modified new embedded systems

8/7/2019 modified new embedded systems

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Embedded System In Industrial ViewEmbedded System In Industrial View

Accel IT Academy, Chennai.Accel IT Academy, Chennai.


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AgendaAgenda

Embedded SystemsEmbedded Systems

Domains of Embedded SystemsDomains of Embedded Systems

Building Blocks of Embedded Systems through an applicationBuilding Blocks of Embedded Systems through an application


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Embedded SystemsEmbedded Systems


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What is an Embedded System?What is an Embedded System?

ItIt isis thethe combinationcombination ofof hardwarehardware andand softwaresoftware forfor somesome controlcontrol

specificspecific applicationapplication

FormsForms aa componentcomponent ofof aa largerlarger systemsystem

ExpectedExpected toto functionfunction withwith minimalminimal humanhuman interventionintervention

IsIs aa realreal timetime systemsystem


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Do we need Embedded Systems?Do we need Embedded Systems?

The world needs SYSTEMSThe world needs SYSTEMS

PredictabilityPredictability -- Should respond in a predictable way to unpredictableShould respond in a predictable way to unpredictablesituationssituations

Fault TolerantFault Tolerant -- Should continue operations despite the presence ofShould continue operations despite the presence ofhardware and/or software faultshardware and/or software faults

SafetySafety -- Should avoid physical or economic damage to person &Should avoid physical or economic damage to person &propertyproperty


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Embedded SystemsEmbedded Systems --

Building BlocksBuilding Blocks

Micro Processors / Micro Controllers.Micro Processors / Micro Controllers.

Advance C / Embedded C / Assembly Programming.Advance C / Embedded C / Assembly Programming.

Bus Standards.Bus Standards.

PCB Design.PCB Design.

RTOS.RTOS.

Networking.Networking.

Device Drivers.Device Drivers.


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Micro Processors / Micro Controllers.Micro Processors / Micro Controllers.

A microprocessor is a general purpose central processing unit ofA microprocessor is a general purpose central processing unit ofa digital computera digital computer

A chip on a computerA chip on a computer

E.G. Intel 8086, Intel 80186 , etcE.G. Intel 8086, Intel 80186 , etc

A micro controller is a true computer on a chipA micro controller is a true computer on a chip

A computer on a chip.A computer on a chip.

E.G intel 8051, PIC 16F873E.G intel 8051, PIC 16F873


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Micro Processor versus Micro ControllerMicro Processor versus Micro Controller

ALU

ACC.

REGISTERS

PC

INT

SP

CLK

MICROPROCESSOR

ALU

REG.

ACC.

INT.RAM

SP

T/C

INT.ROM

I/O

I/O

INTCLK

PC

MICRO CONTROLLER

UART


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Micro Processor versus Micro ControllerMicro Processor versus Micro Controller

MicroprocessorMicroprocessor

general purpose CPUgeneral purpose CPU

a chip in a computera chip in a computer

Are built on Von Neumann architecture.Are built on Von Neumann architecture. e.g. Intel x86/ Motorola 680x0 familiese.g. Intel x86/ Motorola 680x0 families

MicroMicro--ControllerController

true computer on a chip.true computer on a chip.

Are built on Harvard architecture.Are built on Harvard architecture.

e.g. Intel 8051, 80196/ Motorola 68HCxx familiese.g. Intel 8051, 80196/ Motorola 68HCxx families


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Controller & ProcessorController & Processor

ApplicationApplication

processor is for simple system designprocessor is for simple system design

controller is for special purpose complex system designcontroller is for special purpose complex system design

SpeedSpeed

processor is used when speed of operation of system is notprocessor is used when speed of operation of system is not

criticalcritical

controller is used when speed is importantcontroller is used when speed is important


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Advance C / Embedded C / Assembly Programming.Advance C / Embedded C / Assembly Programming.


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Compiler versus Cross CompilerCompiler versus Cross Compiler

NativeNative CompilerCompiler

NativeNative compilercompiler isis aa programprogram whichwhich convertsconverts aa highhigh

levellevel programmingprogramming languagelanguage toto machinemachine understandableunderstandable formatformat

withwith respectrespect toto thethe targettarget processorprocessor availableavailable inin thethe systemsystem boxbox..

CrossCross CompilerCompiler

CrossCross compilercompiler isis aa programprogram whichwhich convertsconverts aa highhigh

levellevel programmingprogramming languagelanguage toto machinemachine understandableunderstandable formatformatwithwith respectrespect toto thethe targettarget processorprocessor selectedselected inin thethe crosscross

compilercompiler softwaresoftware..


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Assembly language programmingAssembly language programming

AdvantageAdvantage

Assembly Language programming is the efficient programmingAssembly Language programming is the efficient programming

language for accessing the hardware.language for accessing the hardware.

The assembly language op codes directly work on the targetThe assembly language op codes directly work on the target

machine so it is faster in operationmachine so it is faster in operation

DisadvantageDisadvantage

Tough to understand and Program.Tough to understand and Program.


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Advance CAdvance C

Ways of accessing the hardware through CWays of accessing the hardware through C

Using runtime library functions, getch( ).Using runtime library functions, getch( ).

Using ROMUsing ROM--BIOS functions.BIOS functions.

Using DOS functions.Using DOS functions.

Directly programming the hardwareDirectly programming the hardware


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Advance CAdvance C

Direct reference to the hardwareDirect reference to the hardware

One must have a detailed knowledge of the hardware one isOne must have a detailed knowledge of the hardware one is

trying to program.trying to program.

Program written for one hardware in one computer may not beProgram written for one hardware in one computer may not beportable to another computerportable to another computer

Use of runtime library functionsUse of runtime library functions

They work very slowly when compared to others.They work very slowly when compared to others.

They are limited to what the function is designed to doThey are limited to what the function is designed to do


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Advance CAdvance C

WHYWHY ROMROM--BIOSBIOS andand DOSDOS

TheThe mostmost importantimportant reasonreason forfor usingusing ROMROM--BIOSBIOS andand DOSDOS

areare theythey areare availableavailable inin systemsystem memorymemory onceonce thethe systemsystem isis onon..

ROMROM--BIOSBIOS functionsfunctions performsperforms somesome basicbasic fundamentalfundamental

operationoperation withwith thethe peripheralsperipherals likelike readingreading datadata andand writingwriting datadata..

DOSDOS isis usedused forfor thesethese basicbasic functionsfunctions andand enhancedenhanced toto

makemake aa particularparticular processprocess moremore efficientefficient..


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Embedded CEmbedded C

Why Embedded C ?Why Embedded C ?

Easy control of multilevel functionsEasy control of multilevel functions

ModularityModularity

Easy maintenanceEasy maintenance

Reusable codesReusable codes

PortablePortable

Minimal hardware knowledge requiredMinimal hardware knowledge required


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Bus StandardsBus Standards

Bus standard provides a easy way of communicationBus standard provides a easy way of communicationmechanism between the chips in the computer.mechanism between the chips in the computer.

ItIt reducesreduces thethe numbernumber ofof controlcontrol lineslines extendedextended betweenbetween thethe

chipschips soso electroelectro magneticmagnetic inductioninduction isis greatlygreatly reducedreduced inin thethe

circuitcircuit

SpeedSpeed of of datadata transmissiontransmission betweenbetween thethe chipschips isis greatlygreatly

increasedincreased.. EE..GG 33..44 MBPSMBPS inin II22cc busbus operatingoperating inin highhigh speedspeed

modemode..

EE..GG

II22c,c, PCI,PCI, USB,USB, EISAEISA etcetc


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PCB Design.PCB Design.

PCBPCB designdesign isis aa techniquetechnique ofof positionposition hundredshundreds ofof componentscomponents

andand thousandsthousands ofof trackstracks intointo anan intricateintricate designdesign thatthat meetsmeets aa

wholewhole hosthost ofof physicalphysical andand electricalelectrical requirementsrequirements..

PCBPCB designdesign givesgives thethe basicbasic thumbthumb rulerule for for placingplacing thethe

componentscomponents andand routingrouting anan effectiveeffective pathpath betweenbetween thethe

componentscomponents withinwithin aa smallsmall placeplace..

ItIt mustmust alsoalso bebe rememberedremembered thatthat PCBPCB tracestraces havehave resistance,resistance,inductance,inductance, andand capacitance,capacitance, justjust likelike youryour circuitcircuit doesdoes..


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Real Time SystemsReal Time Systems


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Real Time SystemsReal Time Systems

Systems that respond in a predictable way to unpredictableSystems that respond in a predictable way to unpredictable

external stimuliexternal stimuli

Computer system with timing constraintsComputer system with timing constraints

RTS depends uponRTS depends upon

logical correctness of computationlogical correctness of computation

time at which result is producedtime at which result is produced

In RTSIn RTS a late answer is a wrong answer a late answer is a wrong answer


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Real Time SystemsReal Time Systems -- TypesTypes

Hard real timeHard real time -- Systems with Hard DeadlinesSystems with Hard Deadlines

no Critical Deadlines can be missedno Critical Deadlines can be missed

E.g. Control Systems of Aircraft,Atomic ReactorsE.g. Control Systems of Aircraft,Atomic Reactors

Soft real timeSoft real time -- Timing Constraints a little tolerableTiming Constraints a little tolerable

occasional misses are permittedoccasional misses are permitted

the average response time for an event should be within athe average response time for an event should be within a

specified timespecified time

E.g.Weather Monitors, Vending MachinesE.g.Weather Monitors, Vending Machines


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Preemptive Kernel Versus Non preemptive KernelPreemptive Kernel Versus Non preemptive Kernel

Preemptive KernelPreemptive Kernel

System response is faster.System response is faster.

Highest Priority task gets the CPU time for execution.Highest Priority task gets the CPU time for execution.

Non Preemptive KernelNon Preemptive Kernel

System response time is slower than preemptive.System response time is slower than preemptive.

Currently executing task gets the CPU time for execution.Currently executing task gets the CPU time for execution.


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QQC/OSC/OS--IIII

High performanceHigh performance

DeterministicDeterministic

ROMableROMable

ScalableScalable

Portable to different processorsPortable to different processors

Low costLow cost


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Real Time SystemsReal Time Systems -- Critical UsersCritical Users

Automobile IndustryAutomobile Industry

Instrumentation & Control Engineering IndustryInstrumentation & Control Engineering Industry

Defence OrganizationDefence Organization

Aerospace IndustryAerospace Industry

Medical Equipment IndustryMedical Equipment Industry

Nuclear PlantsNuclear Plants


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TCP/IPTCP/IP


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Introduction to NetworkIntroduction to Network

Computer network mean an a interconnection between theComputer network mean an a interconnection between the

collection of autonomous computers.collection of autonomous computers.

Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able toTwo computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to

exchange information.exchange information.

Network goals areNetwork goals are

resource sharingresource sharing

high reliabilityhigh reliability

powerful communication mediumpowerful communication medium


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TCP/IP Internet layering modelTCP/IP Internet layering model

TCP/IP software is organized into four conceptual layers thatTCP/IP software is organized into four conceptual layers thatbuild on a fifth layer of hardware.build on a fifth layer of hardware.

Network Interface

Internet

Transport

Application

Hardware

Conceptual LayerObjects passes between layers

Messages or streams

Transport Protocol packets

IP Datagrams

Network-Specific Frames


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A quick look at TCP/IP NetworkingA quick look at TCP/IP Networking

Internetlayer

Network

Application

Applicationlayer

Transportlayer TCP UDP

IP ARPRARP

NetworkAccess layer

Token ringEthernet

Physical network

either ?

Internetlayer


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A quick look at TCP/IP NetworkingA quick look at TCP/IP Networking

Programs can access the network through either TCP or UDP,Programs can access the network through either TCP or UDP,

depending on program requirements.depending on program requirements.

TCP is a connectionTCP is a connection--oriented protocol.oriented protocol.

UDP is a connectionless protocolUDP is a connectionless protocol

Then the data segment passes to the internet level, where the IP protocolThen the data segment passes to the internet level, where the IP protocol

provides logical addressing .provides logical addressing .

Then the IP datagram enter the network access layer.Then the IP datagram enter the network access layer.


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DEVICE DRIVERSDEVICE DRIVERS


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Device DriversDevice Drivers

A set of functions that manipulates a hardware deviceA set of functions that manipulates a hardware device..

KEY BOARD

CPUwith

OS A

KEYBOARDDRIVER

FOR

OS A


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History ofWDMHistory ofWDM

Introduced afterWindows 95 launchIntroduced afterWindows 95 launch

First available inWindows 98First available inWindows 98

Now available inWindows 2000Now available inWindows 2000

Is present onWindows ME with enhancements fromWindows 98Is present onWindows ME with enhancements fromWindows 98


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EnvironmentEnvironment

PortablePortable -- binary and source compatiblebinary and source compatible

ConfigurableConfigurable -- Avoid direct references to device or systemAvoid direct references to device or system

characteristicscharacteristics

Preemptible and interruptiblePreemptible and interruptible

More than one application will use the driverMore than one application will use the driver

HotHot--pluggable busespluggable buses


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Device DriversDevice Drivers -- ApplicationApplication

DEVICE DRIVERSDEVICE DRIVERS

FORFOR

STANDARD &STANDARD &

CUSTOMCUSTOM

DEVICESDEVICES


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WISH YOU ALL A GREAT CAREER INEMBEDDED SYSTEMS

modified new embedded systems

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