Modern Architecture - is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. The Big Three Le Corbusier- He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen was a founding member of the Congrs International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe - He was a German-American architect He called his buildings "skin and bones" architecture. He is often associated with his quotation of the aphorisms, "less is more" and "God is in the details". Walter Gropius - He was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School.Modern architecture is usually characterized by: a rejection of historical styles as a source of architectural form (historicism) an adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine the result an adoption of the machine aesthetic a rejection of ornament a simplification of form and elimination of "unnecessary detail" an adoption of expressed structure Form follows function Art Deco Was a popular design movement from 1910 until 1939, affecting the decorative arts such as architecture, interior design, and industrial design. Initially called as STYLE MODERNE The term art deco is derived from the title of a major Paris design exhibition held in 1925, Exposition Internationale des Arts Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts), where the style first became evident. Because many art deco buildings went up during a period of economic collapse known as the Great Depression, the style is sometimes known as Depression Moderne./Moderne

CHARACTERISTICS OF ART DECO: use of materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, lacquer, inlaid wood, sharkskin (shagreen), and zebraskin

bold use of stepped forms, and sweeping curves (unlike the sinuous, natural curves of the Art Nouveau), chevron patterns, and the sunburst motif are typical of Art Deco.

art deco were trapezoidal, zigzagged, geometric, and jumbled shapes, which can be seen in many early pieces. Art Deco Buildings Examples :

Colony Hotel, Miami By Henry Hohauser

Union Terminal, Ohio by Alfred T. Fellheimer, Steward Wagner, Paul Philippe Cret, and Roland Wank

Niagara Mohawk Building, NY by Melvin L. King and Bley & Lyman

American Radiator Building, NY by Raymond Hood and Andr Fouilhoux

Eastern Columbia Building, LA by Claud Beelman

Griffith Observatory, LA by Austin and Ashley; restored by Pfeiffer Partners and Levin & Associates in 2006

Nebraska State Capitol, Nebraska by Bertram Goodhue

Luhrs Tower, Phoenix by Trost & Trost

LeVeque Tower, Ohio by C. Howard Crane

Chrysler Building, NY by William Van Allen

Rockefeller Center, NY by Raymond Hood

Richfield Tower (Demolished), LA by Stiles O. Clements

Empire State Building, NY by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon

Mossehaus, Berlin by Erich Mendelsohn

Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center, Ca by James Plachek, renovation by ELS Architecture and Urban Design

Metropolitan Theater, Manila by Juan M. Arellano

FEU Nicanor Reyes Hall, Manila by Pablo AntonioUST Central Seminary, Manila by Fernando OcampoJaro Municipal Building, Iloilo by Juan Marcos ArellanoArt Noveau - (French for 'new art') A style of fine and applied art current in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by fluid, undulating (waving waves, flames, flower stacks, flowing hair) motifs, often derived from natural forms. Derived from the name of shop called Maison de l'Art Nouveau (House of New Art), opened in Paris in 1895 by SIEGFRIED BING, to sell objects of modern (non-period imitation) style. 1890s Birth of ART NOUVEAU

Art Nouveau is considered a 'total' style, meaning that it encompasses a hierarchy of scales in design architecture; interior design; decorative arts including jewelery, furniture, textiles, household silver and other utensils, and lighting; and the range of visual arts.

Art nouveau was known: in France as Style Guimard, after French designer Hector Guimard; in Italy as the stile floreale (floral style) or stile Liberty, after British art nouveau designer Arthur Lasenby Liberty; in Spain as modernisme; in Austria as Sezessionstil (secession style); and in Germany as Jugendstil (youth style).

CHARACTERISTICS OF ART NOUVEAU: is characterized by highly-stylized, flowing, curvilinear designs often incorporating floral and other plant-inspired motifs. dynamic, undulating, and flowing, with curved 'whiplash' lines of syncopated rhythm. use of hyperbolas and parabolas. conventional moldings seem to spring to life and 'grow' into plant- derived forms.

Pierre Francastel divides Art Nouveau into two main tendencies that could broadly termed the organic and the rationalistRationalist-Mackintosh school Glasglow, Scotland 1897-1909 -dependent on the straight lineOrganicGaudi house Barcelona, Spain 1903 -gives precedence to the curved line and floral shapesArt Nouveau Architects and Their Works Victor Horta (Belgian architect and designer) Hotel Tassel Brussels, Belgium (1st Art Nouveau Building in the World) Htel van Eetvelde

Htel Solvay Brussels, Belgium

Horta Museum formerly known as Maison & Atelier Horta Brussels, Belgium

Hector Guimard (French architect)CastelBeranger Paris, FranceParis Metro Entrances Paris, FranceHotel Guimard Paris, France

Louis Sullivan (American architect) "father of skyscrapers "father of modernism one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture"Wainwright Building Missouri, USA

Charles Rennie Mackintosh (British Architect, Interior Designer)The Light House Glasglow, Scotland

Antonio Gaudi (Architect, Barcelona) Gaudi was a Spanish (Catalan) Architect who created complex buildings in that the architecture was considered sculptural as well. His buildings are considered biomorphic, or organically-shaped. This is possibly a rejection to the coldness that a machine-produced geometric object would create

Casa Mil Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCasa Battlo Barcelona, SpainLa Sagrada Familia (The Holy Family) Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainBLOBITECTURE from blob architecture, blobism or blobismus are terms for a current movement in architecture in which buildings have an organic, amoeba-shaped, bulging formThe word Blobitecture first appeared in print in 2002, in William Safire's "On Language" column in the New York Times Magazine in an article entitled Defenestration. Though intended in the article to have a derogatory meaning, the word stuck and is often used to describe buildings with curved and rounded shapes.

The term 'blob architecture' was coined by architect GREG LYNN in 1995 in his experiments in digital design with binary large objects or BLOBs.One precedent is ARCHIGRAM, a group of English architects working in the 1960s, to which Peter Cook belonged. They were interested in inflatable architecture as well as in the shapes that could be generated from plastic.Blobitecture Sample Buildings

THE SAGE GATESHEAD BUILDING, UK BY Norman Foster

THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM BILBAO, SPAIN By Frank Gehry

SELFRIDGES DEPARTMENT STORE, Birmingham UK By Jan Kaplick, Amanda Levete

ALLIANZ ARENA, Munich, Germany Herzog & de Meuron; ArupSport

KUNSTHAUS GRAZ, GRAZER KUNSTHAUS, OR GRAZ ART MUSEUM, Graz, Austria By Peter Cook and Colin Fournier

THE BLOB, Netherlands By Massimiliano Fuksas

ZLOTE TARASY, Warsaw Poland By The Jerde Partnership

CITY HALL, London By Norman Foster

AQUA TOWER, Chicago, USA By Jeanne Gang

DANCING HOUSE, Prague, Czech Republic By Frank Gehry, Vlado Miluni

PHILOLOGICAL LIBRARY, Berlin, Germany By Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames BankBrutalism The early style was inspired largely by the work of Swiss architect, Le Corbusier, and in particular his Unit d'Habitation (1952) and the 1953 Secretariat Building in Chandigarh, India.Originates from the French bton brut, or "raw concrete rough concrete, a term used by Le Corbusier to describe his choice of material. Sometimes called as Neo Brutalism. Brutalist style is "the celebration of concrete."

Characteristics of Brutalism Brutalist buildings usually are formed with striking repetitive angular geometries, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete. Not all Brutalist buildings are formed from concrete. Instead, a building may achieve its Brutalist quality through a rough, blocky appearance, and the expression of its structural materials, forms, and services on its exterior. Brutalist building materials may include brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone, and gabion (also known as trapion). Brutalism Sample Buildings

BOSTON CITY HALL, Boston, Massachusetts, USA By Gerhardt Kallmann and N. Michael McKinnell

TRELLICK TOWER, London, UK By Ern Goldfinger

NATIONAL BANK OF MACEDONIA By Radomir Lalovic and Olga Papes

THE JATIYO SANGSHAD BHABAN (NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUILDING OF BANGLADESH) By Louis Kahn

THE HABITAT 67, Montral, Qubec, Canada By Moshe Safdie

J. EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, Washington, D.C., USA By Charles F. Murphy and Associates

UC SAN DIEGO GEISEL LIBRARY, Ca. USA By Dirk Sutro

PARK HILL, Sheffield, England By Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith

THE ROGER STEVENS BUILDING at the University of Leeds, UK By Chamberlin Powell & Bon

CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES (CCP) By Leandro Locsin

PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONALCONVENTION CENTER (PICC) By Leandro Locsin

BANGKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS By Gabriel Formoso, GF & Partners, Architects

GSIS BUILDING, Philippines By Jorge Ramos

EARIST , MANILA CAMPUSConstructivism Grew out of the geometric, dynamic, and kinetic styles of both Cubism and Futurist architecture Said to be the mother of BRUTALISM Russian Constructivism - Technology and engineering were both central to this style, yet such ideas as the need for pure art versus industrial production remain unresolved, and many architects refused to consider themselves Constructivists The movement was formed by the brothers Naum Gabo and Antoine Pevsner, whose influential 1920 treatise The Realist Manifesto - sought to integrate the spiritual abstraction of artists such as the Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky into their movement. Characteristics of ConstructivismA combination of advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose. An industrial, angular approach and geometric abstraction In addition, both the automobile and industry were central to this modernist movement, and therefore new roads, more parking garages, and more efficient factories and government buildings formed the core of architectural commissions across Europe during the 1920s.

Association of New Architects (ASNOVA) Led by the architect Nikolai Ladovsky The teaching methods were both functional and fantastic, reflecting an interest in gestalt psychology, leading to daring experiments with form.

Organization of Contemporary Architects ( OSA )Founded by Alexander Vesnin and Moisei Ginzburg Their theoretical platform had three goals: radical transformation of current architectural concepts, command of the latest technical data, and form, which was derived from a mathematical solution of correctly stated problem. Moisei Ginzburg had published the Style and Epoch in 1924 reveals many similar ideas to Le Corbusiers Vers une architecture Le Corbusiers 5 Points Of Modern Architecture Roof Top Garden Ribbon Windows 6 Floors Raised on Pilotis Separate Buildings linked by a covered galleryConstructivism Sample BuildingsTatlins Tower Lenin Tribune By El Lissitzsky Shukhov Tower , Moscow By Vladimir ShukhovOgonyok Print Shop Moscow By El LissitzskyZuyev Workers Club By llya GolosovRusakov Workers Club By Konstanin Melkinov Embassy of Russia , Cuba Alexander RochegovCritical RegionalismAn approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning This movement rejects the universal adoption of the styles of modern Western architecture, as well as nostalgia for the pre-industrial past, arguing instead for the adaption of elements of a buildings particular locality (quoted by Tadao Ando). The term critical regionalism was first used by Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre and later more famously by Kenneth Frampton - essay "Towards a Critical Regionalism" (1983). Tadao Ando, Japanese architect, is a prolific writer of architectural theory and is widely regarded as an able spokesperson for this movement. And awarded by the prestigious Pritzker Prize for architecture in 1995. Characteristic of Critical Regionalism: According to Frampton, there should be an emphasis on topography, climate, light, tectonic form rather than scenography and the tactile sense rather than the visual.Tectonic The science or art of construction, both in relation to use and artistic design." It refers not just to the "activity of making the materially requisite construction that answers certain needs, but rather to the activity that raises this construction to an art form." It is concerned with the modeling of material to bring the material into presence: from the physical into the meta-physical world.Critical Regionalism Sample Buildings Japanese Pavilion by Tadao AndoMuseum In Forth Worth by Tadao AndoSydney Opera House Australia by Jorn AutzonDe StijlFrom the Dutch for "the style" Dutch pronunciation: also known as neoplasticism, the new plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in Dutch), was a Dutch artistic movement, founded in 1917. De Stijl was dedicated to abstraction that would create a universal response from all viewers based on a quest for harmony and order. Among the founders of the movement were the painters Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg, who also established its journal, De Stijl (1917-1932) And Mies van der Rohe was among the most important proponent of its ideas in architecture. Characteristic: It rejected all representation and restricted the elements of artistic expression to the use of straight lines, right angles, pure primary colors (blue, red, and yellow), and the so-called non-colors of black, gray, and white.De stijl Sample BuildingTHE RIETVELD SCHRDER HOUSE by Gerrit Rietveld and client Truus Schrder - the house featured steel beams and industrial railings set off by solid red and white walls. Sliding panels enabled the occupant to choose between a single expansive space or separate sleeping, eating, bathing, or work rooms.DeconstructivismDeconstruction involved the dismantling of architectural elements and the rearrangement of their constituent parts.Characteristic: It is characterized by ideas of fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, an interest in manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin, and apparent non-Euclidean geometry, (i.e., non-rectilinear shapes) which serve to distort and dislocate some of the elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope. The finished visual appearance of buildings that exhibit the many deconstructivist "styles" is characterized by a stimulating unpredictability and a controlled chaos. The resulting buildings were typically disjointed in form, and they dramatically contradicted standard conventions of design and constructionDeconstuctivism Sample Buildings : Wexner Center for the Arts (1983-1989), by American architect Peter Eisenman

VITRA DESIGN MUSEUM, Germany by Frank Gehry

DANCING HOUSE, Czech Republic by Frank Gehry, Vlado Miluni

IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, UK by Daniel Libeskind

SEATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY, USA by Rem Koolhaas

UFA-PALAST, Germany by Coop Himmelb (l) au - architectural firm

GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM BILBAO, Spain by Frank Gehry

MIT STATA CENTER, USA by Frank Gehry

THE JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN, Germany by Daniel Libeskind

VIENNA GASOMETER, Austria by Coop Himmelblau

BMW WELT (ENGLISH BMW WORLD), Germany by Coop Himmelblau

CCTV - HEADQUARTERS BEIJING, Chinaby Rem Koolhas

GEHRY TOWER, Gemany by Frank GehryExpressionism Introduced by Bruno Taut, (Glass Pavilion) a German architect and urban planner. The legacy of Expressionism continues to inform Deconstructivism, High-Tech architecture, and the even more recent bulging, amoeba-styled buildings called Blobitecture. CharateristicsExpressionism is now used to describe the style of any building that reveals an expressive, organic distortion of shape with reference to movement and emotions, symbolic or visionary works, or natural, biomorphic shapes. Not stylized in the same manner as Art Nouveau, Expressionism takes its inspiration from a more unusual massing of form. Sample Buildings

EINSTEIN TOWER by Eric Mendelsohn

NOTRE DAME DU HAUT, France By Le Corbusier

OPERA HOUSE, Essen, Germany By Alvar Aalto

TWA FLIGHT CENTER, NY, USA By Eero Saarinen

BERLIN PHILHARMONIC, Germany By Hans Scharoun

YOYOGI NATIONAL GYMNASIUM, Japan By Kenzo Tange

FINLANDIA HALL, Finland By Alvar Aalto

SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE, Australia By Jorn Utzon

VITRA FIRE STATION, Australia By Zaha Hadid

WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL, LA, USA By Frank Gehry

AUDITORIO DE TENERIFE, Spain By Santiago Calatrava VallsFuturism

Technology and even violence were among the themes of the Futurists. Redefined itself in the context of Space Age trends, the car culture and a fascination with plastic. The movement or approach was founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first manifesto, the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. This organization of writers and artists included the Italian architect Antonio SantElia, who held highly detailed theoretical views on modernist architecture that he documented in a series of powerfully rendered architectural sketches published in his Citt Nuova in 1914 Characteristic: An approach in architecture characterized by anti-historicism and long horizontal lines suggesting speed, motion and urgency.Sample Buildings THEME BUILDING, LA, USA By Pereira and Luckman

CATHEDRAL OF BRASILIA, Brazil By Oscar Niemeyer

MCGAUGH HALL, UC, USA By Arthur Erickson

FERROHAUS, Switzerland By Justus Dahinden

LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER, USA By Frank Wallace

SAN FRANCISCO MARRIOTT MARQUIS, USA By Zeidler Partnership Architects-Anthony J LumsdenCENTRAL BANK OF BRAZIL, Brazil By Hlio Ferreira PintoGoogieGoogie, also known as populuxe or doo wop A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture influenced by car culture and the Space Age, originating from southern California in the late 1940s and continuing approximately into the mid-1960s. With upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon, it decorated many a motel, coffee house and bowling alley in the 1950s and 1960s. It epitomizes the spirit a generation demanded, looking excitedly towards a bright, technological and futuristic age.Origin According to author Alan Hess in his book "Googie: Fifties Coffee Shop Architecture", the origin of the name "Googie" goes back to 1949, when architect John Lautner designed a coffee shop by the name of "Googie's", which had very distinctive architectural characteristics. This coffee shop was on the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Crescent Heights in Los Angeles, but was demolished in the 1980s.Characteristics of Googie Architecture Space Age designs symbolic of motion, such as boomerangs, flying saucers, atoms and parabolas, and free-form designs such as "soft" parallelograms and an artist's palette motif Roofs sloping at an upward angle and starbursts Sample Buildings MCDONALDS RESTAURANT, USA By Stanley Clark Meston

JOHNIES COFFEE SHOP, USA By Louis Armt and Eldon DavisTWA FLIGHT CENTER, NY, USA By Eero Saarinen

THEME BUILDING, LA, USA By Pereira and Luckman

SPACE NEEDLE, SEATTLES 1952 WORLDS FAIR, USABy Edward Carlson, Victor Steinbrueck, John Graham Jr.

PHILIPPINE ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTER, Philippines By Cresenciano de Castro

ARANETA COLISEUM, Philippines By Dominador Lugtu

PARISH OF THE HOLY SACRIFICE, Philippines By Leandro Locsin

COMMERCIAL BANK AND TRUST COMPANY, Philippines By Jose Ma. ZaragosaHiigh-Tech ArchitectureHigh Tech Architecture got its name from High Tech: The Industrial Style and Source Book for The Home, by Joan Kron and Suzanne Slesin. As one being used in architectural circles to describe an increasing number of residences and public buildings with a nuts-and-bolts-exposed-pipes technological look. Also known as Late Modernism or Structural Expressionism or Industrial Style Characteristics They included the prominent display of the building's technical and functional components. An orderly arrangement of and the use of pre-fabricated elements. Glass walls and steel frames were immensely popular. Sample Buildings CENTER GEORGES POMPIDOU, France By Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers

HONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANK, HK By Norman Foster

NAIA TERMINAL 3, Philippines

ONE SAN MIGUEL BUILDING, Philippines By Philip H. Recto ArchitectsOrganic Architecture Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition. The term "Organic Architecture" was coined by the famous architect, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), though never well articulated by his cryptic style of writing: Organic architecture involves a respect for the properties of the materialsyou dont twist steel into a flowerand a respect for the harmonious relationship between the form/design and the function of the building. Organic architecture is also an attempt to integrate the spaces into a coherent whole: a marriage between the site and the structure and a union between the context and the structure. Falling Water by Frank Lloyd WrightPost Modernism Postmodern architecture is an international style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s, and which continues to influence present-day architecture. Post modernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. Postmodern architecture has also been described as "neo-eclectic.Characteristics PHYSICAL: Use of sculptural forms, ornaments, anthropomorphism and materials which perform trompe loeil. CONCEPTUAL: Pluralism, double coding, irony and paradox, and contextualism.Sample Buildings 1000 DE LA GAUCHETIRE, CANADA By Lemay & Associates and Dimakopoulos & Associates

SAN ANTONIO PUBLIC LIBRARY, USA By Ricardo Legorreta

MUSEUM ABTEIBERG, Germany By Hans Hollein

PORTLAND PUBLIC SERVICE BUILDING, USA By A. E. DoyleSustainable ArchitectureSustainable Architecture, also known as "Green Architecture" or "Green Building. Is an approach to architectural design that emphasizes the place of buildings within both local ecosystems and the global environment. Sustainable architecture, framed by the larger discussion of Sustainability having to do with the pressing economic and political issues of our world, seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space.Sample Building K2 sustainable apartments in Windsor, Victoria, Australia by Hansen Yuncken (2006) features passive solar design, recycled and sustainable materials, photovoltaic cells, wastewater treatment, rainwater collection and solar hot waterSkyscrapersHeight to the structural or architectural top (including spires and pinnacles, but not antennas, masts or flagpoles) Height to the highest occupied floor Height to the top of the roof Height to the top of antenna Sample of Buildings Burj Dubai tallest building the world.(Burj Khalifa)Taipei 101, the recent world's tallest building architecturally, is located in Taipei City, Taiwan. Superseded by Burj Khalifa.The Petronas Twin Towers, the highest buildings from 1995-1998 and currently the tallest twin towers in the world.The Empire State Building and Chrysler Buildings in New York City. Built in 1931 and 1930, respectively, and utilizing Art Deco architecture, they remain among the tallest skyscrapers in the world.Eureka Tower in Melbourne, Australia, the world's tallest residential towerBurj Al-Arab - the world's tallest hotel. And "the world's first seven-star hotel"The Al Burj - This will be the centerpiece of the Dubai Waterfront. Once completed it will take over the title of the tallest structure in the world from the Burj Dubai.International ArchitectureThe term usually refers to the buildings and architects of the formative decades of modernism, before World War II. The term had its origin from the name of a book (The International Style: Architecture Since 1922) by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson which identified, categorized and expanded upon characteristics common to modernism across the world. The Steel-and-glass boxes THE TYPICAL INTERNATIONAL STYLE HIGH-RISE 1. Square or rectangular footprint 2. Simple cubic "extruded rectangle" form 3. Windows running in broken horizontal rows forming a grid 4. All facade angles are 90 degrees.Four Slogans : ornament is a crime, truth to materials, form follows function, Le Corbusier's description of houses as "machines for living". Sample BuildingsWalter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in Germany and the United States. Best known for their structures of glass curtain walls spanning steel girders that form the skeleton of the building.FAGUS WORKS, GERMANY BY WALTER GROPIUS

BAUHAUS, GERMANY BY WALTER GROPIUS

HARVARD GRADUATE CENTER, GERMANY BY WALTER GROPIUSLAKE SHORE DRIVE APARTMENTS, CHICAGO, USA BY MIES VAN DER ROHE

SEAGRAM BUILDING, GERMANY BY MIES VAN DER ROHE AND PHILIP JOHNSONJacobus Johannes Pieter Oud in Netherlands, He helped to bring more rounded and flowing geometric shapes to the movement. And soon became the chief proponent of the de Stijl idiom in modern architecture.FACTORY IN PURMEREND, NETHERLANDS BY J.J.P. OUD

SHELL HEADQUARTERS IN THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS BY J.J.P. OUDLe Corbusier in France, He was interested in the freer treatment of reinforced concrete but added the concept of modular proportion in order to maintain a human scale in his workLe Corbusier in France, "5 points of architecture" 1.Freestanding support pillars 2.Open floor plan independent from the supports 3.Vertical facade that is free from the supports 4.Long horizontal sliding windows 5.Roof gardens

VILLA SAVOYE, FRANCE BY LE CORBUSIER

THE SECRETARIAT AT THE UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS, USA BY LE CORBUSIER

LOVELL HEALTH HOUSE, USA BY RICHARD NEUTRA

GLASS HOUSE OR JOHNSON HOUSE, USA BY PHILIP JOHNSON