Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain...

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Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems LSE SRC, DSTL London 2 December 2019

Transcript of Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain...

Page 1: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai

Modern Day Siege:Sanctions and

Alternative Payment Systems

LSE SRC, DSTLLondon

2 December 2019

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Nikola TchouparovCo‐founder & CEO [email protected]@nik_tchouparovBased in London, UK

Serial blockchain entrepreneur focused on connecting blockchains & regulated finance

Contributor to the Bank of England’s RTGS renewal programme

Contributor to EBA policy on innovation and regulatory sandboxes

In previous career implemented trading & risk management platforms at banks around the world

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What is a Siege?

Google: “a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of 

compelling those inside to surrender.”

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Famous Ancient Sieges

Example Sieges: Troy (c. 1200 BC), Samaria (9th century BC, referenced in the Bible), Babylon (689 BC),  Carthage (149‐146 BC), Jerusalem (several times), Rome (several times), Constantinople (several times), Fifth Siege of Gibraltar (1449–1450), Tenochtitlán (1521), Ishiyama Honganji (1570 – 1580), Rancagua (1814), The Alamo (1836), Vicksburg (1863)

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More Recent History

Example Sieges: Leningrad (1941‐1944), Berlin Blockade (1948‐1949), Cuba (1962), Sarajevo (1992‐1996), Homs, 

Kobani, Marawi (2017)

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Different Outcomes Possible

• Besieged surrender without a fight• Besieged put up a fight and lose• Besieger lose fight• Besieger lift siege

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Have Things Changed?

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What is a Siege?

Google: “a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of 

compelling those inside to surrender.”

Page 17: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai

What is a Siege?

Google: “a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of 

compelling those inside to surrender.”

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Modern Day Siege:Imposed on Nation‐States Rather Than Cities

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Modern Day Siege:Economic Sanctions & Embargoes

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Commercial and financial penaltiesapplied by one or more countries

against a target state, group, or individual

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Trade Barriers, Tariffs, Restrictions on Financial Transactions 

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Examples of Western SanctionsDirected at Others

• The Cold War• Yugoslavia break‐up• Myanmar/Burma• Iranian Revolutionary Guard

• Cuba • DPRK (North Korea)• Post‐Crimea Russian entities• Syria

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Less Obvious ExamplesThe Case of Japan and South Korea

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“Japan announced on July 1 [2019] it would restrict exports of three chemicals to South Korea: fluorinated polyimide, resist and hydrogen fluoride.”

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Restrictions on Financial Transactions

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Makes It Illegal to Send & Receive Money 

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Results in Financial Exclusion of the Sanctioned

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How Do You Pay for Stuff? 

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Do You Surrender?

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Alternative Payment Systems (APS) to the Rescue

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The Oldest APS: Gold 

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Some Countries Allegedly Settle Trade in Gold

Thank you friendThat is for last month’s oil delivery

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The Kilobar = 1 kg of Gold

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In 3 years fake “bars worth at least $50 million stamped with Swiss refinery logos”… found in the vaults of JPMorgan Chase ”

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Then There is Good Old Cash

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£1.2 million

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Somali Shilling: Value Through Scarcity

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Hawala

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Art: A Cold War Strategy

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Creative Types are Often Non‐ConformistDon’t Hold Steady Jobs

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Foreign Embassy Buys Painting or Sculpturefor Silly Amount of Hard Currency (USD) 

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Artist is Rich & HappyLooses Creative Muse

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Artist Spends USD on Non‐Productive StuffRecovers Mojo

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USD Trickles Down Through SocietySows Seeds of Discontent for the Current Regime

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Antiques

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The Spy Gone North

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Antiques Smuggled from DPRKSold to International Conglomerates for $1 Billion

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A $1 Billion Slush Fund for DPRK

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Now Lets Go High Tech

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Alexa & Lasers

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CryptoCurrency

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SIM Swapping

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Are You Using SMS for 2FA?

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Smurfing Over LinkedIn

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What is Smurfing?

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Use multiple individuals and/or transactions to make cash deposits, to buy monetary instruments

or bank drafts. 

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Amounts under the reporting threshold 

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The individuals hired to conduct the transactionsare referred to as “smurfs”

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Example: Drug dealer in Shoreditch was depositingPounds into a bitcoin cash machine every day

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The drug dealer got noticed.Stopped depositing.

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Turned his clients into smurfs.Clients deposit cash and give bitcoin to the dealer.  

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Back to Smurfing Over LinkedIn

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Intro

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“I’m a freelancer from China… I’d like to buy orborrow some US or European upwork accounts.”

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Emotional Appeal to Solidarity/Humanity

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“the rate of Chinese account is lower thanEuropean or USA account.”

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“it is very difficult for me to earn moremoney using Chinese account.”

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“if I get the US or European account I could behired easily with high rate”

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Identity Lending

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“I need to work on your local via TeamViewer.”

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“In order to successfully withdraw moneyfrom UpWork out of danger, we have to linkyour paypal or payoneer account to UpWork.”

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“So every time I withdraw money from UpWork,you should transfer the money from your account

to my account again.”

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“you don’t mind sharing Paypal or payoneer account login… better to share the credentials with me

so that I can do the transfer myself.”

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Offers Decent Financial Compensation“Profit Share”

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“I will pay $200 for European monthly for years.So you can earn $2400 per year without work.”

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Adds a Sense of Urgency

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“The first month’s payment will be made immediately when the account pass the video verification.”

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Many People Fall for the Promise of Free Money

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Recruit 10,000 people (0.002% of EU population).Move $600M annualy without being noticed.

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Cost of Operation ~3%Similar to Using Traditional Above‐Board Transfers

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Barter & Trade Offsets

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Oil              Potatoes 

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Doctors & Nurses              Processed Sugar

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North Summer Potatoes              South Winter Potatoes

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Blackmail or Hunger Strike

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Food & Oil              Non‐Proliferation 

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Multi‐Lateral Trade

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Deliver Rockets to Friend ADeliver Oil to Friend B

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Friend A uses rockets to cut 5.7 million barrelsof oil a day or about 5% of global production

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Oil Prices surge 20%:Biggest move on record since 1980’s

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Friend B can re‐sell oil for 20% higher pricesand split the profit

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Several Political Goals AchievedSiege Continues

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Plus Get a Bonus

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How to Hack a Central Bank? 

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2016 Bangladesh Central Bank Cyber Heist

Wikipedia: 35 fraudulent instructions issued by hackers via SWIFT to illegally transfer close to US $1 billion from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York account belonging to the central bank 

of Bangladesh

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5 of 35 Transactions Successful

Wikipedia: The Federal Reserve Bank of New York blocked the remaining thirty transactions, amounting to $850 million, due to 

suspicions raised by a misspelled instruction

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Bank of England

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“The decision comes despite evidence that implicates the Bank of England.”

“It means no one will now be prosecuted in the UK for so‐called "low‐balling", where banks understate interest rates they pay to borrow cash.”

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Why is This Interesting?

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Lower LIBOR Means Inflated MTM, Lower Payments, Inefficient Markets, Asset Bubbles 

“An estimated $200 trillion in notional transactions reference USD LIBOR in the cash and derivatives markets with more than 

$35 trillion extending past 2021” ‐NY Fed

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Are Prices Arbitrary?What is the Real Value of Debt & Derivatives?

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Are We Under Siege? From Whom?A Case of Obsolescence?

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A Digital Currency Backed bythe Mineral Wealth of a Nation

For example: The Petro – Asset‐backed stablecoin backed by Venezuela’s Unextracted Oil Reserves

Initially launched on the NEM blockchain

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Page 117: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai

People’s Bank of China

CBDC  Central Bank Digital Currency

Not crypto. Not blockchain.

Page 118: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai

Shanghai Securities News: Changchun Mu, Head of the Digital Currency Research Institute

Functional attributes the same as paper money, but it is just a digital form.

Free from the control of the traditional bank account system.

Page 119: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai

Shanghai Securities News: Changchun Mu, Head of the Digital Currency Research Institute

Main reason for developing the digital currency is “planning ahead” to protect monetary sovereignty and China’s legal currency.

Page 120: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai
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Non‐Alternatives: Money Laundering

Page 123: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai
Page 124: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai

• Allegations of laundering $250 billions

• Investigation ongoing since 2004

Page 125: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai

Annual Money Laundering2‐5% of Global GDP

Page 126: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai

Thoughts on the Future

Page 127: Modern Day Siege: Sanctions and Alternative Payment Systems · 2020. 8. 19. · Serial blockchain entrepreneur ... CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Not crypto. Not blockchain. Shanghai

“The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, 

unlearn, and relearn” ‐Alvin Toffler

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Thank you for your attention!