Mobile Internet in Bangladsh

8/9/2019 Mobile Internet in Bangladsh

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Nmhafl Aerlxelr

$Gax{r lwlx saxlfl{{ aerlxelr ae Hiecfibl{d!

HQ

IHB\F GIRRID

H[ AE LFLKRXMEAK IEB RLFLKMNN\EAKIRAME

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EMXRD [M\RD \EAWLX[ARQ

BDIJI& HIECFIBL[D

Kmerler{

Ikjemsflbclnler

;

Ih{rxikr2

9%0 Aerxmb|krame


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3%0 [lkmebixq Biri Ieifq{a{

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Nq dmemxihfl rlikdlx Bx% Pxmgl{{mx N Ihb|f Isif if{m dlfp{ |{ rm smxj me rda{% Dl {dms{

rdl siq ae sdakd sl blwlfmp m|x xlpmxr% Sl if{m xlnlnhlx rdlax kmerxah|rame{ rm |{%

Ieb N I{dxig|f Diy a{ nq plx{meif nmrawirmx% Dl si{ ifsiq{ hl{abl{ nl% Ae rda{ biq A if{m

xlnlnhlx dan%

Ih{rxikr

Rda{ xl{lixkd piplx a{ gmk|{lb me i {r|bq mg rdl anpikr mg rdl Nmhafl Aerlxelr ae Hiecfibl{d%

A smxj me rdl anpikr mg rdl Nmhafl Aerlxelr hlki|{l ar a{ {raff ie |e{m|cdr {lxwakl ae m|x

km|erxq% Rm smxjaec me ar A kmnl rm jems fmr{ mg rdaec ihm|r nmhafl aerlxelr {q{rln& sdakd A bmer

jems hlgmxl% A kmnl rm jems sdir a{ rdl Nmhafl Aerlxelr& dms bml{ ar g|ekrame& ieb nieq nmxl

rdaec{ ihm|r nmhafl aerlxelr {q{rln%

[anpfq {rirlb rdl nmhafl aerlxelr kie hl rdm|cdr mg i{ rdl nacxirame mg {riebixb aerlxelr

ippfakirame ieb {lxwakl rm i nmhafl lewaxmenler%

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M|x cmif ae pxlpixl rda{ xlpmxr a{ rm gaeb m|r rdl pm{{ahfl siq rdxm|cd sdakd kmnpieq kie

blwlfmp rdlax {ifl{ blpixrnler% Rdl {r|bq a{ hi{lb me ltpfmxirmxq xl{lixkd rdir A dmpl xliblx saff

leomq xlibaec ieb |{aec%

9% AERXMB\KRAME

Nmhafl Aerlxelr a{ rdl aerlxelr& ae qm|x pmkjlr% Qm|x giwmxarl slh{arl{& me qm|x nmhafl%

Lwle ag qm|#xl m|r ieb ihm|r qm| kie hxms{l Inizme& kdlkj{ qm|x lniaf{& ieb wa{ar{ qm|x

mefael hiej . iff gxmn qm|x pdmel% Ieb rdl picl{ fmmj i{ cmmb me qm|x nmhafl i{ rdlq bm me

qm|x bl{jrmp% Ar{ {anpfl rm clr {rixrlb ieb li{q rm |{l%[anpfq {rirlb rdl nmhafl aerlxelr kie hl

rdm|cdr mg i{ rdl nacxirame mg {riebixb aerlxelr ippfakirame ieb {lxwakl rm i nmhafl lewaxmenler%

Rdl aerxmb|krame mg nmhafl aerlxelr dmslwlx xia{l{ i e|nhlx mg els kme{ablxirame{% Mel

anpmxrier kfixagakirame a{ ae mxblx dlxl: rdl gikr rdir rmbiq sl kie |{l m|x fiprmp mx plx{meif

bacarif i{{a{riekl $PBI! ifmec sard i saxlfl{{ blwakl rm l{rihfa{d ikkl{{ rm m|x aerlxelr-aerxielr

mx mrdlx aerlxelr pxmrmkmf {lxwakl{ bml{ emr xliffq nlie rdir rdl nmhafl aerlxelr a{ ifxlibq


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iwiafihfl% H|r biq hq biq nmhafl aerlxelr a{ hlkmnaec ginafaix% Rdl nmhafl aerlxelr xlglx{ rm rdl

ikkl{{ rm hxms{lx.hi{lb slh {lxwakl{ {|kd i{ rdl Smxfb Sabl Slh& SIP& ieb A.Nmbl |{aec i

nmhafl blwakl {|kd i{ klff pdmel{& PBI{& ieb mrdlx pmxrihfl cibclr{ kmeelkrlb rm i p|hfak

elrsmxj% [|kd ikkl{{ bml{ emr xly|axl i bl{jrmp kmnp|rlx& emx i gatlb fiebfael kmeelkrame% Ae

xlifarq& sdir a{ blgaelb i{ rdl nmhafl aerlxelr a{ gix nmxl kmnpflt rdie rdir% Hq blgaearame& rdl

aerlxelr a{ i elrsmxj mg naffame{ mg |{lx{ sdm kmnn|eakirl hq nlie{ mg {riebixb aerlxelr

pxmrmkmf{% Rdlxlgmxl& ae rdl nmhafl aerlxelr sl if{m ellb rm {|ppmxr naffame{ mg ifsiq{.

kmeelkrlb nmhafl |{lx{%

Ae Hiecfibl{d& nmhafl aerlxelr aerxmb|kl{ i els wa{ame ieb kdifflecl% Ikr|iffq nmhafl

aerlxelr a{ jemse rm rdl Hiecfibl{da plmpfl gxmn fi{r gls qlix{% H|r sardae i {dmxr ranl& ar

hlkmnl{ pmp|fix ieb |{lg|f rlkdemfmcq gmx rdl plmpfl mg Hiecfibl{d% Ifnm{r iff rdl nmhafl

kmnpieq mg Hiecfibl{d cawl{ rdl nmhafl aerlxelr {lxwakl% Rdlq cawl bagglxler pikjicl{ mg

aerlxelr {lxwakl gmx rdlax wif|lb k|{rmnlx{% Cxinllepdmel fi|ekdlb nmhafl aerlxelr {q{rln ae

8008% Rdle mrdlx kmnpieal{ fi|ekdlb sardae i wlxq {dmxr ranl% K|{rmnlx{ ixl hlelgarlb ieb

leomqaec rdl pikjicl{ mg aerlxelr {lxwakl mg wixam|{ Hiecfibl{da nmhafl kmnpieq% [m rdl anpikr

mg nmhafl aerlxelr a{ wlxq |{lg|f ieb wi{r%

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8% Hikjcxm|eb

Blgaearame mg Nmhafl Aerlxelr?

Nmhafl Aerlxelr a{ iff ihm|r Aerlxelr ikkl{{ gxmn nmhafl blwakl{ % Nmhafl aerlxelr a{

nmhafl slh {lxwakl sdakd kie |{l ae nmhafl mx klff|fix pdmel% Nmhafl aerlxelr {riebixb{ mx

clelxirame{ ixl CPX[& LBCL& ieb CP[ lrk% Clelxif pikjlr xibam {lxwakl $CPX[! a{ i pikjlr

mxalerlb nmhafl biri {lxwakl iwiafihfl rm |{lx{ mg rdl 8C klff|fix kmnn|eakirame {q{rln{ cfmhif

{q{rln gmx nmhafl kmnn|eakirame{ $C[N!& i{ slff i{ ae rdl ;C {q{rln{% Ledieklb Biri xirl{

gmx C[N Lwmf|rame $LBCL!& Ledieklb CPX[ $LCPX[! ixl hikjsixb.kmnpirahfl bacarif

nmhafl pdmel rlkdemfmcq rdir iffms{ anpxmwlb biri rxie{na{{ame xirl{& i{ ie ltrle{ame me rmp mg

{riebixb C[N% LBCL a{ kme{ablxlb i ;C xibam rlkdemfmcq ieb a{ pixr mg AR\#{ ;C blgaearame%

SIP wlx{ame a{ iemrdlx rqpl mg nmhafl aerlxelr {lxwakl% SIP $Saxlfl{{ Ippfakirame

Pxmrmkmf! hxabcl{ rdl cip hlrslle aerlxelr ieb nmhafl ieb hxaec{ Aerlxelr kmerler

ieb ibwieklb wif|l ibblb {lxwakl ir qm|x Nmhafl Pdmel% Qm| saff hl ihfl hxms{l

iff pmp|fix SIP {arl{ sdakd diwl hlle k|{rmnazlb gmx nmhafl pdmel sardm|r rdl

ellb mg i kmnp|rlx%Rdl Saxlfl{{ Ippfakirame Pxmrmkmf $SIP! a{ rdl bl.gikrm smxfb {riebixb

gmx rdl pxl{lerirame ieb blfawlxq mg saxlfl{{ aegmxnirame ieb rlflpdmeq {lxwakl{ me nmhafl

pdmel{ ieb mrdlx saxlfl{{ rlxnaeif{%

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Da{rmxq mg Nmhafl Aerlxelr?

Rdl gax{r ikkl{{ rm rdl nmhafl slh si{ kmnnlxkaiffq mgglxlb ae Gaefieb ae 9117 me

rdl Emjai Kmnn|eakirmx 1000 pdmel me rdl [melxi ieb Xibamfaeoi elrsmxj{% Rda{ si{ ikkl{{

rm rdl xlif aerlxelr% Rdl gax{r kmnnlxkaif fi|ekd mg i nmhafl.{plkagak hxms{lx hi{lb nmhafl slh

{lxwakl si{ ae 9111 ae Oipie sdle a.Nmbl si{ fi|ekdlb hq ERR BmKmNm% Biri {lxwakl{

pxmwablb hq rdl nmhafl elrsmxj{ ixl gi{r hlkmnaec pmp|fix ieb ae {mnl km|erxal{ ae L|xmpl

plmpfl ixl {plebaec nmxl me nmhafl biri ikkl{{ kmnpixlb rm wmakl {lxwakl{% Rda{ pxl{ler{ i

d|cl mppmxr|earq gmx rdl nmhafl biri {lxwakl blwlfmplx{% Ar si{ hikj ae #14 rdir A cmr saeb mg rdl

gax{r nmhafl biri kipihafaral{ iwiafihfl me ieifmc klff pdmel{? rdl els Nmrmxmfi pdmel{ km|fb hl

rlrdlxlb hq kihfl ieb |{lb fajl i fieb fael% Ae rdm{l biq{& ar si{ HK Rlf $hlgmxl ar nlxclb sard

Rlf|{ ae 9111! rdir nibl rdln iwiafihfl% Rdl SIP {riebixb{ {|arl a{ niaeriaelb hq ie aeb|{rxq

kme{mxra|n kifflb rdl SIP Gmx|n% Gm|eblb hq Lxak{{me& Nmrmxmfi& Emjai& ieb Mplesiwl

$rdle jemse i{ \esaxlb Pfielr! ae O|el 9113& rdl SIP Gmx|n ems aekf|bl{ d|ebxlb{ mg

nlnhlx kmnpieal{ rdir ixl aegxi{rx|kr|xl pxmwablx{& {mgrsixl kmnpieal{& ieb kmerler pxmwablx{%

Rdl cmif mg rdl SIP Gmx|n a{ rm ibbxl{{ rdl pxmhfln{ mg saxlfl{{ Aerlxelr ikkl{{& le{|xaec rdir

ikkl{{ a{ emr fanarlb hq wlebmx mx |eblxfqaec elrsmxj rlkdemfmcq% [aekl ar{ kxlirame& rdl

Saxlfl{{ Ippfakirame Pxmrmkmf di{ pi{{lb rdxm|cd naemx xlwa{ame{ $gxmn 9%0 rm 9%9& 9%8& ieb

9%8%9!% SIP 8 a{ rdl gax{r niomx xlwa{ame {aekl 9114% Rdl gax{r pxl.kmnnlxkaif ;C elrsmxj si{

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fi|ekdlb hq ERR BmKmNm ae Oipie hxieblb GMNI& ae Niq 8009 me i pxl.xlfli{l mg S.

KBNI rlkdemfmcq%Rdl gax{r kmnnlxkaif fi|ekd mg ;C si{ if{m hq ERR BmKmNm ae Oipie me

Mkrmhlx 9& 8009& ifrdm|cd ar si{ aearaiffq {mnlsdir fanarlb ae {kmpl: hxmiblx iwiafihafarq si{

blfiqlb hq ippixler kmeklxe{ mwlx xlfaihafarq% Rdl {lkmeb elrsmxj rm cm kmnnlxkaiffq fawl si{

hq [J Rlflkmn ae [m|rd Jmxli me rdl 9tLW.BM rlkdemfmcq ae Oie|ixq 8008% Hq Niq 8008 rdl

{lkmeb [m|rd Jmxlie ;C elrsmxj si{ hq JRG me LW.BM ieb rd|{ rdl Jmxlie{ slxl rdl gax{r rm

{ll kmnplrarame inmec ;C mplxirmx{% Rdl gax{r L|xmplie pxl.kmnnlxkaif elrsmxj si{ ir rdl A{fl

mg Nie hq Niet Rlflkmn& rdl mplxirmx rdle mselb hq Hxara{d Rlflkmn& ieb rdl gax{r

kmnnlxkaif elrsmxj ae L|xmpl si{ mplelb gmx h|{ael{{ hq Rlflemx ae Blklnhlx 8009 sard em

kmnnlxkaif dieb{lr{ ieb rd|{ em piqaec k|{rmnlx{% Rdl{l slxl hmrd me rdl S.KBNI

rlkdemfmcq% Rdl gax{r kmnnlxkaif \earlb [rirl{ ;C elrsmxj si{ hq Nmelr Nmhafl Elrsmxj{& me

KBNI8000 9t LW.BM rlkdemfmcq& h|r rda{ elrsmxj pxmwablx firlx {d|r bmse mplxirame{% Rdl

{lkmeb ;C elrsmxj mplxirmx ae rdl \[I si{ Wlxazme Saxlfl{{ ae Mkrmhlx 800; if{m me

KBNI8000 9t LW.BM ieb rda{ elrsmxj di{ cxmse {rxmecfq {aekl rdle% Hi{akiffq igrlx 8000

nmhafl aerlxelr {pxlib smxfb sabl%

Anpikr mg Hiecfibl{d?

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Rdl nmhafl Aerlxelr kinl firl rm Hiecfibl{d sard kmeelkrawarq ae 800;% Ae rdl fi{r gls qlix{ ar

di{ cxmse bxinirakiffq& ifrdm|cd mhwam|{fq gxmn i wlxq fms hi{l% Cxinllepdmel#{ elrsmxj

rmbiq kmwlx{ ihm|r 1< plx kler mg rdl Hiecfibl{da pmp|firame% Rdl leraxl elrsmxj di{ LBCL mx

CPX[ kmeelkrawarq iffmsaec nmhafl Aerlxelr ikkl{{ rm k|{rmnlx{ sard em ifrlxeirawl Aerlxelr

gikafaral{% IJRLF Aerlxelr {iwl{ qm| gxmn si{raec ranl ae baifaec |p mx {plebaec nmelq gmx

likd nae|rl% CPX[- LBCL kmwlxicl rdxm|cdm|r rdl km|erxq le{|xl{ qm| rm clr dacd {pllb

kmeelkrawarq sard rdl aegmxnirame {|plx dacdsiq% Emxslcaie Aerlxelr hxms{lx{ blwlfmplx Mplxi

[mgrsixl I[I ieem|eklb me Rd|x{biq $97 Nixkd!& 800< rdir CxinllePdmel& i nmhafl pdmel

mplxirmx ae Hiecfibl{d& di{ {lflkrlb Mplxi Naea rm pxmwabl Aerlxelr rm ar{ nmhafl pdmel

{|h{kxahlx{% Ikkmxbaec rm rdl kmnpieq& CxinllePdmel saff hl mgglxaec i k|{rmnazlb ieb

fmkifazlb wlx{ame mg Mplxi Naea i{ i gxll bmsefmib rm ar{


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Sdir a{ rdl plx{plkrawl mg Nmhafl Aerlxelr rm rdl plmpfl mg Hiecfibl{d=

Dms a{ Nmhafl Aerlxelr |{|iffq |{lb ae Hiecfibl{d=

Ixl rdl plmpfl mg Hiecfibl{d hlelgarlb hq rdl |{icl mg Nmhafl Aerlxelr=

Dms rdl Nmhafl Aerlxelr hxaec kdiecl ae rdl rlkdemfmcq mg Hiecfibl{d=

Sdir a{ rdl lgglkr mg Nmhafl Aerlxelr ae Hiecfibl{d=

2% DQPMRDL[A[

Emsibiq{ Nmhafl Aerlxelr a{ wlq ginafaix dippleaec{ ae Hiecfibl{d% Rdl plx{plkrawl

mg nmhafl aerlxelr rm rdl Hiecfibl{da plmpfl a{ wlxq pm{arawl% Ar a{ |{|iffq |{lb i{ ifrlxeirawl

mg baif.|p& hxmibhieb ieb mrdlx aerlxelr kmeelkrame b|l rm lnlxclekq ellb ieb iwiafihfl%

Ae nq wals& Hiecfibl{d plmpfl ixl dacdfq hlelgarlb hq rdl |{icl mg nmhafl aerlxelr% A

ltplkr& nmhafl aerlxelr hxaec xlwmf|rameixq kdiecl ae rlkdemfmcq mg Hiecfibl{d% A if{m

ltplkr& nmhafl aerlxelr a{ wlxq |{lg|f ieb lgglkrawl rm iff kfi{{l{ mg plmpfl mg Hiecfibl{d%

Nmhafl aerlxelr cawl{ rdl mppmxr|earq rm |{l aerlxelr rm rdl plmpfl sdm ixl emr ginafaix rm rdl

aerlxelr%

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B|xaec nq xl{lixkd& A pxlpixlb i y|l{rameeiaxl kmeriaeaec 9< y|l{rame{% Rdl

y|l{rameeiaxl si{ hi{akiffq bl{acelb gmx rdl anpikr mg nmhafl aerlxelr ae Hiecfibl{d%

Rda{ {|xwlq pixrak|fixfq gmx y|l{rame{ 4.9< mg y|l{rameeiaxl sdakd slxl clelxifazlb

y|l{rame{ ihm|r anpikr mg nmhafl aerlxelr ae Hiecfibl{d% A in ifxlibq gaea{dlb nq

pxanixq xl{lixkd ieb kmfflkrlb biri gmx pxanixq biri ieifq{a{% A in cawaec i hxalg

ba{k|{{ame ihm|r nq pxanixq biri hlfms%

9! Bml{ nmhafl aerlxelr a{ ginafaix rm rdl plmpfl mg Hiecfibl{d=

9;


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Rdl cxipd kmeriae{ ihm|r rdl dms ginafaix a{ nmhafl aerlxelr ae Hiecfibl{d= Igrlx

{|xwlqaec A gm|eb rdir& nitan|n plmpfl ixl ginafaix rm rdl nmhafl aerlxelr ifrdm|cd

iff rdl plmpfl ixl emr |{aec aerlxelr ae rdlax nmhafl% I {niff e|nhlx mg plmpfl ixl

emr ginafaix rm rdl nmhafl aerlxelr {lxwakl% A if{m gm|eb rdir& rlleiclx ieb nabbfliclx

plmpfl hmrd nifl ieb glnifl ixl emr mefq ginafaix h|r if{m |{lx mg nmhafl aerlxelr%

8! Bm qm| pxlglx rm |{l nmhafl aerlxelr ae qm|x nmhafl=

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Rdl cxipd kmeriae{ ihm|r rdl plxklericl mg nmhafl aerlxelr |{lx% Mg rdl rmrif

xlpxl{lerirawl plmpfl rdir A diwl {|xwlqlb


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Rdl cxipd {dms{ rdir& mg rdl rmrif xlpxl{lerirawl plmpfl rdir A diwl {|xwlqlb ;1, mg rdln

ixl |{aec nmhafl aerlxelr gmx hxms{aec& 80, mg rdln ixl |{aec gmx kdlkjaec niaf ieb 84, mg

rdln ixl |{aec gmx kdirraec p|xpm{l% A gaeb rdir& plmpfl mg bagglxler kirlcmxal{ ixl |{aec

nmhafl aerlxelr ae bagglxler p|xpm{l% H|r nmxlmwlx plmpfl ixl piqaec irrlerame ae nmhafl

aerlxelr gmx nijaec fagl rdlax li{q ieb kmngmxrihfl%

2! Bm qm| |{l aerlxelr ae qm|x nmhafl gmx mggakaif p|xpm{l mefq=

97


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Sdle A {|xwlqlb gmx gaebaec rdl e|nhlx mg plmpfl sdm ixl |{aec nmhafl aerlxelr

gmx mggakaif p|xpm{l mefq& A gaeb rdir& mg rdl rmrif xlpxl{lerirawl plmpfl rdir A

{|xwlqlb mefq 93, mg rdln ixl |{aec nmhafl aerlxelr gmx mggakaif p|xpm{l ieb xl{r

mg rdln ixl |{aec gmx mrdlx p|xpm{l% [m ae kmekf|bl& nitan|n plmpfl ixl emr {raff

rijaec nmhafl aerlxelr ae rdlax pxmgl{{ameif mx mggakaif p|xpm{l%

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18/32

A {|xwlqlb gmx jemsaec rdir nmhafl aerlxelr a{ {|plxamx rm mrdlx aerlxelr {q{rln% A

kmnl rm jems gxmn rdl {|xwlq rdir& mg rdl rmrif xlpxl{lerirawl plmpfl rdir A

{|xwlqlb mefq 1, mg rdln ixl rdaejaec nmhafl aerlxelr a{ {|plxamx rm mrdlx aerlxelr

{q{rln% H|r niomxarq plmpfl ixl emr icxll sard rdir kmnnler%

7! Bm qm| rdaej nmhafl aerlxelr a{ km{rfq rdie mrdlx aerlxelr {q{rln=

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Gxmn rdl cxipd& 4;, plmpfl mg rdl rmrif xlpxl{lerirawl plmpfl rdir A {|xwlqlb ixl

rdaejaec nmhafl aerlxelr a{ km{rfq% Nmhafl kmnpieal{ ixl rijaec kdixcl mg aerlxelr

gmx rdl plx jafmharl |{l{ sdakd a{ pxaklq% H|r hl{abl& rdlq if{m cawaec rdl nmerdfq

pikjicl{ mg aerlxelr {lxwakl{ sdakd ixl xli{meihfl% Nm{r mg rdl plmpfl ixl emr

aerlxl{rlb me rdm{l nmerdfq pikjicl{ hlki|{l {raff rdlq pxlglx hxmibhieb ieb baif.

|p kmeelkrame gmx nmerdfq pikjicl% H|r nmhafl aerlxelr a{ xli{meihfl rm rdl gls

plmpfl mg Hiecfibl{d sdm ixl hi{akiffq jems ihm|r ar pxmplxfq%

3! Bm qm| rdaej nmhafl aerlxelr a{ nmxl |{lx gxalebfq rdie mrdlx aerlxelr

{q{rln=

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20/32

Mg rdl rmrif xlpxl{lerirawl plmpfl rdir A {|xwlqlb 37, mg rdln ixl rdaejaec nmhafl

aerlxelr a{ emr |{lx gxalebfq ieb mefq gls plmpfl ixl {|ppmxraec rdir nmhafl

aerlxelr a{ |{lx gxalebfq% Nmhafl aerlxelr niq hl |{lx gxalebfq me rdm{l dieb{lr

sdakd diwl lem|cd glir|xl gmx aerlxelr {lxwakl{% H|r rdm{l dieb{lr{ ixl km{rfq ieb

emr ikkl{{ahfl gmx Hiecfibl{da |{lx{% [m {raff nmhafl aerlxelr a{ emr |{lx gxalebfq ae

Hiecfibl{d%

4! Sdakd kirlcmxal{ mg plmpfl mg Hiecfibl{d |{l rdl nmhafl aerlxelr=

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A in rxqaec rm jems rdir sdakd kirlcmxq mg plmpfl mg Hiecfibl{d |{l rdl nmhafl

aerlxelr gxmn rdl y|l{rame% Rdle A kmnl rm jems rdir mg rdl rmrif xlpxl{lerirawl

plmpfl rdir A {|xwlqlb 22, mg rdln ixl rlleiclx sdm ixl |{aec nmhafl aerlxelr%

Rdle 87, ixl kmxpmxirl plmpfl ieb 91, ixl pxmgl{{ameif plmpfl% [m ae kmekf|bl&

rlleiclx ixl ni{{ e|nhlx sdm ixl |{aec aerlxelr ae rdlax nmhafl%

1! Bm qm| rdaej nmhafl aerlxelr a{ |{lg|f ae Hiecfibl{d=

89


22/32

Rdl cxipd {dms{ rdir& nmhafl aerlxelr a{ |{lg|f ae Hiecfibl{d rm rdl 37, mg

plmpfl rdir A {|xwlqlb% H|r gls plmpfl ixl rdaejaec rdir nmhafl aerlxelr a{ emr

|{lg|f ae Hiecfibl{d% A gm|eb rdir niomxarq plmpfl ixl rdaejaec nmhafl aerlxelr a{

|{lg|f ae Hiecfibl{d%

90! Bm qm| rdaej Nmhafl Aerlxelr dlfp{ rm blwlfmp rdl rlkdemfmcq mg

Hiecfibl{d=

88


23/32

Mg rdl rmrif xlpxl{lerirawl plmpfl rdir A {|xwlqlb 49, mg rdln ixl rdaejaec nmhafl

aerlxelr dlfp{ rm blwlfmp rdl rlkemfmcq mg Hiecfibl{d% I gls plmpfl ixl rdaejaec rdir

nmhafl aerlxelr bml{ emr dlfp rm blwlfmp rdx rlkdemfmc| mg Hiecfibl{d%A gm|eb rdir&

Nmhafl aerlxelr hxaec{ xlwmf|rameixq kdiecl ae rlkdemfmcq mg Hiecfibl{d% Ar

aerxmb|kl{ i els aerlxelr {q{rln ae Hiecfibl{d% Ar hxaec{ i d|cl e|nhlx mg plmpfl ae

rdl aerlxelr elrsmxj% Ar a{ gax{r lwlx saxlfl{{ {q{rln aerlxelr ae Hiecfibl{d%

99! Bm qm| rdaej Hiecfibl{da |{lx{ ixl rijaec nmhafl aerlxelr i{ o|{r ie

lerlxriaenler nlbai=

8;


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A gm|eb rdir& rdl rmrif xlpxl{lerirawl plmpfl rdir A {|xwlqlb 77, ixl rdaejaec

nmhafl aerlxelr a{ emr rijaec i{ o|{r i ie lerlxriaenler nlbai ae Hiecfibl{d% H|r

gls plmpfl ixl rdaejaec nmhafl aerlxelr a{ ie lerlxriaenler nlbai ae Hiecfibl{d%

98! A{ nmhafl aerlxelr dinplxaec gmx qm|ec clelxirame mg Hiecfibl{d=

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Nmhafl aerlxelr a{ dinplxaec gmx qm|ec clelxirame rm rdl 78, plmpfl mg rdl rmrif

xlpxl{lerirawl plmpfl rdir A {|xwlqlb% Rdlq kmnpfiae rdir& qm|ec plmpfl hxms{aec

ib|fr slh{arl ieb bm ib|fr kdirraec gxmn rdlax nmhafl% H|r {mnl plmpfl ixl

rdaejaec nmhafl aerlxelr a{ emr dinplxaec gmx qm|ec clelxirame%

3% [lkmebixq biri pxl{lerirame ieb Ieifq{a{

8


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Rdl nacxirame mg Aerlxelr {lxwakl{ rm i nmhafl lewaxmenler a{ nmhafl aerlxelr%

Nmhafl Aerlxelr? Leihfaec Rlkdemfmcal{ ieb [lxwakl{ ibbxl{{l{ rdl{l kdifflecl{ ieb

rdmxm|cdfq ltinael{ rdl k|rraec.lbcl rlkdemfmcal{ bl{acelb rm nllr rdln% Ae nq

{lkmebixq gaebaec{& A si{ |{lb xl{m|xkl{ mg fahxixq ieb slh {lixkdl{% A gaeb m|r rdl anpikr

mg nmhafl aerlxelr ae Hiecfibl{d% Nq dqpmrdl{a{ a{ ifxlibq pxmwabaec lwablekl%

%

Ems aerlxelr a{ ikkl{{ahfl gxmn qm|x dieb{lr i{ slff% Cxinllepdmel cawl{

dacd {pllb nmhafl aerlxelr {lxwakl ae Hiecfibl{d% Cxinllepdmel{ dacd {pllb nmhafl

kmwlxicl& pmslxlb hq LBCL& i {lxal{ mg {lxwakl{ fajl l.niafaec& bmsefmibaec& ieb

hxms{aec% Ag qm| nmwl m|r LBCL kmwlxicl rdl pdmel i|rmnirakiffq {sarkdl{ rm CPX[&

le{|xaec qm| kmeelkrame sardm|r ieq aerlxx|prame% Nmxlmwlx& qm|x LBCL.leihfl pdmel

g|ekrame{ i{ i saxlfl{{ biri nmbln sdle qm| kmeelkr ar rm ieq fiprmp% Gmx nmhafl {kxlle

hxms{aec qm| xly|axl? LBCL leihflb dieb{lr ieb Cxinllepdmel aerlxelr [AN mx ieq [AN

kixb sard LBCL kmegac|xirame% Ag qm| ixl |{aec Cxinllepdmel Aerlxelr [AN rdle qm| ixl

ifxlibq leomqaec Pxl.kmegac|xlb {lrraec{ gmx NN[& SIP ieb Aerlxelr% Ag qm| ixl i

Cxinllepdmel {|h{kxahlx qm| kie {|h{kxahl rm ieq mg m|x gm|x aerlxelr pikjicl{ Pikjicl

9& Pikjicl 8& Pikjicl ; ieb Pikjicl 2 ieb leomq hxms{aec& kdlkjaec niaf{& kmerler

bmsefmib ieb nieq nmxl ltkaraec {r|gg%

Aerlxelr gxmn qm|x IJRLF kmeelkrame a{ rdl hl{r siq rm hxaec Smxfb Sabl

Slh ae qm|x gaeclxrap{) IJRLF Aerlxelr {iwl{ qm| gxmn si{raec ranl ae baifaec |p mx

{plebaec nmelq gmx likd nae|rl% CPX[- LBCL kmwlxicl rdxm|cdm|r rdl km|erxq le{|xl{

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qm| rm clr dacd {pllb kmeelkrawarq sard rdl aegmxnirame {|plx dacdsiq% Bagglxler Aerlxelr

pfie{ ixl if{m iwiafihfl gmx qm| sard rdl hl{r wif|l%

IJRLF mgglx{ rdl gmffmsaec mprame{?

Pfie

Lfacahfl

[|h{kxahlx{

Ippfakihfl Gmx Rixagg

Piq.Plx.\{l Iff82 Dm|x{

Kfakj Dlxl

Biafq hxms{aec Pxlpiab

Ikrawirame rm 98

ir eacdr

Rj%


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pxmkl{{mx rlkdemfmcq rm blfawlx ltkaraec els pxmb|kr{ gmx kme{|nlx{ ieb h|{ael{{ |{lx{%

Rda{ firl{r clelxirame mg {niff& pmslxg|f& dacdfq pmxrihfl Aerlxelr.kmeelkrlb blwakl{

kmnhael{ nieq cxlir kipihafaral{ sard rdl kmewlealekl mg i pmkjlr.{azlb {mf|rame gmx qm|x

fagl me.rdl.cm%

Rdl nmhafl aerlxelr di{ anpikrlb me qm|ec plmpfl{ pllx cxm|p{ leihfaec i

rx|fq elrsmxjlb {mkalrq% Ar di{ if{m anpikrlb me rdl lwmfwaec xlfirame{dap{ sardae rdl

ginafq% Mwlx rdl fi{r rsm rm rdxll qlix{& rdl e|nhlx mg nmhafl {|h{kxahlx{ ae Hiecfibl{d

di{ hlle nmxl rdie bm|hfaec me ie iee|if hi{a{% [m rdl e|nhlx plmpfl ixl if{m aekxli{aec

sdm |{l aerlxelr ae rdlax nmhafl% Rlleiclx plmpfl |{l nmhafl aerlxelr nmxl% Rlleiclx

plmpfl ixl |{aec nmhafl aerlxelr gmx kdirraec p|xpm{l gxmn rdlax nmhafl ieb if{m gmx

hxms{aec% Kmxpmxirl plmpfl& lecaellx{& mrdlx pxmgl{{ameif plmpfl ixl if{m |{aec aerlxelr ae

rdlax nmhafl ae lnlxclekq ellb% Rdlq mgrle kdlkj rdlax anpmxrier lniaf ae rdlax nmhafl

sdle rdlq ixl m|r{abl gxmn rdlax dmnl-mggakl% Nmhafl aerlxelr cawl{ rdl mppmxr|earq rm |{l

aerlxelr rm rdl plmpfl sdm ixl emr ginafaix rm rdl aerlxelr% Plmpfl kie if{m |{l aerlxelr ae

ieq pfikl sdlxl nmhafl elrsmxj a{ iwiafihfl% [m& sl kie {iq rdir nmhafl aerlxelr aekxli{l

rdl aerlxelr |{lx ae Hiecfibl{d% Nmhafl aerlxelr hxaec{ xlwmf|rameixq kdiecl ae rlkdemfmcq

mg Hiecfibl{d% Ar aerxmb|kl{ i els aerlxelr {q{rln ae Hiecfibl{d% Ar hxaec{ i d|cl e|nhlx

mg plmpfl ae rdl aerlxelr elrsmxj% Ar a{ gax{r lwlx saxlfl{{ {q{rln aerlxelr ae Hiecfibl{d%

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4% Kmekf|{ame

Nmhafl Aerlxelr cawl{ rdl mppmxr|earq rm |{l aerlxelr sardm|r saxl gmx rdl gax{r ranl% Rda{

if{m cawl{ rdl kdiekl rm rdl Hiecfibl{da plmpfl rm |{l aerlxelr i{ rdl saxlfl{{ aerlxelr gmx

rdl gax{r ranl% Nmhafl aerlxelr hxaec{ aerlxelr ae m|x pmkjlr ieb nijl{ m|x biafq fagl li{alx

ieb {anpfl% Ar if{m dlfp{ rm blwlfmp rlkdemfmcakif jemsflbcl mg rdl plmpfl mg m|x

{mkalrq% Ar if{m cawl{ rdl mkki{ame rm lerlx bacarif fagl gmx rdl Hiecfibl{da plmpfl%

...............................

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Xlglxlekl

9% Ipm{rmfa{ J% [ifjaerza{$Lb!$8002!% Nmhafl Aerlxelr Leihfaec Rlkdemfmcal{ ieb

[lxwakl% KXK PXL[[%

Rdl sxarl bl{kxahl dlxl ihm|r rdl nacxirame mg Aerlxelr {lxwakl{ rm i nmhafl

lewaxmenler% Nmhafl Aerlxelr? Leihfaec Rlkdemfmcal{ ieb [lxwakl{ ibbxl{{l{ rdl{l

kdifflecl{ ieb rdmxm|cdfq ltinael{ rdl k|rraec.lbcl rlkdemfmcal{ bl{acelb rm nllr

rdln%

8% Aerlxelr ieb Biri [lxwakl{% gxmn drrp?--sss%cxinllepdmel%kmn-aeblt%pdp=

ab>9;0

;0


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Rdl ixrakfl a{ ihm|r Cxinllepdmel{ dacd {pllb nmhafl aerlxelr {lxwakl% Cxinllepdmel{ dacd

{pllb nmhafl kmwlxicl& pmslxlb hq LBCL& i {lxal{ mg {lxwakl{ fajl l.niafaec& bmsefmibaec& ieb

hxms{aec%

;% Nmhafl [kxlle hxms{aec% gxmn drrp?--sss%cxinllepdmel%kmn-aeblt%pdp=

ab>273

Rda{ ixrakfl kmeriae{ rdl pxmkl{{ mg ae{riffaec Cxinllepdmel aerlxelr {lxwakl% Ar a{ if{m ihm|r rdl

pikjicl{ mg Cxinllepdmel aerlxelr {lxwakl%

2% Ijrlf Aerlxelr% Gxmndrrp?--sss%ijrlf%kmn-=nmb|fl>8;9

Rdl ixrakfl kmeriae{ aegmxnirame ihm|r aerlxelr kmeelkrame mg Ijrlf nmhafl kmnpieq ae Hiecfibl{d%

Rdl ixrakfl if{m bl{kxahl iff elkl{{ixq aegmxnirame ieb pxmkl{{ mg Ijrlf aerlxelr {q{rln%


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Rdl ixrakfl a{ ihm|r rdl {mkaif a{{|l ieb lgglkr mg nmhafl kmnn|eakirame ae m|x {mkalrq% Rdl sxarlx

if{m {dms{ rdl xmfl mg nmhafl kmnn|eakirame ae xlkler kler|xq%

3% G|ej& Olgglxlq F% $800;!% Nmhafl ba{x|prame? rdl rlkdemfmcal{ ieb ippfakirame{

bxawaec rdl nmhafl aerlxelr% Safflq.ALLL%

Rda{ hmmj kmeriae{ rdl rlkemficq ieb ippfakirame mg nmhafl aerlxelr% Rdl sxarlx cawl{ |{ i kflix ieb

wi{r bl{kxaprame ihm|r nmhafl aerlxelr {q{rln%

4% Nmhafl Aerlxelr Blwakl{ $NAB{! drrp?--sss%aerlf%kmn-pxmb|kr{-nab-

Rdl ixrakfl a{ ihm|r nmhafl aerlxelr blwakl% Ar ltpfiae{ rdl pxmkl{{ mg nmhafl aerlxelr {lrraec{%

1% Ihm|r aerlxelr |{aec nmhafl pdmel% Gxmn

drrp?--d|ecxqkmblx%tlelthb%kmn-embl-928

Rdl ixrakfl a{ ihm|r |{aec mg nmhafl aerlxelr ae nmhafl% Ar if{m {iq{ dms sl kie {lr|p aerlxelr ae m|x

nmhafl pdmel%
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