Modelling the Effects of E10 Fuels on Air Quality in Canada · Emission Inventory Conference...
Transcript of Modelling the Effects of E10 Fuels on Air Quality in Canada · Emission Inventory Conference...
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Emission Inventory ConferenceEmission Inventory ConferenceClearwaterClearwater, , FloridaFloridaJuneJune 88--1010, 200, 20044
Modelling the Effects of E10 FuelsModelling the Effects of E10 Fuelson Air Quality in Canadaon Air Quality in Canada
Robert Vitale, J. Wayne BoultonMike Lepage, Martin Gauthier and Xin QiuRWDI GroupGuelph, Ontario, Canada
Serge LamyHealth CanadaOttawa, Ontario, Canada
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BackgroundBackground
May 2003
• Health Canada held an expert panel on ethanol blended gasoline and its effects on air quality
• Initiated a detailed study of the health effects associated with the widespread use of E10 fuels in Canada (10% ethanol blended gasoline)
Health SantéCanada Canada
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Project OverviewProject OverviewII Emission Inventory PreparationEmission Inventory Preparation
• MOBILE6.2C
IIII Air Quality ModellingAir Quality Modelling• MC2, MM5, SMOKE 2.0*, CMAQ 4.3*• CO, NOX, VOC, PM2.5, SO2, NH3, Ozone, PAN,
Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene, Acetaldehyde, Formaldehyde
IIIIII Human Health Risk AssessmentHuman Health Risk Assessment• Health Canada
* Modified by RWDI & UCR to handle toxic species
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Eastern Domain(36-km)
Western Domain(12-km)
Modelling DomainsModelling Domains
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Western Domain: Base CaseWestern Domain: Base Case
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PresentationPresentation OverviewOverview
Emission Inventory PreparationEmission Inventory Preparation1.1. About EthanolAbout Ethanol• Oxygenates• Ethanol Blending
2.2. MOBILE6.2CMOBILE6.2C• Canadian Updates• Model Inputs
3.3. Preliminary ResultsPreliminary Results• Emission Estimates• Comparisons
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About EthanolAbout Ethanol
Oxygenates− Compounds that contain
oxygen in their molecular structure
− Enhance octane when blended with gasoline
− Improve combustion efficiency, thereby reducing most pollutant emissions
http://www.hybridfuels.ca/images/pics/ethanol.jpg
O
H
H
C
HC
HH
H
EthanolCH3CH2OH
Ethanol is an alcohol made from biological resources such as agricultural crops and forestry by-products
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Ethanol BlendingEthanol BlendingSplash Blend− Conventional gasoline blended
with ethanol, which increases fuel volatility
− Permitted by waiver in select areas
Tailor Blend− Specially tailored gasoline
blended with ethanol to account for increased fuel volatility
− Complies with gasoline volatility standards
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Ambient Air QualityAmbient Air Quality
Direct Emissions from VehiclesDirect Emissions from Vehicles
Secondary Pollutant FormationSecondary Pollutant Formation
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CanadianizationCanadianization of MOBILE6.2of MOBILE6.2
LDGV - VOC Emissions
0
1
2
3
4
5
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Calendar Year
Emis
sion
Fac
tor (
g/VM
T)
Canadian Version US Version
50% higher
MOBILE6.2CMOBILE6.2CWHY Were Updates Needed?• Fleet Differences, Fuel Characteristics
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MOBILE6.2C Inputs (West)MOBILE6.2C Inputs (West)Parameter Base Case Splash Blend Tailor BlendOxygenate(Ethanol)
0% Volume0% Market
10% Volume100% Market
10% Volume100% Market
Aromatics (%) 23.6 21.2 20.3Olefins (%) 10.1 9.1 7.6
Benzene (%) 0.7 0.6 0.7E300 (%) 86.6 87.9 86.6E200 (%) 48.6 (summer)
55.6 (winter)53.7 (summer)
60 (winter)48.6 (summer)55.6 (winter)
Fuel RVP 7.9 (summer)13.7 (winter)
8.9 (summer)14.7 (winter)
7.9 (summer)13.7 (winter)
Gasoline Sulphur 225 (year 2000)30 (year 2010)
203 (year 2000)30 (year 2010)
225 (year 2000)30 (year 2010)
Min/Max Temp. (F) January: 33/43, April: 42/56, July: 56/71, October: 44/56
Vehicle Reg. Dist. British Columbia, 2000Average Speed 50 km/h, 80 km/h, 100 km/hCalendar Year 2000, 2010
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MOBILE6.2C ResultsMOBILE6.2C Results(E10 Relative to Base Case)(E10 Relative to Base Case)
Emissions Affected by E10
Emissions NotAffected by E10
• CO• VOC• Benzene• 1,3-Butadiene• Acetaldehyde• Formaldehyde
• NOX
• PM2.5
• NH3
• SO2
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MOBILE6.2C ResultsMOBILE6.2C Results(E10 Relative to Base Case)(E10 Relative to Base Case)
All Modelled Pollutants
• Minor differences between Splash & Tailor results• Percent change not affected by travel speed/season
CO, VOC, Benz.1,3-Butadiene
• Lower emissions• Varies by calendar year and vehicle type
Acetaldehyde• Much higher emissions• Varies by calendar year and vehicle type
Formaldehyde • Higher emissions for year 2000• Lower emissions for year 2010 (except HDGV)
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-20%-5%
3%
132%
-26% -24%CO VOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Benzene 1,3-Butadiene
Percent ChangePercent ChangeE10 Splash E10 Splash –– Year 2000Year 2000
(West, July, LDGV)(West, July, LDGV)
MOBILE6.2CMOBILE6.2C
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-19%-7%
4%
137%
-23% -23%CO VOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Benzene 1,3-Butadiene
Percent ChangePercent ChangeE10 Tailor E10 Tailor –– Year 2000Year 2000
(West, July, LDGV)(West, July, LDGV)
MOBILE6.2CMOBILE6.2C
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Volatile Organic Compounds
39%
36%
25%
Acetaldehyde (and higher aldehydes)
7%7%86%
MobileSources
AreaSources
PointSources
Emissions by Sector (West)Emissions by Sector (West)(Emissions from Human Activities)
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Comparison to Other StudiesComparison to Other Studies((LDGV, E10 Splash, EmissionsLDGV, E10 Splash, Emissions))
Present Study [1] NRC Canada (1997) [2]
NOX • Unchanged • Unchanged
CO • Down 20% • Down 15%
VOC • Evap. Up 8%• Exh. Down 10%• Combined Down 5%
• Evap. Up 30%• Exh. Down 3%• Combined Up 9%
[1] Based on MOBILE6.2C results, year 2000, West, July[2] Based on MOBILE5C results and 1989 emission data
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VOC Emissions
0
1
2
3
4
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Emis
sion
Fac
tor (
g/VM
T)
Base - Exhaust Base - EvaporativeSplash - Exhaust Splash - Evaporative
E10 Splash (West, July, LDGV)E10 Splash (West, July, LDGV)
Overall PercentChange: -5%
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Summary of Key PointsSummary of Key Points1. E10 improves the combustion efficiency of gasoline
thereby reducing most exhaust emissions
2. E10 increases acetaldehyde emissions significantly due to the higher oxygen content of ethanol blends
3. Percent change in vehicle emissions are not affectedsignificantly by travel speed or season
4. Cooler ambient temperatures minimize the effect of splash blends on evaporative VOC emissions
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Next StepsNext Steps
II Emission Inventory PreparationEmission Inventory Preparation• MOBILE6.2C
IIII Air Quality ModellingAir Quality Modelling• Perform toxic and photochemical modelling
IIIIII Human Health Risk AssessmentHuman Health Risk Assessment• Provide Health Canada with modelling results
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Robert Vitale, J. Wayne Boulton Serge LamyMike Lepage, Martin Gauthier, Xin Qiu Health CanadaRWDI Group
Modelling the Effects of E10 FuelsModelling the Effects of E10 Fuelson Air Quality in Canadaon Air Quality in Canada
Acknowledgements:• Oil, Gas & Energy Branch of Environment Canada• Meteorological Service of Canada• National Research Council of Canada• U.S. EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality
• Air Health Effects Division of Health Canada• University of California, Riverside
HHO
C
H
C
H
HH
Ethanol