Modul 12 Australian Multiculturalism. I. Six Key Factors in the Emergencies of Multiculturalism in...
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Transcript of Modul 12 Australian Multiculturalism. I. Six Key Factors in the Emergencies of Multiculturalism in...
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Modul 12
Australian Multiculturalism
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I. Six Key Factors in the Emergencies of Multiculturalism in Australia Undeniable reality Australia =
multicultural society The Xenophobia was waning The immigrant communities were
becoming confident and articulate
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Expansion of migrants and ethnic community groups cultural political issues
Labor Party Immigration Policy in 1972 to 1975 (Minister AI
Grassby) Social reform
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II. Immigration Policy : A Historical Perspective
Before 1901 Racial exclusion Predominantly British 1850’s : gold rush, non - British
migrants increasing (China, German, Poland, America, Scandinavia, Hungarian)
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White Australia Policy (1901) Before World - War II
Racial exclusion (official) 1901 – 1940 : predominantly
assisted British migrants and Southern Europeans (Italian and Greek)
1945 : ALP / Arthur Callwell as first immigration
minister, planned immigration
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Post – World - War II Populate or Perish Non - British :10 British Two – year – indenture labor,
unskilled labor (non - British), assisted (British)
Displaced - persons (Baltic) Heterogeneity, not
homogeneity Diversity by default, not by
design
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III. Multiculturalism and Multicultural Policy
Multicultural policy : public / government policyMulticulturalism : (everyday)
multicultural policy
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The question : Which countries implement this ? When adopted by Australia ? For whom ?By whom ? Why ?
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IV. Multiculturalism as Theory and Practice Al Grassby (1973) : ‘A multicultural
society for the future family of the nation’ : contribution of migrants Zubrzycki (1977) : cultural
pluralism Jean Martin : structural pluralism
(emphasis on access to economic and political structures)
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Galbally (1977) : multiculturalism as practice
Blainey (1984) : multiculturalism as divisive
Jupp (1986) : reaffirm multiculturalism as public policy,
proposed for structural pluralism
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V. Multiculturalism : Pros and Cons Pros
Capitalists Major political parties Labor shortages Defense / securities Growing market Capital Benefits, etc
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Cons, right – wing : Blainey (1984), Knopflemacher Costly and divisive (publicly -
funded, minorities interests, disanglified)
Cons, left - wing : Jakubowicz, Lepervanche Multiculturalism as strategy
for containment Effective means for social –
control - initiated by the state
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VI. Multicultural Policy and Immigration Policy Multicultural policy
Introduced in 1973 after the failure of
Assimilation and integration Assimilation Integration
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Assimilation (postwar - mid 60s) Non - policy, mono -
culturalism, Anglo-conformity Migrants discard cultural
baggage, assimilate Treating migrants as other
Australians
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‘New Australians’ Gap between rhetoric and
reality Problems of settlement
NESB Mid 60s special assistance
for migrants
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Integration (mid 60s - early 70s) Transitional Assimilation section
integration section (1964) Ad hoc response, not
systematic policy to migrant - communities demand
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Multicultural Policy (1972 – present)
Guiding principle for migrant settlement
Celebration of migrant cultural ‘trappings’
Diversity not homogeneity Cultural pluralism not
monoculturalism Salad bowl, not melting - pot
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VII. Three Dimensions for Multiculturalism in Australia Cultural identity
The right of all Australian within carefully defined limits, to
express and share their individual cultural heritage, including language and religion
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Social justiceThe right of all Australian to equality of treatment and opportunity and the removal of
barrier of race, ethnicity culture, religion, language, gender and place of birth
Economic efficiencyThe need to maintain, develop and utilize effectively the skills and
talents of all Australian
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VIII. Multicultural Institutions AIMA (Australian Institute of
Multicultural Affairs), 1979 OMA (Office of Multicultural
Affairs), 1987 ACMA (Advisory Council for
Multicultural Affairs), 1989
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NMAC (National Multicultural Advisory Council), 1994 DIMA (Department of Immigration
and Multicultural Affairs), 1996
NMAC (new) (National Multicultural Advisory Council), 1997