Modeling, Design, and Control of Hybrid Energy Systems...
Transcript of Modeling, Design, and Control of Hybrid Energy Systems...
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Chengbin Ma, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Univ. of Michigan-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, P. R. China IEEE International Workshop on Design Automation for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSDA) June 5th, 2016, Austin, TX USA
Modeling, Design, and Control of Hybrid Energy Systems and Wireless Power Transfer systems
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Introduction
Quantitative Analysis of HESS
Energy Management of HESS
Control/Design of WPT Systems
Conclusions
Outline
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Dynamic Systems Control Lab (2010~Pre.) http://umji.sjtu.edu.cn/lab/dsc/
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1. Battery /Energy Management 2. Wireless Power Transfer
Control of Motion &
Energy
4 Ph.D., 5 M.S.
3. Electric Vehicle Dynamics
ωmTm’
K
1+K
sKs
Jms1
sKs
Jls1
+
-
+
+Tl
-+
ωl
+
-
Tt
Tm
4. Motion/Motor Control
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
New Challenges
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Control of Motion
Energy
Wind power generator
Solar panel
Solar collector
Inv
eter
Co
nv
eter
Ele
ctro
lysi
s
Heat
Hydrogen
Super Capacitor
Battery
Hydrogen Tank
Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell EVPlug-in EVC
on
vet
er
AC GridDC System
G2V/V2G EV
Electricity
Flywheel
■ Speed ■ Precision ■ Efficiency
■ Synergy ■ Flexibility ■ Scalability ■ Reliability
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Introduction
Quantitative Analysis of HESS
Energy Management of HESS
Control/Design of WPT Systems
Conclusions
Outline
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Battery-Ultracapacitor Test System
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
ESR-based Efficiency Analysis
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Equivalent-Series-Resistance circuit Model:
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Optimal Current Distribution
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Even for a high energy efficiency, ultracapacitors should provide most of dynamic load current.
- C. Zhao, H. Yin, Z. Yang, C. Ma: “Equivalent Series Resistance-Based Energy Loss Analysis of A Battery Semi-Active Hybrid Energy Storage System”, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 1081-1091, Sep. 2015.
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
a) Battery-only System
b) Passive HESS
c) Battery Semi-active HESS
d) Capacitor Semi-active System
Efficiencies of Four Systems
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- C. Zhao, H. Yin, C. Ma: "Quantitative Efficiency and Temperature Analysis of Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems", IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, accepted on May 20th, 2016.
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Under various average and dynamic load currents (Il,d, Il,dp, Il,dn), battery SOC (SOCb) and efficiencies of dc-dc converter (hd).
Comparison of Efficiencies
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hd =95%
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Battery Ageing Test
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Temperature: 45 deg.
Calendar
Life
No.1 Cell No.2 Cell No.3 Cell No.4 Cell
Dynamic
Discharging
Mod. Constant
Discharging
Constant
Discharging
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.52.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Time [h]
Voltage [
V]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Curr
ent
[A]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.52.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Time [h]
Voltage [
V]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Curr
ent
[A]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.52.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Time [h]
Voltage [
V]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Curr
ent
[A]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.52.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Time [h]
Voltage [
V]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Curr
ent
[A]
60% SOC
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Three sets of power supply and electronic load.
Experimental Setup
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LabVIEW program to control and record data
Environment
chamber Four battery cells inside the environment chamber
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Realistic case with optimized size of SCs – The capacity loss of the battery at 1/3 and 1C rate caused by cycling can be
reduced by 28.6% and 29.0% respectively, compared with the case with no ultracapacitors.
Ideal case with infinite size of SCs – The capacity loss of the battery at 1/3 and 1C rate caused by cycling can be
reduced by 36.3% and 39.3 % respectively, compared with the case with no supercapacitors.
– The resistance increase of the battery can be reduced by at least 50%, compared with the case with no ultracapacitors.
Quantitative Results
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- C. Zhao, H. Yin, C. Ma: "Quantitative Evaluation of LiFePO4 Battery Cycle Life Improvement Using Ultracapacitors", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 3989-3993, Jun. 2016
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Introduction
Quantitative Analysis of HESS
Energy Management of HESS
Control/Design of WPT Systems
Conclusions
Outline
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Control of Networked Energy Systems
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Flexibility, Fault-tolerance, Scalability, Reliability
Intelligent “Plug & Play” in a dynamic environment.
Cooler HeaterEnter-tainmen
t
BrakePowerSteer-ing
LightTraction Motor
Battery
Super-capacitor
Wireless Charing
Range Extender
Solar Panel
Agent
Platform
Strategic
Decision Maker
Technical Committee (TC) on "Energy Storage " (TCES)
Multi-agent Interaction Modeling
Strategic Interaction Analysis
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Non-Cooperative Current Control Game
Three energy devices act as agents to play a game • Engine-generator: lower the fuel consumption; • Battery pack: extend the cycle life; • UC pack: maintain the charge/discharge capability.
Ultracapacitor is an assistive energy storage device. Two degree-of-freedoms: battery and generator
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
The preferences of the engine-generator (EG) unit, the battery and UC packs, are quantified by their respective utility functions.
The currents at the Nash equilibrium provide a solution that balances the different preferences of the players.
Utility Functions and Nash Equilibrium
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EG unit and UC pack
Bat. and UC packs
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Test bench
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Results under Real Test Cycles
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- H. Yin, C. Zhao, M. Li, C. Ma, M. Chow: "A Game Theory Approach to Energy Management of An Engine-Generator/Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy System", IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Accepted on Jan. 26th, 2016.
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Game theory-based energy management is expected to be superior in fault tolerance.
The control strategy can be reconfigured when failure happens.
Fault Tolerance in Energy Management
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Normal Operation
Engine-generator
Battery Pack
UC Pack
Load
Engine-generator
Battery Pack
UC Pack
50% of Load
Fail!
Failure Happens
Limp home mode
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Battery management system: hardware, states estimation, and control algorithms
Energy flow modeling and control between electric vehicles and smartgrids.
Other Ongoing Directions
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Modeling
EV Charging Model and Adaptive
Correction
Distributed Modeling of Energy Flow
Strategy
Nash Equilibrium among EVs
Stackelberg Equilibrium
between EVs and Grids
Application
Intelligent and Dynamic
Management of Energy
Flow
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Introduction
Quantitative Analysis of HESS
Energy Management of HESS
Control/Design of WPT Systems
Conclusions
Outline
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute 23
Optimal load tracking for high efficiency Robust design of system parameters Autonomous power distribution and control in
multi-receiver systems
System-level Optimizations/Control
Power level: 20 W
System Efficiency: 84% (k=0.1327)
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Optimal Load for High Efficiency
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PA RectifierDC/DC
converterLoad
RL
PLPf
Lm
Optimal loads
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Improved Charging Efficiency
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Wireless charging efficiency improvement with a fixed coil relative position.
- M. Fu, C. Ma, X. Zhu: “A Cascaded Boost-Buck Converter for Load Matching in 13.56MHz Wireless Power Transfer", IEEE Trans. on Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 1972-1980, Aug. 2014.
43.4%↑ 18%↑
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Experiment Setup
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The experimental WPT system. (a) Overall system. (b) Relative position of coils. (c) Power sensor. (d) I/V sampling board. (e) Cascaded DC/DC converter.
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Hill-climbing Tracking of Optimal Load
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Fig. 1 Tracking of optimal load resistances with a varying Rl.
Fig. 2 Tracking of optimal load resistances with a varying k.
A varying load resistance A varying coil position
- M. Fu, H. Yin, X, Zhu, C. Ma: “Analysis and Tracking of Optimal Load in Wireless Power Transfer Systems”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 30, No. 7, pp. 3952-3963, Jul. 2015.
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Instead of active control, the system parameters are optimized to improve the robustness against a varying operating condition.
Robust Optimization and Design
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Robustness Index
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Experimental Results
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Load=15 Ohm Load=30 Ohm Load=45 Ohm
Variation in coil distance
Variation in load
d=15 cm d=30 cm d=45 cm
- M. Liu, Y. Qiao, S. Liu, C. Ma: "Analysis and Design of A Robust Class E^2 DC-DC Converter for Megahertz Wireless Power Transfer", IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, accepted on May 16th, 2016.
Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Multiple-Receiver WPT System
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Introduction
Quantitative Analysis of HESS
Energy Management of HESS
Control/Design of WPT Systems
Conclusions
Outline
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
A fundamental transition is occurring from control of “motion” to control of “energy”.
System-level analysis, optimization, and implementation of control are crucial.
Major interests of DSC lab:
– Battery management system: hardware and various algorithms
– Modeling and control of networked energy systems (hybrid energy systems, alternative energy systems, vehicle-to-grid systems)
– Optimal design and control of WPT systems (new sensor, tunable components, control and design methodology)
– Autonomous power distribution among multiple receivers/devices
Conclusions
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Dynamic Systems Control Laboratory, UM-SJTU Joint Institute
Thank You
Presented by Dr. Chengbin Ma
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://umji.sjtu.edu.cn/faculty/chengbin-ma/
Lab: http://umji.sjtu.edu.cn/lab/dsc
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