Feb5,2008

SandeepChennakeshu

StandardsEvolution(5yrsteps)

Analog

Digitalex.GSM

(8Kbps)

BasicData

ex.EDGE1xRTT

(50Kbps)

Multi‐media

ex.WCDMA

(300Kbps)

HighSpeedPacketData

ex.HSPA

(10Mbps)

80’s 1993 1998 2003 2008 2012

WideAreaBroadband

Ex.LTE

WiMax

(100Mbps)

System/ServiceEvolution

TerminalsRadio

NetworkServers/Gateways

Content

Voice

Data(ex.SMS,MMS,IMS,email)

Multimedia(ex.Audio/Video)

Convergenceof3industriesandproliferationofstandardshasincreasedcomplexity

ExplosionofStandardsTelecom(ex.3GPP)

GSMGPRSEDGE

WCDMAHSPAHSPA+LTE

Datacom

TCP,IPv4,IPv6UDP,SIP

SMS,MMSIMS(incl.VCC,DSC,

MIH)…

Multimedia

MP3,MP3pro,AAC,AAC+,WMA,RA,H.263,H.264,MPEG4,JPEG,WMV,RV,VC1,

OpenGL2.x,DRM..

Security

AES,3DES,SHA,MD5,RSA,FSA,DH,PKCS10,PKCS11,EAP,IKE,SSL,TLS,A5,A8,Snow..

Connectivity

USB(FS,HS,OTG),BT,WLANa/b/g/n,GPS,MobTV(DMB,ISDBT,DVBH,MediaFlo),Pictbridge,SGMII,SATA,SIM,SD,MS,.…

HighEndPhoneFeatureEvolution

2000 –Highendphone

• narrowbandCSvoice• 50‐150Kbpsdata(downlink)• SMS,MMS• BasicPIM• 4Kcolordisplay• Primitivegames• 2RFbands• 100MIPDSP• 100MIPCPU• 8Mbytesmemory• BasicBluetooth,IR• KeypadbasedUI

(CommunicationDevice)

2008–Highendphone

• widebandCSvoice• 7Mbpsdata(downlink)• 5Mbpsdata(uplink)• SMS,MMS,IMS• AdvancedPIM• MultiformatAudio&Video• TVout• Basicbrowser,Basicgames(2D)• DRM• FOTA• 5‐8MPcamera• 16Mcolordisplay• 10RFbands• 500MIPDSP,500MIPCPU• 8GBytesmemory• Bluetooth,WLAN,GPS,USBHS• SensorbasedUI

(MultiMediaDevice)

2012–Highendphone

• widebandVoIP• 100Mbpsdata(up/down)• Integratedmessaging/mail• IntegratedPIM,realtimesync/presence/notification• MultiformatAudio&Video&full3Dgaming• Fullbrowser• DRM+e‐commerce• FOTDA• 8‐16MPcamera• 24Mcolordisplay• Auxdisplayconnect(HDMI)• UniversalRFbands• 3GHzMulti‐cores• 50GBytesmemory• BT,WLAN,GPS,USB3.0• ContextsensitivesensorbasedUI• Personalserver

(TruePersonalServer)

Implications

• TransformationofMobilePhoneManufacturers(OEMs)

• EmergenceofPlatformPlayers

• Exponentialincreasinginsoftware,testing&interoperability

• Radiocomplexity

• Growthincomputationpower&memory

• ArchitectureChanges

• Consolidation

TransformationofOEMs

Focus(Then)

ModemManufacturingTechnologyPerformance

Price

Focus(Now)

BrandChannels

IndustrialDesignUsability

Services/Applications

EmergenceofPlatformPlayers

ASICS

CoreSWplatform(Telecom,Datacom,Security,Multimediacodecs/fileformats,Connectivityenablers)

Applications

UserInterface

Platform(fullytested)

Hascutdownphonedevelopmentto6monthsfrom18months

SoftwareComplexity

1998

1millionlinesofcodeSingleRTOS

MainlyModemFewApplications

SimpleUILittleUserData

2012

10‐15millionslinesofcode

MultipleprocessorsMultipleOS/Hypervisors

MultipleModemsComplexgraphicalUIs

LargeUserdataOvertheairdownloadof

features/functions

IncreaseinTest

TerminalsRadio

NetworkServers/Gateways

Content

Voice

Data(ex.xMS,email)

Multimedia(ex.Audio/Video)

Exponentialincreaseintestingtoensureend‐to‐endinteroperability

Typicalphonelaunchrequiresabout50,000testcases

Tests:IOT,Regulatory,Signaling,Conformance,System,UseCase/Functional,UserInterface,KeyPerformanceIndicators

RadioProliferation

• 2G:4bands• 3G:10bands• LTE,WiMax:addsaband• WLAN• GPS• BT• MobileTV(DMB,DVB‐H,MediaFlo,ISDB‐T)–multiplebands

• Differentbandwidths

Antenna’sandFilterstakespace(areaandvolume) Filtersandswitches(connectiontoantenna)causeloss(power)

ComputationPower&Memory

1998

DSP:150MHzCPU:2x100MHzMemory:8Mbytes

2012Projection

Modem:20BipsApplications:2GHzMemory:50Gbytes

ObviousChallengeisPowerConsumption

HardwareArchitecture

RF Baseband

PowerManagement/Audio

WLAN GPSBT

MemoryMemory

ApplicationProcessor(server)

GPS

WLAN

BT/FM

CellularModem

Memory

Sensors

ComplexPowerManagement

TypicalSoftwareStructures

HAL

CellularConnectiv

ity DatacomMulti‐media

Security/Services

API

os

HAL

CellularConnectiv

ity DatacomMulti‐media

Security/Services

API

os

HAL DriversRTOSRTOS

Consolidation

ProcessTechnology(3majorplayers)

PlatformPlayers(2majorand1niche)

PhoneOEMs(7control>90%market)

InfrastructureProviders(5control75%ofmarket)

Operators(10have50%marketshare)

Challenges  PowerConsumption(1dayuseona750mAHbattery)

  Size(50ccisconvenienttocarry)

  Cost(consumerdevicesASPdrop20%peryear)

  Rapidenablementofserviceoffering/customization

  Usability

PowerConsumption  Batterytechnologyhasshownmarginalvolumetricorgravimetric

capacitygain

  Needtolookatallaspectsofpowerconservation

  UsageExample:

  2hourstalk(150maH)  1hourdatatransfer–Browse/mail(150maH)  8hoursmusic(50ma)  3hoursvideoorgaming(300maH)  hoursstandby(15maH)

PowerConsumption

Process

Circuit

HWArchitecture

Software

System

Ex.32nmhighK,CMOSradios….

Ex.MultipleVt,DVFS,DPTC,SRPG….

Ex.Taskspecificcores,Novelconverters….

Ex.SmartOS(scheduling),Algorithms,DataMovementFastSwitching..

Ex.Goodinterfacedesign,sensors…

DataSpeed&Power

Processing  30Xspeed+shortertransmissiontimeinterval(1ms)

  ComputationloadofPHYandMAClayerprocessingisequivalentto15‐20Bips

  Heterogeneousprocessorsofferonesolution  Example:Timebasedprocessing,efficientmultithreadhandlingcapability

Uplink

  Higherlevellinearmodulationneeded–Peak‐AveragePowerratioproblem  GSMPAPR=0dB  WCDMA(HSUPA)PAPR=3dB  LTEPAPR=6dB  WiMAXPAPR=8dB

  Broadbandlinearizationtechniquesneeded

RFPower,Size,Cost

  Multiplebandsmeansmorefiltersandcomplexfront‐endnetwork

  Cansavesizeandcostbyeliminatingfilters

  Thiscauseshigherlinearityrequirementsonradioanddataconverters  Higherlinearitytranslatestoincreaseincurrent

(power)

  Bandwidthincreasefurthercomplicatestheproblem(samplingrate)

  IfwecaneliminatefilterswecanuseeliminateconceptofseparatePAs

  LVDSbasedhighspeedserialinterfaces

L

Transmit

F1

F2

I=PoxL/(Eff.xV)

ApplicationProcessing/Power

  Audio,Video,Graphics,Imaging,Securityallhavedifferentcharacteristics

  Dedicatedacceleratorsaretypicallyused(speed‐powertradeoff)

  Busstructureorservingnodeshouldnotbottleneck

  Restrictmovingdataacrosslargedomainsorfrequentmemoryaccess(localmemoryandlocalbus)

  SmartschedulingviaOSwillbeakeydifferentiator

  AdequateprocessingpowerforfullOS

NetworkBackbone

Audio Video

Security Imaging

2D/3D

MIF

CPU

CommentsonSize

  SizeistypicallydominatedbyDisplay,BatteryandAntennas

  Sizecanbeminimized  byremovingfiltersandnumberofPAs  reducingfrequencyofoperation(diesize)onsub‐systems  packaging(examples)

  RedistributedChipPackage  WaferLevelPackaging  Integratedpassives  Packageonpackage(especially,fan‐inPOP)

SoftwareStructureforbroadbasedServiceOffering

Hypervisor

AppSet1/OS1

AppSet2/OS2

MultipleRadiosandMultipleCores

API

Tools(compile,profile,link,debug)forthesearchitecturesareunderdevelopedSecuritybecomesachallenge

Usability

  Sensorsofferimprovedusability  Capacitivetouchscreendisplays  Haptics  DualandtripleaxisMEMSbasedaccelerometersandGyros  DeadreckoningandGPSaugmentation

  Contextsensitiveuserinterface  Ex.buttons&controlschangeforaudio,camera,video,gaming

  Multiplemicrophonesandspeakers(soundeffectsandnoisecancellation)

  Projectiononlargerscreendevices

Summary

• Therewillbealmost4billionmobilephonesubscribersby2012

• FastestgrowingsegmentisexpectedtobeSmartphonesandMID

• Mobilephoneswillbecomepersonalmedia/informationdeviceswithseamlessconnectivity

• Dataspeedsandapplicationsdriveenormousprocessingcapabilityneeds

• Wideareabroadbandwillenablealotofnewapplications

• Powerconservation,testingandsecurityarethebiggestchallenges