Modal Verbs: Advice, Obligation, Permission
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Transcript of Modal Verbs: Advice, Obligation, Permission
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MODAL VERBS
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What are modal verbs?
• Modal verbs (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs that give additional information about the function of the main verb.
• Examples : CAN, COULD, SHALL, SHOULD and so on.
• Types of modal verbs 1.Advice 2.Obligation 3.Permission
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Modals• Modals in the present: You should see a doctor.
• Modals in the past: You should have seen a doctor
MODAL VERB + INFINITIVE (V.1) + PAST PATICIPATE (V.3)
MODAL VERB + INFINITIVE (V.1)
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Advice
Modal Verbs OF
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- Use to give advice and make recommendations.- For example: - I think you shouldn’t lazy to do your homework.- We should wake up in early morning because we must go to
school.• Should is used for advice in the present.
Subject + Should + Base Verb• Should is used for advice in the past.
Should + Have + Past Participle• For negative advice.
Shouldn't
Should
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Ought to
- Similar to should but less common speech and usually not used in negative way
- For example: - You ought not to steal your mother’s money.- You ought to study hard for the bright future.• For negative advice
Ought not to
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Had better
- Stronger and more urgent than should or ought to, so it used to give stronger advice and warning
- For example:- It looks like rain, you had better take an umbrella. - She had better hurry up because the train leaves
in 5 minutes.• For negative advice
Had better not
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Obligation
Modal Verbs OF
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Obligation
• OBLIGATION means something by which a person is obliged to do, and which arises out of a sense of duty or results from custom, law, and so on.
• We can use• - have to + infinitive (V.1)• - must + infinitive (V.1)• - should + infinitive (V.1)• to express obligation (Something you have to do)
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Have to / Don't have to
Positive Obligation Negative Obligation☀ Use for strong obligation☀ This is usually referring to a rule or law
Examples:-Children have to go to school.-You have to be careful with scissors.
☀ Use "Don't have to" to show something that is not necessary
Examples:-I don't have to work on Sundays.-You don't have to eat anything you don't like.
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Had to /Didn't have to
Positive Obligation Negative Obligation☀ Obligation in the past
Example:-I had to wear a school uniform when I was a child.
☀ No obligation in the past
Example:-We didn't have to go to school on Saturdays.
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Must (Must Have) / Mustn't
Positive Obligation Negative Obligation☀ Strong obligation (possibly based on the speaker's opinion): I must study today.☀ It is formal and normally used in writing:You must use a pencil on the test.☀ Logic/Certainty or strong probability.: She must be hungry because she has not eaten for 2 days.☀ MUST HAVE: use in supposition: I can't find my laptop, I must have left it in the train.
☀ "Must not" shows something that is prohibited
Examples:-You mustn't smoke here.-You mustn’t eat in the computer room. (Food in the computer room is prohibited.)
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SPECIAL EXAMPLE
• Take care to distinguish correctly between "had to" and "must have"
• They had to go to Thailand.= They were obliged to go to Thailand.Vs.• They must have gone to Thailand. = In my opinion, they have certainly gone to Thailand.
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Should have + past participle /Shouldn't have + past participle
Positive Obligation Negative Obligation☀ A past action which didn't happen.
Example:-You should have gone to bed earlier, now you have missed the train.
☀ A past action which didn't happen.
Example:-You shouldn't have taken that job, it was a bad idea.
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SPECIAL EXAMPLE• Here is an example of the difference between 'have to' and
'must':
• -My doctor said that I have to stop smoking or I'll risk serious problems. (I have no choice)
Vs.• -I must stop smoking. It’s costing me too much money. (It’s
my decision)
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NOTE TO SELF:
• Be careful about the difference between don't have to and mustn't!
• Don't have to means you don't need to do something, but it's fine if you want to do it:
• -I don't have to get up early at the weekend (of course, if I want to get up early, that's fine, but I can stay in bed if I want).
• Mustn't means it's not allowed, or it's a bad idea:• -You mustn't eat so much chocolate, you'll be sick.
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Should (Ought to) /Shouldn't
Positive Obligation Negative ObligationMild obligationAdviceLogic/Conclusion
Examples:-You should save some money.-I ought to get a haircut
Mild negative obligationAdvice
Examples:-You shouldn't smoke so much.
Should and ought to are more or less synonymous
Example:-You should stop smoking. = You ought to stop smoking.
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Permission
Modal Verbs OF
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Definition of PERMISSION
: the right or ability to do something that is given by someone who has the power to decide if it will be allowed or permitted
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Ask For Permission
• We often use “can” to ask for permission.Ex. Can I go home now? Can we eat this pizza?
• Could is more formal and polite than can. Ex. Could I play a video games?
Could I smoke at the school?
• May is another more formal and polite way.Ex. May I go to shopping?May I drink water?
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Give Permission• We also often use “can” to give permission
Ex. You can go home now.
You can eat this pizza.
• Could is more formal and polite than can, and we use could to say that something was permitted in the past
Ex. You could play a video games .
You could smoke at the school 15 years ago.
• May is more formal and polite way to give permission
Ex. You may go shopping.
You may drink water.
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Refusing Permission• We use “can’t” to say that something isn’t permitted.
Ex. You can’t go how now.You can’t eat this pizza.
• We use “couldn’t” to say that something was not permitted in the past.Ex. You couldn’t smoke in the bus.You couldn’t do exercise in the toilet.
• We can also use “may” to say that something isn’t permitted too.Ex. No, you may not.
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TEST YOURSELF
• You don’t look very well, you __________ go to work.
had better not
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TEST YOURSELF
• Mrs. Johnnie's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer ______ be someone in this room. It ______ be any one of us!!!
must coul
d
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TEST YOURSELF
• She __________ get up early today, because it's Sunday.
doesn’t have to
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TEST YOURSELF
• You ______ tell anyone what I just told you. It's a secret.
mustn’t
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TEST YOURSELF
• Ned: ______ I borrow your lighter for a minute?
Sarah: Sure, no problem. Actually, you ______ keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.
Can
can
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Thank you for listening.
Jitrapa Leetanasaksakul No.3Tanasorn Pajchim No.7
Apichaya Wanwaisart No.11