Modul 5a - Minerals, definition & classes.pdf
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Minerals
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Definition
What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral?
A mineral is a naturally formed inorganic crystalline solidA mineral is a naturally formed inorganic crystalline solidwith a definite chemical composition and identifyingwith a definite chemical composition and identifying
physical propertiesphysical properties naturally formednaturally formed
formed by geologic processes in nature, not by humansformed by geologic processes in nature, not by humans
inorganicinorganic was never alivewas never alive
crystalline solidcrystalline solid
a solid composed of atoms arranged in a repeating orderlya solid composed of atoms arranged in a repeating orderlyframeworkframework
definite chemical compositiondefinite chemical composition a homogeneous chemical compound with a chemical formulaa homogeneous chemical compound with a chemical formula
distinctive, identifying physical propertiesdistinctive, identifying physical properties
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Definition
What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral?
Is water a mineral?Is water a mineral?
Why or why not?Why or why not? Is ice a mineral?Is ice a mineral?
Why or why not?Why or why not?
Is glass a mineral?Is glass a mineral? Why or why not?Why or why not?
Is gold a mineral?Is gold a mineral?
Why or why not?Why or why not? Is steel a mineral?Is steel a mineral?
Why or why not?Why or why not?
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Definition
Mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element orcompound having orderly internal structure and
characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and
physical properties
Pertanyaan:
Apakah lampu kristal tergolong mineral?
Bagaimana dengan tubuh kekurangan mineral?
Air mineral?
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Definition
Mineral is a structurally homogeneous solid of definitechemical composition, formed by the inorganic
processes of nature.
Whitten, DGA and Brooks, JRV. 1977. The Penguin Dictionary of
Geology. Middlesex: Penguin Books. p. 293.
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Definition
This definition includes ice as a mineral, but excludes
coal, natural oil and gas. The only allowable exception
to the rule that a mineral must be solid is native
mercury (quicksilver), which is liquid.
Definite chemical composition is not synonymous with
fixed or constant composition, since many minerals
have compositions which are variable between certain
limits, which are defined in terms of end members: e.g.
the composition of the common olivines is expressible in
terms of the two compounds, Mg2SiO4 (forsterite) and
Fe2SiO4 (fayalite). The general rule is that minor
variations of composition which do not markedly alter
fundamental properties are discounted
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Definition
Structurally homogeneous implies that the fundamental
atomic structure is continuous and constant through the
mineral unit, e.g. in silicates the silicon-oxygen lattice
will be constant in characters, although the interstitialcations may vary in different parts of the lattice
Although strictly of organic origin, the constituents of
many limestones, siliceous rocks, and beddedphosphate deposits are treated as though they were true
mineral species
Whitten, DGA and Brooks, JRV. 1977. The Penguin Dictionary of
Geology. Middlesex: Penguin Books. p. 293-294.
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Electron-bearing shells
Model of Oxygen
Review
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Review
2 protons in nucleus
10 protons in nucleus
Model of Helium (He)
Model of Neon (Ne)
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Model of Sodium (Na+)
Model of Chlorine (Cl-)
Review
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Ionic Bonding:
Electron Transfer
Review
Sodium (Na)
Sodium(Na+) ion
Chlorine(Cl ) ion
Chlorine (Cl)
Model of crystalline structure of Halite (salt)
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Mineral Structures and AtomsReview
Model of crystalline structure
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Elemental Abundances in Continental CrustElemental Abundances in Continental Crust
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ELEMENT YANG MELIMPAH DI KERAK BUMI
Element Simbol % Berat % Volume % Atom
Oksigen O 46,6 93,8 60,5
Silikon Si 27,7 0,9 20,5
Aluminium Al 8,1 0,8 6,2
Besi Fe 5,0 0,5 1,9Kalsium Ca 3,6 1,0 1,9
Sodium Na 2,8 1,2 2,5
Potasium K 2,6 1,5 1,8
Magnesium Mg 2,1 0,3 1,4Semua elemwnt lain 1,5 - 3,3
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Mineral ClassesMineral Classes
Silicate Mineral GroupSilicate Mineral Group
NonNon--silicate Mineralsilicate MineralGroupGroup
Sili t Mi l G
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Silicate Mineral Groups
Silicate minerals (sil icates) are composed of silica tetrahedra (SiO44-)
For sil ica tetrahedra to be stable, they must either: be balanced by positive ions,
share oxygens with adjacent silica tetrahedra, or
substitute one or more Al 3+ for Si 4+ Compositions of the silicates
Mafic composition
Is rich in magnesium, iron, and/or calcium Intermediate composition
Is compositionally between mafic and felsic
Is rich in feldspar and/or silica (quartz)
Felsic composition
Is rich in feldspar and/or silica (quartz)
All the common rock-forming minerals are silicate mineral
Silicate Mineral Groups
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Silicate Mineral Groups
The Silica TetrahedronThe Sil ica Tetrahedron
(composed of 4 oxygen atoms surrounding 1 sil icon atom)(composed of 4 oxygen atoms surrounding 1 sil icon atom)
Silicate Mineral Groups
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Silicate Mineral Groups
Tw oTw o
I l l u s t r a t i o n s I l l u s t r a t i o n s
o f t h e o f t h e SiS iOO
44
T e t r a h e d r o n T e t r a h e d r o n
Silicate Mineral Groups
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Single Island SilicatesSingle Island Sil icates
(ex.: olivine)(ex.: olivine)
Single Chain Sil icatesSingle Chain Silicates
(ex.: augite pyroxene)(ex.: augite pyroxene)
Silicate Mineral Groups
Silicate Mineral Groups
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Silicate Mineral Groups
Single Chain Silicates: The Pyroxenes (e.g., augite)Single Chain Silicates: The Pyroxenes (e.g., augite)
Silicate Mineral Groups
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Silicate Mineral Groups
Double Chain Silicates: The AmphibolesDouble Chain Silicates: The Amphiboles
(e.g., hornblende)(e.g., hornblende)
Sheet Silicates: The MicasSheet Silicates: The Micas
Silicate Mineral Groups
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Sheet Silicates: The MicasSheet Silicates: The Micas
(e.g., biotite, muscovite, and the clays)(e.g., biotite, muscovite, and the clays)Silicate Mineral Groups
Example:Clay groupsMica groups
Because of weak bonds,mica splits asily between
sandwiches
Positive ions, sandwiches
between two sheetssilicate layers
Sheet silicate structure
Framework Silicates:Framework Silicates:
Silicate Mineral Groups
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Framework Silicates:Framework Silicates:(potassium feldspar, sodium and calcium plagioclase feldspar, qu(potassium feldspar, sodium and calcium plagioclase feldspar, quartz)artz)
Silicate Mineral Groups
Silicate Mineral Groups
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The Common RockThe Common Rock--Forming Silicate MineralsForming Silicate Minerals
Silicate Mineral Groups
Non-silicate Mineral Groups
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Non silicate Mineral Groups
Native ElementsNative Elements: consist of only one element.: consist of only one element. Au (gold), Ag (silver), Cu (copper), S (sulfur), C (graphite,Au (gold), Ag (silver), Cu (copper), S (sulfur), C (graphite,
diamond)diamond)
OxidesOxides: contain O: contain O 22-- FeFe22OO33 (hematite), Fe(hematite), Fe33OO44 (magnetite), Al(magnetite), Al22OO33 (corundum)(corundum)
CarbonatesCarbonates: contain CO: contain CO3322--
CaCOCaCO33 (calcite), CaMg(CO(calcite), CaMg(CO33))22 (dolomite)(dolomite) SulfidesSulfides: contain S: contain S 22--
FeSFeS22 (pyrite), PbS (galena), CuFeS(pyrite), PbS (galena), CuFeS22 (chalcopyrite)(chalcopyrite)
SulfatesSulfates: contain SO: contain SO44
22--
CaSOCaSO44.2H.2H22O (gypsum), BaSOO (gypsum), BaSO44 (barite)(barite)
HalidesHalides: contain F: contain F 11--, Cl, Cl 11--, Br, Br 11--, or I, or I 11--
NaCl (halite), KCl (sylvite), CaFNaCl (halite), KCl (sylvite), CaF22 (fluorite)(fluorite)
Non-silicate Mineral Groups
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Non silicate Mineral Groups
Non-silicate Mineral Groups
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Non silicate Mineral Groups
Native CopperNative Copper
How do minerals form?
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How do minerals form?
By crystallization from magma (molten rock material)By crystallization from magma (molten rock material)
a saturation responsea saturation response
By crystallization (precipitation) from aqueous fluidsBy crystallization (precipitation) from aqueous fluids
a saturation responsea saturation response
By chemical reaction withBy chemical reaction with
magmatic fluidsmagmatic fluids
hydrothermal fluidshydrothermal fluids
water during weatheringwater during weathering By solid state transformations (metamorphism)By solid state transformations (metamorphism)
changes crystal formchanges crystal form
moves ions to new locationsmoves ions to new locations promotes growth along the edges of mineral grains (crystals)promotes growth along the edges of mineral grains (crystals)
at the expense of their neighboring mineral grainsat the expense of their neighboring mineral grains
How do minerals form?
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How do minerals form?
Crystallization of Minerals in Cavit ies: GeodesCrystallization of Minerals in Cavit ies: Geodes
How do minerals form?
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The Effect of Crowding on Crystal GrowthThe Effect of Crowding on Crystal Growth
How do minerals form?
How do minerals form?
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How do minerals form?
PolymorphsPolymorphs
Polymorphs are minerals that have the same chemicalPolymorphs are minerals that have the same chemicalcomposition but a different crystal formcomposition but a different crystal form
Graphite and diamond polymorphs of carbonGraphite and diamond polymorphs of carbon Graphite forms at low temperature and pressureGraphite forms at low temperature and pressure
Diamond forms at high temperature and pressureDiamond forms at high temperature and pressure
Quartz, stishovite, and coesite are polymorphs of SiOQuartz, stishovite, and coesite are polymorphs of SiO22 Quartz forms at low to medium temperature and pressureQuartz forms at low to medium temperature and pressure
stishovite and coesite form at high pressure, such as thatstishovite and coesite form at high pressure, such as thatassociated with meteor impactsassociated with meteor impacts
Andelusite, kyanite, and sillimanite are polymorphs of AlAndelusite, kyanite, and sillimanite are polymorphs of Al22SiOSiO55 Andelusite is the low temperature low pressure polymorphAndelusite is the low temperature low pressure polymorph
Kyanite is the low temperature high pressure polymorphKyanite is the low temperature high pressure polymorph
Sill imanite is the high temperature high pressure polymorphSill imanite is the high temperature high pressure polymorph
How do minerals form?
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PseudomorphsPseudomorphs
Pseudomorphs are minerals that have the same crystal form butPseudomorphs are minerals that have the same crystal form but
a different chemical compositiona different chemical composition
Limonite forms cubic pseudomorphs after pyriteLimonite forms cubic pseudomorphs after pyrite
Quartz forms pseudomorphs after f luoriteQuartz forms pseudomorphs after fluorite
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