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![Page 1: Models of Mental Health Care for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Nick Bouras estia centre Models F/25.09.06/VA D06.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ed15503460f94bdfe61/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Models of Mental Health Care for Adults with Intellectual
Disabilities
Nick Bouras www.estiacentre.org
estia centre
Models F/25.09.06/VA D06
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Concepts and Definitions
Broad International Mapping
Delivery of Services
Evidence based Practice
Outline
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Concepts
Mental health problems indicate the presence of psychopathology: symptoms, signs or abnormal traits
This approach encompass both significant behaviours and clusters of symptoms occurring as part of a mental illness
Challenging behaviour is determined by a combination of what the person does, the setting in which they do it and how their behaviour is interpreted.
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Operational Definitions
Psychiatric Disorders in people with ID include a spectrum of problems ranging from depression, anxiety, psychosis, personality disorders and any psychiatric diagnosis as described in the international classification systems ICD-10 and DSM IV.
Some also include serious behavioural problems/challenging behaviours requiring psychiatric intervention because of their intensity and or risks related the person with ID or others.
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IntellectualDisabilities Mental Health
DualDiagnos
is
MH Problems by Level of ID
Severe ID Mild ID
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Implications of Dual Diagnosis
Research has identifies 3 consistent findings
Co-occurrence is common
Associated with a variety of negative outcomes e.g. hospitalisation, exclusion from habilitation programmes etc.
Ineffective and fragmented service systems and delivery of care
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Broad International Mapping
USA:Very few centres Complex insurance cover systems
OhioThe Rochester Crisis Intervention Model
(UAP)The Ulster County Comprehensive
Mental Health Model N.Y. UniversityThe Greater Boston START ModelMassachusetts specialised out & in
patientsThe Minnesota Model Crisis Intervention California
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Canada:
Rapid de-institutionalisationSmall centres individually ledLack of trained psychiatristsMoving towards specialist MH services
The Toronto MATCH Project Vancouver Montreal
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Australia:
Melbourne GP – Child Psychiatry led The Victorian Dual Disability Service
MMH led: specialist consultative-advisory service
Queensland: Specialist MH - GP led
Sidney: Child Psychiatry
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Asia:
Institutional care
Hong Kong: Specialist MH service linked to MMH
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Europe:
MEROPY study Holt et al 2001
Institutional care
De-institutionalisation programmes
Dutch Regional Advisory and Consultative Service
Emerging services in some European countries without clear trends yet
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MEROPE EUROPEAN PROJECT:
• Implications of current policy not fully considered for PWID & MH
• Policy separates ID & MH
• Lack of clear policy guidance
• Lack of specialist training
• Lack of good quality data at clinical & epidemiological level
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Mainstream Vs. specialist mental health services
Admissions for assessment & treatment
Support services for people with DD
SERVICE SYSTEMS ISSUES
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IndecisionAmbiguity Confusion Demands have increased Additional clinical services and resources
are not forthcomingSeveral thousand people with ID and
psychiatric disorders have been placed in
dispersed facilities out of the place of
origin
CURRENT STATE OF AFFAIRS
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Diverse
Mix in expertise, staffing levels and
funding options
Predictions of service use and need vary
according local circumstances and
population profile
Patterns of services
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Provided within ID services
Delivered from mainstream mental health services
Specialist MH services either within ID or mainstream MH services
DELIVERY OF CARE ISSUES FOR PWID & MH PROBLEMS
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ID MMH
CIDT CMHTS
INPATIENTS
REHAB
CAMHS
MH OLDER ADULTS
FORENSIC
SUBSTANCE
MISUSE
COMMON ID SERVICE DELIVERY
CommunicationFunctional skillsChallenging behaviourSocial care
Social Services Lead Health Services Lead
MHiID (psychiatrist)
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ID
CIDT
COMMON ID SERVICE DELIVERY
CommunicationFunctional skillsChallenging behaviourSocial care
Social Services Lead
MHiID (psychiatrist)
ProsProsCommissioning from ID
ConsConsMulti purpose –multi function service for a people with highly complex needsExcept psychiatrist others have little knowledge and skills for MH careIsolation - cut off from MMH/ difficult accessTry to provide MH care outside the current MH frameworkConfused as a type of CMHT/frequent disputes
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CMHTS
INPATIENTS
REHAB
CAMHS
MH OLDER ADULTS
FORENSIC
SUBSTANCE MISUSE
ID MMH
ID INTERFACE WITH MMH SERVICES
CommunicationFunctional SkillsChallenging behaviourSocial care
Social Services Lead Health Services Lead
MHiID(Psychiatrist)
CIDT
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ID MMH
ID INTERFACE WITH MMH SERVICES
CommunicationFunctional SkillsChallenging behaviourSocial care
Social Services Lead
MHiID(Psychiatrist)
CIDT ProsProsCommissioning from IDSome access to MMH
ConsConsMulti purpose –multi function service for a people with highly complex needsExcept psychiatrist others have little knowledge and skills for MH careTry to provide MH care outside the current MH frameworkConfused as a type of CMHT/frequent disputes
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MH-ID•Outreach•Admissions
CMHTs
OLDERADULTS
CAMHS
FORENSIC
REHAB
•Communication•Functional Skills•Challenging Behaviour•Person Centred Planning•Health Facilitators•Social care
AMH
SUBSTANCEMISUSE
SPECIALIST INTEGRATED MHiID SERVICE DELIVERED FROM MMH ID MMH
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CMHTs
OLDERADULTS
CAMHS
FORENSIC
REHAB
AMH
SUBSTANCEMISUSE
SPECIALIST INTEGRATED MHiID SERVICE DELIVERED FROM MMH MMH
ProsSpecialist MH servicecompatible with otherMH servicesDelivered from MMH within the current frameworkNatural hubInterfaces with ID and MMHEasier access to MMHSecondary and Tertiary
ConsCommissioning?Might become a Parallel service
MH-ID•Outreach•Admissions
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“Age of Enlightenment”
Inconclusive
Retrospective reports
Uncontrolled studies
Small numbers of participants
Few examples of systematic descriptive
studies
Service users’ and carers’ views
Emerging in the last years
WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE ?
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RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIALS ID
A Dutch study showed reduction in hospitalisation from a service provided by a Community ID Service (Van Minnen et al. 1997)
Intensive case management has shown to improved adaptive functioning in people with ID and mental disorders (Coalhole et al. 1993)
UK 700 study found that people with
borderline ID spent less time in hospital if
they received intensive community care (Tyrer et al. 1999)
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Recent RCTs
• Randomised controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of Assertive and Standard Community Treatment in adults with ID in terms of unmet needs, quality of life, symptomatology and cost no substantial statistical differences were found between the two treatments (Martin et al 2005)
• However, the results might suggest that the two treatments models we not that different i.e problems with model fidelity. Also small sample
• Similar results were reported by another parallel study in west London (Oliver et al. 2005)
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LEVEL OF FOCUS
TIME DIMENSION
Inputs Processes Outcomes
National
Local
ServiceUser
Resources available
‘Visible’ resourcese.g. Finances and staff
‘Invisible’e.g. staff skills, good working relationships
Policies
The activities which take place to deliver health services
AssessmentandTreatment models
Changes in morbidity and quality of life, both in the population and in individual users
TOWARDS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: MATRIX MODEL
TOWARDS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: MATRIX MODEL
Moss, Bouras and Holt (2000)
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NATIONAL LEVEL I NPUTS
PROCESSES OUTCOMES
NFS -MH Valuing People RCPsych Laws
MH Act
Mental Capacity
Act Expenditure
Green Light
Toolkit Typology of
MHiLD
services Test new
models Apply research
to new policies
I dentif y
unrecognised
needs,at-risk,
under-served e.g
borderline,
Asperger’s Cost-
eff ectiveness I mprove quality
of lif e
Matrix Model MHiID
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LOCAL LEVEL INPUTS PROCESSES OUTCOMES
Protocols f or
collaboration
between specialist
I D, residential.
day services and
GMH services,
social services &
primary care Protocols of care
co-ordination Workforce skills Budget
Review interfaces
on collaboration,
access to GMH
services and care
co-ordination Eligibility criteria
- Transition
- Forensic Case identification CPA
implementation
Appropriateness
of referrals Clinical
eff ectiveness Cost-
eff ectiveness
Matrix Model MHiID
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Matrix Model MHiLDSERVICE USER LEVEL
INPUTS PROCESSES OUTCOMES
Assessment and
treatment
methods Promotion and
information
materials to
service users,
f amilies, carers
and agencies
Application of
assessment and
treatment
methods Test new
assessment
techniques Test
eff ectiveness of
treatments Advocacy groups
Fewer symptoms
and MH problems Better QoL Less carer burden Higher
satisf action with
services
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The Right to Quality MH Care
Every person with ID should have:
Access to expert assessment leading to:
Accurate and comprehensive diagnosis
Individualised treatment plan:
Delivered at the right time and place and in the right amount
Appropriate support for housing, day time activities, case management etc.
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Coordinated and Comprehensive MH Care
A MH service system for People with ID should provide:
Full access to assessment, treatment and support servicesCoordinated, comprehensive and culturally competent delivery of serviceContinuity of careTherapeutic intervention supported by evidence based practicesPharmacological treatment based on efficacySupport services for housing, employment when ever possible and leisure activitiesAssist in improving independence and quality of life