Models of caregiving in nuclear accidents. Enrico M. Staderini.
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Transcript of Models of caregiving in nuclear accidents. Enrico M. Staderini.
![Page 1: Models of caregiving in nuclear accidents. Enrico M. Staderini.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e5f5503460f94b5905a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Models of caregiving in nuclear accidents.
Enrico M. Staderini
![Page 2: Models of caregiving in nuclear accidents. Enrico M. Staderini.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e5f5503460f94b5905a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
Models of caregivingin nuclear accidents
Enrico M. StaderiniHaute Ecole d'Ingénierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud – HES-SO
Western Switzerland University of Applied SciencesRoute de Cheseaux, 1
CH-1400 Yverdon les Bains (Vaud) [email protected]
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Geneva, 30 August 2011 Radioactivity safety and security
• Not so long time ago, radioactive elements were considered curative…
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Geneva, 30 August 2011 Radioactivity safety and security
• Now radioactivity is considered with a bit too much attention…
Ouch! Those cosmic rays are killing me…
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Geneva, 30 August 2011 Radioactivity safety and security
• An incredibly complicated problem
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• Place of accident• nuclear power plant / military facility• possibly restricted access
• hospital/research nuclear facility• neighbouring (isolated-populated area)• pre-existent health facilities• pre-existent nuclear accident health
care facilities (included accident plans)• Efficacy of health care to affected people
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• irradiation vs. contamination• kind of irradiation/contamination
• released activity• physical/biological behaviour of
radioactive contaminant• biological effects of irradiation
• Seriousness of health consequences in the short or long period
• Need for evacuating people
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• number of affected people• professional people• general population
• Level and efficacy of health care• Level of problems in evacuating people
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• affected area• confined area• open area• accessible / not accessible area• limited / unlimited area
• Possibility of delivering health care on site• Need of evacuating people
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• affected resources and infrastructures• water supply• food supply• health care facilities• roads• telecommunication systems
• Decision about area extension or number of people to evacuate
• Problems in alerting or caring for the affected population
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• what’s the difference between an accident and a disaster?• number of people affected• area extension affected• infrastructures affected• time required to restore to normality• costs to restore to normality
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• what are the differences between a nuclear disaster and a “conventional” disaster?• increased / unpredictable risk for
caregivers and rescuers• more difficult rescue operations
(due to increased level of safety required)
• longer time consequences• higher psychological impact on
populations and the general public
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• how telemedicine can help in the case of a nuclear disaster or a nuclear accident?
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• prerequisite for telemedicine is a telecommunication infrastructure• use existing infrastructure (if it
survived the accident)• fast deploy new infrastructure
(mobile phone base stations)• one way communication (alerting,
counselling, giving evacuation directions)
• two way communication (caring and specific help)
• Plan ahead!!!
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• If a thing may go wrong it will go.• (Murphy’s rule)
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• What may go wrong:• (never an exhaustive list)
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• telecommunication facilities destroyed• electric power discontinued• emergency power not available or not usable• telecommunication facilities contaminated• telecommunication facilities not reachable• people trapped under rubbles (or within shelters)• shortage / unavailability of technical personnel • common people not able to establish a link• long range telecommunication systems not
available (satellite TV broadcasting may be)• shortage / unavailability of health personnel• aged people with cognitive problems
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• Any good news?• No.
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• a general purpose telecommunication alert system still unavailable in most countries (at best they still rely on sirens)
• a general (robust) telemedicine infrastructure are still unavailable as well
• robust emergency plans for the general population are still based on eighteen century demography
• standards for telemedicine operation still missing despite the number of mobile phones is approaching that of the population on the planet
• still not addressing the cognitive performances of the general population
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• So what?• Only good news:
• We know the risks!
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
• “Perhaps radium has something to do with these troubles, but it cannot be affirmed with certainty.”
• From the letter of Marie Sklodowska Curie to her sister Bronya (November 1920)
• Marie Curie died of aplastic anemia on July 4th 1934.
• Her papers from the 1890s are still considered too dangerous to handle, even her cookbook is highly radioactive. They are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing.
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Radioactivity safety and securityGeneva, 30 August 2011
Thanks for your attention
Enrico M. StaderiniHaute Ecole d'Ingénierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud – HES-SO
Western Switzerland University of Applied SciencesRoute de Cheseaux, 1
CH-1400 Yverdon les Bains (Vaud) [email protected]