechanical noise and aerodynamic noise- the low-frequency aerodynamic noise of wind turbines can bother people by causing sleep disturbances and hearing loss, and can also hurt the vestibular system
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
The vestibular system (which contributes to balance in most mammals and to the sense of spatial orientation) is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution about
movement and sense of balance.
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsNoise impact (mitigation): - noise of wind turbines can be significantly minimized by putting obstacles in the propagation path- wind turbines should be built at least 2 km away - house structure could be optimized to block out the noise- serrated blade can reduce the noise level by, on average, 3.2 dB
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Sounds dB Rocket Launching 180Jet Engine 140Thunderclap, Air Raid Siren 1 Meter 130Jet takeoff (200 ft) 120Rock Concert, Discotheque 110Firecrackers, Subway Train 100Heavy Truck (15 Meter), City Traffic 90Alarm Clock (1 Meter), Hair Dryer 80Noisy Restaurant, Business Office 70Air Conditioning Unit, Conversational Speech 60Light Traffic (50 Meter), Average Home 50Living Room, Quiet Office 40Library, Soft Whisper (5 Meter) 30Broadcasting Studio, Rustling Leaves 20Hearing Threshold 0
http://www.jimprice.com/prosound/db.htm
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Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsVisual impact: - it is subjective - quantification of potential visual impact can improve the public’s acceptance of the innovation
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsEffect on birds: - birds are killed by wind turbines
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
The amount of birds that are killed this way is negligible
compared to the deadly results of other human activities such as
deforestation and urbanization.
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Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsEffect on birds (mitigation): - in a wind project in Texas, avian radars are set to detect birds in the area; the system will stop the wind turbines if there is a potential danger to birds from the turbines- professional wildlife surveys can also be carried out before wind farm construction in order to understand the breeding and feeding behaviors of local birds, which helps to minimize the danger imposed on the birds
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsClimate change: - as the scale of wind farms becomes larger and larger, they may cause changes in local climates- in Xilingo League, Inner Mongolia, precipitation data showed that there has been an unprecedented drought since 2005, and that this drought developed much faster in wind turbine areas- at the San Gorgonio wind fields in the US, giant wind turbines was found to change local temperatures by warming surface temperatures at night and cooling them in the daytime
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Advantages of offshore wind farms
- wind blows harder and stronger so that it can provide greater productivity when larger turbines are installed.- huge potentially productive areas available offshore for large wind farms - wind turbines are far enough from the shore and human life that the issue of visual impact and noise can be ignored. - some efficient but noisy wind turbines, like two-blades and downwind ones, can be used.
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsEffect on animals: - some sensitive marine mammals, like dab and salmon, can perceive pile-driving pulses at a considerable distance during the construction and operation of wind turbines, thus, their behaviors can be affected by these off-shore wind turbines
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsClimate change: - Simulations of wind turbine’s climatic impact showed that wind power can induce climate change at continental scales, but that its effect on the global average surface temperature is minor.- turbulence in the wake of wind turbines may cause local climate change by mixing the air up and down- turbulence in the wake of the turbines can also change the direction of the high-speed wind at the surface, which would enhance local moisture evaporation
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsThe photograph shows the turbulence field behind the Horns Rev 1 offshore wind turbines (160 MW; Denmark).
http://www.ict-aeolus.eu/about.html
Unique meteorological conditions on 12 Feb
2008 at 1300 hours resulted in the wind
turbines creating condensation (i.e.
clouds) of the very humid air, thus making
it possible to see the turbulence pattern
behind the wind turbines.
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsHurling ice:
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind energy has a great potential and has rapidly developed over the past 25 years.
Wind Energy
Technological status mature
Total share of global energy mix
1.1% of electricity in 20074.1% of electricity in 2030 (potential)
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Electricity generation by energy source:
Source: Tables 11 and 13, International Energy Outlook 2011
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Designed by a student of Arizona State University
http://archinect.com/blog/article/21451130/here-goes-please-comment
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
The design will fit on the horizontal steel tube along with the highway signage.
Shaped like an axis, the wind turbines would be powered by the whooshing of the wind caused by the passing vehicles rushing at the average speed of 70 mph.
Each single wind turbine will be able to produce 9.600 kWh of energy, annually even if the average wind speeds is kept at a minimum of 10 mph.
This energy is sufficient to light up a 700 sq ft apartment.
http://archinect.com/blog/article/21451130/here-goes-please-comment
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy Mag-Wind Vertical Axis Turbine
1100 kWh/month in a 13 mph average wind; 5 kW rated output in 28 mph wind at sea level with 80%
relative humidity. Rooftop Urban or Rural Setting
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- spinning in the lightest of breezes!- low rotation speed!- magnetic levitation alternator- higher reliability - silent output - max power 2500 W
1.8m
2.7m
Wind Energy
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The project was commissioned in
March 1999.
The total project cost was around Rs. 280 million.
It consists 5 wind turbines of
600 kW each.
3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota
Wind Energy
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
Villagers are trained to do all the installation and
maintenance work themselves.
Turbine parts are made by local people,
from local materials.
Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya, Sri Lanka
- by Practical Action
Wind Energy
Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012
The small wind system is approximately 12 m tall, produces 250 W at a rated wind speed of 8 m/s.
It costs approximately $550, and should last about 20 years.
It powers compact fluorescent light bulbs, a radio, and/or a television.
At peak wind times there is excess power that can be used to charge batteries.
Small-scale Wind power in Sri Lanka
- by Practical Action
Wind Energy