Model answers Test 1 -2019 - enserioeducation.in 1_Ans_Enserio PTS... · Enserio Education...

Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers

1 (a) How is factor analysis used in Psychological research ? Cite examples. (10)

Answer Approach :

• Define and briefly explain factor analysis

• Give example of one or more studies where use of factor analysis is important

Marking Guideline :

+2 marks for defining factor analysis and showing conceptual clarity in explanation

+ 1 mark for citing a study which uses factor analysis

+ 1 mark if you cited a real famous study with researcher’s name/year

+ 1 mark for a diagram of the study

Enserio Education Psychology Test Series Page � of �1 42


Model answer :

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to

describe variability among observed, correlated variables in

terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables

called factors.

Charles Spearman pioneered the use of factor analysis in the field of psychology. His research on school children's scores on a wide variety of seemingly unrelated subjects led him to postulate the “g factor” theory, which underlies and shapes human cognitive performance.


Fig : Spearman’s G-factor theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Spearman


Factor analysis in Psychology has also been used to find factors in a broad range of domains such as personality, attitudes, beliefs, etc.

For example, in order to come up with Three Stratum Theory, Carroll used factor analysis to find that a factor called "broad visual perception" relates competence at visual tasks. He also found a "broad auditory perception" factor, relating to auditory task capability.

Thus, Factor analysis is an important technique for Psychological research.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Stratum_Theory


1 (b) Why do we use scientific methods in psychology ? Why don’t we not rely on long lasting folk wisdom of centuries or common sense derived from everyday life experiences. Give examples to substantiate your answer. (10)

Answer Approach :

• Bring out what is meant by “Scientific methods” by stating its characteristics.

• Give points on why scientific methods are necessary for Psychology. Make your case like a lawyer. e.g. stating what can go wrong if we don’t use scientific methods.

• Give at-least 2 examples of folk wisdom and how do they contradict with psychological studies carried out by scientific methods.

Marking Guideline :

+1 mark for defining what is meant by scientific method and its characteristics and showing conceptual clarity in explanation.

+ 2 marks for good argument on why scientific methods are necessary

+ 2 marks for citing at least two folk wisdoms and how they fail on scientific tests.

+ 1 mark for citing name of researcher or study which contradicts folk wisdom



Model answer :

The phrase “scientific methods” refers to an approach involving the use of systematic methods for gathering information and adherence to several key values or standards such as :

• Accuracy

• Objectivity

• Skepticism

• Open-mindedness

In Psychological studies, the use scientific methods becomes

critical because ‘folk wisdom’ or ‘common sense’ generally

do not conform to the values , standards and systematic

methods.

For example :

1. Dweck (1975) found that children who have faced continuous success in the past, gave up easily than those who had faced challenges and failures. This goes against the common belief that students who have succeeded


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers throughout their academic life, will also succeed in tougher academic challenges in future.

2. Folk wisdom are sometimes contradictory with each other on the same topic . e.g. :

“Distance makes the heart go fonder” vs “ Out of sight, out of mind “

“Birds of a feather flock together" vs “Opposites attract”

Hence, scientific methods are always preferred over folk wisdom, common sense in Psychology.



Q.1 (c) Briefly explain what has been found out in the studies conducted on Stimulus Deprivation in humans? (10)

Answer Approach :

• Define “Stimulus Deprivation”

• Outline a general effect of stimulus deprivation in humans

• Give 2-3 studies regarding stimulus deprivation, preferably for different stimuli like auditory, visual, olfactory etc.

Marking Guideline :

+1 mark for defining what is stimulus deprivation

+1 mark for listing out different types of stimulus deprivation

+1.5 mark for accurately explaining short term and long term effects of stimulus deprivation in humans

+ 1 mark for each study cited regarding stimulus deprivation and clearly mentioning the take-aways.



Model answer :

Sensory deprivation or perceptual isolation is the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses.

Stimulus deprivation can be Visual, Auditory, Taste , Olfactory deprivation etc. or a mix of these.

Effect in humans :

Short-term sessions of sensory deprivation are described as :

• relaxing

• conducive to meditation;

However, extended or forced sensory deprivation can result in :

• extreme anxiety

• hallucinations

• bizarre thoughts


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers • temporary senselessness

• depression.

Notable studies :

1. Sireteanu et al. (2008) : Visual blindfolding was used and subjects’ neuroimaging was done. Visual hallucinations were found to occur in subjects. Similar results were conveyed by Sekuler & Blake, (1990)

2. Jose Padilla was a U.S. prisoner in 2007 who was subjected to visual and auditory deprivation and extremes. He was later reported to have facial tics, random eye movements, unusual contortions and symptoms of depression.

Hence, short-term effects of stimulus deprivation in humans might be reported as pleasant , but long term effects are definitely hampering.



Q. 1(d) Do you think Bronfenbrenner’s contextual view of development is relevant in Indian Context ? (10)

Answer Approach :

• Briefly explain Bronfenbrenner’s Theory

• Draw the typical diagram explaining the theory

• Give points in for and against for its applicability in Indian context.

• Conclude briefly (must for questions asking your view)

Marking Guideline :

+1 mark for outlining Bronfenbrenner’s theory

+1 mark for well labelled diagram

+1 mark for at least 2 points in for

+1 mark for at least 1 point in against

+1 mark for giving appropriate conclusion



Model answer :

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory offers a framework through which community psychologists examine individuals' relationships within communities and the wider society. It identifies five environmental systems with which an individual interacts.

Fig. : Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory

Applicability in Indian context :

1. Numerous deprived children in India have unstimulating environment devoid of books, magazines, toys, visits to library, museum, zoo, etc.,


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers overcrowded and noisy surroundings. - which has effect on their development.

2. The “chronosystem” is of special importance in Indian context in the light of rapid socio-economic changes since last three decades, when compared to the western world which is already developed and stable.

However, some aspects in the theory have been designed from a viewpoint of individualistic western world, whereas by and large the Indian society is collectivistic in nature.

To overcome these, Durganand Sinha (1977) has presented an ecological model for development of children in Indian context.

Nonetheless, Bronfenbrenner’s theory applies largely to Indian context and will become more relevant with the present rate of globalisation.



Q. 1 (e) How is Punishment different from Negative reinforcement ? (10)

Answer Approach :

• Briefly define punishment and negative reinforcement

• Give 3 to 4 points of difference

• Give at least 1 example each for both punishment and negative reinforcement which brings out the difference

Marking Guideline :

+1 mark for defining punishment and negative reinforcement showing conceptual clarity

+1 for each point of difference. The points should be different from each other and not the same point in different languages.

+1 mark for relevant example of each



Model answer :

Negative reinforcement occurs when a behaviour is modified by the removal of an aversive event or the prevention of unpleasant stimuli from happening. On the other hand, punishment reduces or stops the occurrence of an undesirable behaviour by either adding an unpleasant event (positive punishment) or removing a pleasant stimulus (negative punishment)

Points of difference Negative Reinforcement

Punishment

Effect on behaviourBehaviour is increased

Behaviour is reduced or stopped

Procedure

Removal of aversive event or avoidance of unpleasant stimuli

Addition of unpleasant event or removal of pleasant stimulus

Effectiveness

Effective even if the reinforcer is not in immediate vicinity

effective when the threat of punishment is in the organism’s immediate vicinity.

Effective in long term

Relatively less effective in long term



For example :

A mother scolds her child for not keeping his room clean on a regular basis. The child then learns to be consistent in keeping his room tidy to avoid the unpleasant scolding by his mother. The scolding serves as the negative reinforcer.

On the other hand, if on seeing the child’s room dirty , the mother makes the child do 20 sit-ups, it will reduce the behaviour of keeping the room dirty. The sit-ups will be a form of punishment.



2 (a) Critically evaluate Tulving’s model of Long term memory. (15)

Answer Approach :

• Briefly explain Tulving’s model (50 words)

• Draw related relevant diagram

• Give at least 2 critical points with examples and names of Psychologists and their studies (100 words)

• Outline the positive aspects of the model in a nutshell (50 words)

Marking Guideline :

+1.5 mark for very briefly explaining Tulving’s model with conceptual clarity

+1.5 mark for diagram related to the theory

+2 marks for each point of critique along-with name of Pscyhologists and their studies like Squire & Zola (1998)

+2 marks for outlining positive points with studies and names like Baddeley (1966).

Model answer not needed

More than enough material available in standard books and the internet.

http://www.psychologywizard.net/tulvings-long-term-memory-ao1-ao2-ao3.html (jump to objections section to see critical points, However, read this full article)


http://www.psychologywizard.net/tulvings-long-term-memory-ao1-ao2-ao3.html


2 (b) How far are social learning and modelling responsible for shaping behaviours of adolescents ? Comment. (15)

Answer Approach, outline and marking guideline:

• Briefly explain the meaning and essence of social learning and modelling. Mention of Bandura’s name is a must - 2 marks

• Mention some characteristics of adolescence (psychological and psycho-social changes) which make it an important age for shaping behaviour. Terms like “Peer pressure”, “Self Concept”, “Identity Development” etc. are a must. - 1 mark

• Explain how modelling and social learning can inculcate 2 or 3 good behaviours with examples - 2.5 marks

• Explain how modelling and social learning can inculcate 2 or 3 bad behaviours with examples - 2.5 marks

• Conclude by stating importance of modelling and social learning for shaping behaviour in adolescence - 1 mark

No model answer needed - guideline should be enough .



c) What do you understand by “Development Tasks” with regard to human development in Psychological context ? Illustrate with reference to different stages of human life span. (20)


• Give a lucid explanation of Development tasks . Talk about their importance with reference to examples - 150 words (+3 marks)

• +1 bonus mark for naming psychologists in the explanation

• +1 bonus mark for categorising developmental tasks on the basis of their source : physical, socio-cultural, cultural etc.

• Start with early child-hood and go till later adulthood and list (and discuss wherever required), all important development tasks - either in tabular form or points or paragraphs for each stage - (+5) marks)

• Conclude by stating the importance of development tasks and also put a brief touch of criticism by stating how it is not relevant in many cases for development. (+2 marks)

Please see this link for a detailed article on developmental tasks

https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/developmental-tasks





Model answer :

A developmental task is one that arises predictably and

consistently at or about a certain period in the life of the

individual (Havighurst, 1948, 1953).

The concept of developmental tasks assumes that human

development in modern societies is characterised by a long

series of tasks that individuals have to learn throughout

their lives.

Successful achievement of a certain task is expected to lead

to happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure

may result in unhappiness in the individual, disapproval

by the society, and difficulty with later tasks.

Developmental tasks arise from three different sources :

1. physical maturation (e.g., learning to walk

2. sociostructural and cultural forces and social laws (e.g.

age norms)

3. personal values and aspirations. (e.g. choosing a certain

occupational pathway)

Some of these tasks are located in childhood and adolescence,

whereas others arise during adulthood and old age.



Developmental tasks at different stages of lifespan

Early Childhood

• earning to walk

• to take solid food

• to control the elimination of body wastes.

Late childhood

• learning to talk

• to form simple concepts of reality

• to relate emotionally with other people

• getting along with age mates

• learning skills for culturally valued games

• skills in writing, reading, and calculating

Adolescence

• to develop personal independence and a philosophy of life

• learning to achieve new forms of intimate relationships

• achieving emotional independence of parents

• developing a mature set of values and ethical principals

The peer group plays a major role in facilitating the

achievement of adolescents' developmental tasks by


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers providing a context in which some of these tasks can be

accomplished.

Early Adulthood

• learning to live with a marriage partner

• having and rearing children

• managing the family home

• Finalising a career/occupation

Late Adulthood

• assisting children with the transition into adulthood

• adjusting to the physiological changes of middle age (e.g.,

menopause).

• Serving as a mentor to younger people (also matches with

Erickson’s life statges)

Old Age

• Adjusting to retirement

• Learning to adjust and live with decreasing physical

strength and health

• Some older adults have to adjust to the death of their

spouses or deal with loneliness

• task of meeting social and civic obligations. For example,

older people might accumulate knowledge about life

(Baltes and Staudings, 2000), and thus may contribute


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers to the development of younger people and the society.

The theory however, has also faced criticisms. For example, a

lot of people do not marry, many do not have children etc.

Nonetheless, it stands robust in establishing development

tasks as milestones of development through-out life span.



3 (a) What are different types of parenting styles ? How does each style affect development of a child ? (15)


• Explain what is meant by parenting styles. : 1 mark

• State the four types of parenting styles : 2.5 marks

• Draw the standard diagram of a quadrant of parenting styles :1 marks

• Explain each parenting style showing conceptual clarity - 2.5 marks

• Give example of each parenting style by stating a father and a daughter/son - 1 mark

• State the relative effectiveness of each parenting style in bringing up well developed children - 1 marks

• Bonus : State what kind of parenting style is more common in eastern and western cultures - 1 mark


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers 3 (b) What do you mean by “Schedules of Reinforcement” ? Explain along with relative effect of each on strength of acquired behaviour. (15)


• Explain what is meant by schedules of reinforcement : 1 mark

• State how the schedules are classified : 1 mark

• Draw the standard graph/diagram of schedules :1 mark

• Explain each schedule by showing conceptual clarity - 2 marks

• Give example of each schedule - 2 marks

• State the relative effectiveness of each schedule - 2 marks


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers 3 (c) Explain the different types of Mnemonic Techniques. Do you think a person suffering from amnesia can derive benefit out of them ? Comment (20)


• Explain what is meant by Mnemonics by giving an example for their need : 2 mark

• State the different types of Mnemonics, along with their classification : 2 marks

• Explain each Mnemonic showing conceptual clarity - 3 marks

• Give example of each mnemonic - 2 marks

• Comment if mnemonics help in amnesia - 3 marks (Look at “For patients with memory deficits” section in the wiki link below)

• Bonus : Comment on the effectiveness of Mnemonics in general by citing some studies : 1 mark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic

Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers 4 (a) Comment on perceptual defence-factors influencing space and depth perception with relevant examples. (15)

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00205/full


• Explain what is meant by “Perceptual Defence” - 2 marks

• List out what kind of defence factors are responsible in perception of depth with examples -2 marks

• List out what kind of defence factors are responsible in perception of space with examples -2 marks


https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00205/full

Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers 4 (b) Trace the development of Psychology as a formal study discipline in India. (15)

Standard answer given in NCERT - XI Chapter 1 (Page- 10 - “DEVELOPMENT OF

PSYCHOLOGY IN INDIA )


• Give a brief one -line intro of how Psychology (“manovigyaan”) has been an ancient study discipline in India (1 mark)

• State the first formal beginning of experimental Psychology at dept. of Phil. in Univ. Of Calcutta (1915) and then starting a full-fledged Univ. of Psychology (1916)—1 mark

• Mention how different universities began teaching Psychology in India chronologically, also mention the present state - 2 marks

• Very Important : State point-wise , the different phases of Psychology in India given by Durganand Sinha - 3 marks

• Mention names and works of renowned Indian Psychologists - 2 marks

• Bonus : A chronological flowchart/diagram showing the evolution - 1 mark


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers 4 (c) Interview, observation, questionnaire are different ways of data collection for Psychological research. In what situation will you use each of them ? Explain using hypothetical research scenarios. (20)


• Define and explain methodology each - Interview, Obs. and questionnaire - (1x3 = 3 marks)

• Give a general guideline of applicability of each of these - point wise (e.g. in this, this and this situation , use interview ) (1.5 x3 = 3.5 marks)

• Pick one research scenario for each of these methods and explain in detail in order to depict conceptual clarity. e.g. : write the type of questions in the interview for the research, the observation points in observation etc. (1.5 *3 =4.5 marks)

• Conclude by stating the significance of each and summarising the discussion thus far within two lines ( 1 mark)



5 (a) What is meant by “Plasticity of perception”? Explain. (10)

Hint : “Plasticity” in general means “the property of being susceptible to change or deformation”. Thus, plasticity of perception means that even though the object is the same, its perception may vary depending on the type of individual, his motivation, emotion, expectation, culture, age, gender, stage of life etc.


• Define what does plasticity mean in context of perception (2 marks)

• Give the factors which affect perception (e.g. motivation , expectation, culture, experience, defence-factors etc.) (2 marks)

• Give examples of at-least 2 cases in which the same stimulus can bring different perception. (2 marks)


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers 5 (b) Discuss the phenomena of implicit & explicit memories. (10)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_memory


• Define each of the two. Do mention the other terminology for both i.e. declarative and procedural memory and give example of each memory type (3 marks)

• Citing studies , with name of researchers, establish how they are different from each other. - 2 marks

• State the physical association of implicit and explicit memory types with different parts of the brain with proper terminology (1 mark)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_memory

Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers 5 (c) What Psychological changes does an adolescent have to go through ? Discuss using Psychological terminology. (10)


• State the age of adolescence and its significance. Mention that there are many changes that adolescents have to got through including social, physical, sexual, psychological etc. -2 marks

• List down the Cognitive and Psycho-social changes that adolescents have to go through. Make sure to use proper terminology like “ Self Concept”, “Personal Fable”, “egocentrism”, “sensation seeking (Zuckerman, 1990)” etc. - 4 marks

• Bonus : Remember to mention G. Stanley Hall whenever talking about adolescence (1 mark)


Enserio Education 2019-Test 1 model answers 5 (d) Who were Gestalists ? Comment on their contribution to the field of Psychology. (10)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychology


• Mention the evolution of Gestalist ideas (state the approximate chronology - 1890s and early 1900s, Geography (Germany) ) - 1 mark

• Mention the main idea of gestalt - whole is not equal to sum of parts; Mention the key principles of gestaltism : emergence, reification, multistability and invariance. - 1.5 marks

• Mention names of some gestaltist Psychologists Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Köhler -0.5 marks

• Contribution : Mention perception studies, application in education and communication -2 marks

• Criticism : Mention the main criticisms of the theory - 1 mark

• Bonus : Conclude by stressing on the contribution and briefly touching their criticism. Use words like “Despite, nonetheless” etc.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Koffka

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wertheimer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler


5 (e) Giving an example, discuss the importance of quasi-experimental designs. (10)


• Define Quasi-experimental designs depicting conceptual clarity .State the difference between Experimental, Non-experimental and quasi-experimental designs -1.5 marks

• State the circumstances in which quasi designs are needed - 1 mark

• State an example of quasi-experimental design, clearly stating the test and control variables and why an experimental design not possible - 1.5 marks

• State the importance of quasi designs by citing 3-4 cases where they are used in the field of Psychological studies. - 2 marks

• Bonus : Name a study or two with the name of Psychologists where quasi designs were used - 1 mark



6 (a) Critically discuss Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development. (15)


• Give a brief outline and broad idea Piaget's theory. - 1 mark

• Give at-least 4 negatives points about Piaget's theory along with researchers' name and studies who brought forward that criticisms - 3.5 marks

• Give atleast 3 positive points and appreciations about Piaget's theory preferably with researcher's name and their studies. - 2.5 marks

• Make sure to mention 5 or 6 "keywords" central to Piaget's theory and underline them - 2 marks

• Conclude with a positive note about Piaget's theory - something like : "

." - 1 mark



6 (b)”Perception is part of top-down processing where our brain assembles the information to make sense of the impulses being sent to it.” Discuss. (15 marks)

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-top-down-processing-2795975

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_perception


• Give an outline of what exactly is top-down processing with example - 2.5 marks

• Give a brief summary of bottom-up approach to explain the contrast between the two approaches - 1.5 marks

• Give 2 or 3 examples to explain the idea of top-down approach - 2 marks

• Benefits and Weaknesses of Top-Down Processing - 2 marks

• Conclude by reiterating how impulses are received by the brain and it makes sense of those impulses by assembling them, leading to perception - 1 mark

• Bonus : for a diagram illustrating the concept of top-down processing


https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-top-down-processing-2795975

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_perception


6 (c) What do you mean by “Learned Helplessness” ? Is it really common in real life ? Discuss ways to tackle it. (20)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness


• Explain in detail what is learned helplessness with an example of a human - 70 words - 3 marks

• Mention Seligman (1967) and his study on dogs to explain learned helplessness - 2 marks

• Mention how it is related to mental illness and depression - 1 mark

• On the question of prevalence in real life , state that L.H. can be more common than we generally think and write at-least 3 examples from this link https://media.lanecc.edu/users/kime/Ch5Eobservational.3.pdf - 3 marks

• Ways to tackle it - mentioned cognitive, behavioural etc. This link can help : https://psychologycompass.com/blog/overcoming-learned-helplessness/ - 3 marks

• Bonus : Diagrams depicting Seligman's experiment (2 marks)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness

https://media.lanecc.edu/users/kime/Ch5Eobservational.3.pdf

https://media.lanecc.edu/users/kime/Ch5Eobservational.3.pdf

https://psychologycompass.com/blog/overcoming-learned-helplessness/

https://psychologycompass.com/blog/overcoming-learned-helplessness/


7 (a) Do you think ecological perspective is an effective approach to understand developmental outcomes ? Discuss. (15)


• Explain briefly what is ecological perspective and how does it differ from other perspectives of development.- 2.5 marks

• Name some ecological models like Durganand Sinha and Bronfenbrenner's Model - 1.5 mark

• Give atleast 3 points on how ecological perspectives are helpful - preferably citing studies - 2.5 marks

• Give atleast 3 points on how ecological perspective fails to help in understanding of certain developmental outcomes, preferably citing studies - 2.5 marks



7 (b) Explain and critically evaluate Atkinson and Shriffin Model of Memory (15)


• Explain Atkinson and Shriffin Model- 2.5 marks

• Draw a diagram for the model - 1 mark

• Give atleast 3 points on how the model is helpful - preferably citing studies - 2 marks

• Give atleast 3 points on how the model fails to explain certain properties of memory- preferably citing studies and case studies of patients- 2.5 marks

• Conclude tilting in positive favour - preferably citing a Psychologist or modern trends in Psychology - 1 mark



7 (c) Explain with relevant examples, how culture affects perception. Do you think the shaping of perception by culture also affects developmental outcomes? (20)

Below is an excellent resource for this topic :

https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/45975_Chapter_3.pdf

Cite as many examples as you can about - more examples , more marks. This is a 20 marker, so atleast 5 examples with name of Psychologists are required to get 60 % marks.

Be careful about the second part of the question. It is a perfect example of combination of two chapters- make sure to write how the developmental outcomes are affected due to perception.


https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/45975_Chapter_3.pdf


8 (a) Explain anterograde amnesia with special reference to the classical case of HM (15)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison

1. explain the phenomenon anterograde amnesia - 2 marks

2. Give a background of HM's case - how long was he studied , what were his symptoms - 2 marks

3. Explain the case of H.M. outlining his parts of brain affected and their effects - 5 marks

4. Bumper bonus marks : Diagram of brain, showing responsible for anterograde amnesia - 2 marks


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison


8 (b) What are confounding variables ? How can they affect the results of an experiment ? Discuss with examples. (15)


• Define what are confounding variables. Depict crystal clear conceptual clarity - 3 marks

• Give at-least 3 examples of confounding variables with a background of research context -(2x3) marks

• Bonus 2 marks : Mention a real experiment which has gone wrong due to confounding variables



8 (c) How did Bowlby & Ainsworth change the way we look at early relationships and their affect on psychological development of humans ? Explain citing their studies. (20)


• Give a background of Bowlby & Ainsworth and their research on attachment - 2 marks

• Mention their Attachment theory and all other findings mentioned in the links below : - 10 marks

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337

Model answers Test 1 -2019 - enserioeducation.in 1_Ans_Enserio PTS... · Enserio Education...

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