Modals - Part 2
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Transcript of Modals - Part 2
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MODALSPART 2
TSL042
Fatimah Azzahra
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REQUEST:
CAN, COULD, WILL,WOULD, WOULD YOU MIND
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1) We use modals can, could, will and would to make a request.
Eg: Can you submit your work by tomorrow?Will you come to my room?
• Could and would are more polite than can and will. These are used to soften request.
Eg: Could you give me a call?Would you switch off the fan?
• Please is also used to make the request more polite. Notice the word order.
Eg: Would you close the door please?Would you please close the door?
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2) In affirmative answer to requests, we usually use expressions such as sure, certainly, of course and no problem.
Eg: A: Would you like a cup of coffee?B: Sure. (I’d be glad to). (Of course).
• In negative answers, we usually apologize and give an explanation.
Eg: A: Could you come to my office today?B: I’m sorry, I can’t. I have something to do later on.
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REMEMBER!• Do not use would/could in response to polite requests/
Sure, I wouldI’m sorry, I couldn’t.
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3) We also use Would you mind + gerund to make polite requests. It is even more polite than could/would.
Eg: A: Would you mind waiting? I still have some work to do.B: Not at all. (Of course not).
= OK, I’ll do it.*affirmative*
B: I’m sorry, I can’t. I have another appointment in half an hour.
*negative answers* = apologize, explain
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ADVICE:
SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
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1) Should and ought to are modals used to say something that is advisable.• They have the same meaning =
“This is a good idea. This is good advice.”
Forms: should + simple form of a verb (no to)ought + to + simple form of a verb
Eg: My clothes are dirty, I should wash them. (ought to)
Incorrect: I should to wash them. I ought washing them.
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2) NEGATIVE: Should + not = shouldn’t(ought to is usually not used in the negative)
Eg: You need your sleep. You should not stay up late.
3) QUESTION:should + subject + main verb(ought to is usually not used in questions)
Eg: A: I’m going to be late. What should I do?B: Run.
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4) The use of maybe with should & ought to “softens” advice.
A: I’m tired today.B: You should/ought to go home and take a nap.
A: I’m tired today.B: Maybe you should/ought to go home and take a nap.
Speaker B is giving definite advice. He is stating clearly that he believes going home for nap is a good idea and is the solution to speaker A’s problem.
Speaker B is making a suggestion: going home for a nap is one possible way to solve speaker A’s problem.
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5) Had better has the same basic meaning as should/ought to.• Contraction: ‘d better (usually in speaking)• Usually implies a warning (strong advice) about possible bad
consequences.
Eg: You’re driving too fast! You’d better slow down.** if you don’t slow down, there could be a bad result;You could get a speeding ticket or have an accident.
NEGATIVE: had better notEg: You’d better not eat that meat. It looks spoiled.
REMEMBER! Had better always refers to the present/future, never to past (even though it uses word had)
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6) In informal context, we often use oughta instead of ought to and better instead of had better.
Eg: You oughta read the netiquette rules first. You better not just jump in.
REMEMBER!Do not use these forms in formal writing.
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EXPRESSING NECESSITY OR OBLIGATION:
MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO
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EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY:
DO NOT HAVE TO
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1) Don’t / doesn’t have to expresses the idea that something is NOT NECESSARY.
Eg:• I finished all of my homework this afternoon. I don’t have
to study tonight.• Tomorrow is a holiday. Mary doesn’t have to go to class.
2) Must not expresses prohibition (DO NOT DO THIS!).Eg:• Children, you must not play with matches!• We must not use that door. The sign says “Private: DO
NOT ENTER”.
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3) Must + not = Mustn’t (the first “t” is not pronounce)
Eg: You mustn’t play with matches.
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To be continued