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Environment

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Environment environ + ment = encircle all

around

Environment :

The complex of physical, chemicaland biotic factors that act upon an

organism or an ecological communityand ultimately determine its formand survival

(Encyclopedia Britannica)

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Environmental factors

Substances (soil , water)

Conditions (temperature, light)

Forces (wind , gravity) Organisms (plants , animals)

Time

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Environment factors

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Ecology

Ecology is the defined study ofthe relations of organisms, or

groups of organisms to theirenvironment, or the science ofthe interrelations between living

organisms and theirenvironments.

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Ecology is the science of all therelations of all organisms to theirenvironments

(Taylor)

Ecology is the study of plants andanimals in relation to theirenvironment

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Environment

managementIt is not merely a management of

environment but it is essentially themanagement of environment of activities withintolerable constraints imposed by theenvironment itself and with full considerationof ecological factors.

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Management of environment involvesenvironmental planning, conservation ofresources, environmental status evaluationand environmental legislation andadministration

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Characteristic features of

EMIt deals with a world affected by humans

It supports sustainable development

It concerns with short term and long termplanning as well as from local to global scale

It seeks to integrate natural and socialscience, policy making and planning

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Sustainable developmentDevelopment that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs

OR

Improving the quality of human life whileliving within the carrying of the supporting

ecosystem

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Eco developmentUNCED (3-14 June,1992) at Rio De Janeiro

, accepted sustainable development aseco development

UNCED United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development

Rio Declarationfor environment and

development programme for sustainabledevelopment.

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Ecosystems

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EcosystemAn organic community of plants and animals

viewed within its physical environment or

habitat. (Monkhouse & Small)Ecosystems are ecological systems in which

plants and animals are linked to theirenvironment through a series of feedback

loopsEg: terrestrial ,aquatic, fresh water ,marine

ecosystems

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Components of ecosystem Biotic components (living)

Abiotic components (physical environment or non-living)

Biotic components Autotrophs (producers)

Hetrotrophs (consumers)Macro consumers (Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores)

Micro consumers (Decomposes or Osmotrophs)

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Abiotic componentsSolid mineral matter of the earth (lithosphere)

Oceans,rivers,lakes (hydrosphere)Gaseous mixture in the air (the atmosphere)

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Energy flowEnergy is defined as the ability to do work and

is the essence of life. Without energy transfersthere could be no life and no ecologicalsystems.

The energy reaching the earths surface istransformed and/or absorbed by plants andother organisms

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Biogeochemical cyclingThe growth of life requires about 40 elements.

Hydrogen

OxygenCarbon

All the elements continue to cycle at theecosystem level; they are also an integral part

of the larger or global cycle

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Hydrological cycleAlso known as water cycle

Involves a interchange of water between

earths surface and the atmosphere throughrainfall and evatranspiration

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Carbon cycleCarbon moves from the atmospheric pool to

green plants (producers) , then to animals(consumers) and finally to bacteria and other

micro organisms (decomposers) that return toatmosphere, through decomposition of deadorganic matter

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Oxygen cycleThe plants release oxygen in photolysis of

water during photosynthesis. Again gaseousoxygen is used in respiration of all organisms

and in the oxidation of organic matter.

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Nitrogen cycleChief sources of nitrogen for plants are

nitrates in the soil.

Nitrogen fixers are Rhizobium ,blue-greenalgae

Plants in turn are eaten by animals.

The dead organic matter formed due to death

of plants and animals is decomposed bybacteria, fungi ..etc , which releases nitrogeneither in free state to atmosphere or asammonia gas

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Phosphorus cyclePhosphorus rocks erode and release

phosphates to ecosystems.

A major portion of phosphates goes into thesea in the form of sedimentation.

Sea birds returning phosphorus to the cyclefrom sea to land

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Sulfur cycleThe reserve pool of sulfur is soil and it is

made available to the plants in the soil by theactivity of sulfur bacteria.

Some quantities are added to the atmosphereby burning the fossil fuels

Later sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide

return to the soil as sulfates or sulfuric acidwith rain