MOBILE COMPUTING...u such as GSM, CDMA, GPRS, 3G Network, such as WCDMA, EDGE, 4G Network: such as...

MOBILE COMPUTING Lecture 1 : Introduction

Third Stage Dr. Sinan Salih

Introduction

■ Mobile Computing is any type of computing which use internet or intranet and respective communications links, as WAN, LAN, WLAN, etc.

■ Mobile Computing involves Mobile Communication, Mobile Hardware, and Mobile Software.

■ Communication issues include ad-hoc and infrastructure network, as well as concrete technologies.

■ Mobile Hardware includes mobile devices or device components.

■ Mobile Software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

■ For the last three decades, many types of mobile computing have been introduced, such as:

– Personal digital assistant (PDA)

– Smartphone

– Tablet Computer

– Ultra-Mobile PC

– Wearable Computer

Introduction

■ Personal Digital Assistance (PDA): it is a mobile devise functions as a personal information manager

Introduction

■ Smartphone : smartphone is a mobile or cellular phone that runs off a mobile operating system (OS) and functions like a mini computer.

■ Smartphones also function as portable media players, digital cameras, video cameras and GPS navigational devices.

Apple iPhone Samsung Galaxy S

Introduction

■ Tablet/Tablet PC: is a portable computer that uses a touchscreen as its primary input device. Some tablets include fold out keyboards, others, such as only offer touchscreen input. Most tablets are slightly smaller and weigh less than the average laptop.

■ Tablets are generally seen as accessories to laptops and desktop computers rather than replacements. Because tablets lack a keyboard and mouse, some tasks such as typing documents and writing email messages, are more difficult on tablets than traditional computers.

Apple iPad Samsung Galaxy Tab

Introduction

■ Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC) is a small handheld computer with the capacity to run the Windows operating system (OS).

■ First UMPC was introduced in 2006, codename called “Origami”.

ASUS R50A UMPC Samsung Q1

Introduction

■ Wearable computer: is a computer for carrying on the body, for example, on the wrist. It allows you to work, communicate, entertain right along ensuring mobility and hands-free and/or eyes-free access to the device.

Smart Watch Smart Glasses Smart Clothes

Introduction

■ Mobile Computing could be classified into three different classes:

– Portable Computer: compacted lightweight units including a full character set keyboard and primarily intended as hosts for software for software that may be parameterized, as laptops, notebooks, etc.

– Mobile Phone: including a restricted key set primarily intended but not restricted to for vocal communications, as cell phones, smart phones, phone-pads, etc.

– Wearable computers mostly limited to functional keys and primarily intended as incorporation of software agents, as watches, wristbands, necklaces, keyless implants, etc

MOBILE COMPUTING Lecture 2 : More into Mobile Computing


Range & Bandwidth: Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such as GPRS and EDGE, and more recently HSDPA and HSUPA 3G and 4G networks. These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell phone towers. Higher speed wireless LANs are inexpensive but have very limited range.

Security standards: When working mobile, one is dependent on public networks, requiring careful use of VPN. Security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN through a huge number of networks interconnected through the line.

Power consumption: When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life.

Limitations of Mobile Computing

Limitations

Limitations

Transmission interferences: Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception. Reception in tunnels, some buildings, and rural areas is often poor.

Potential health hazards: People who use mobile devices while driving are often distracted from driving and are thus assumed more likely to be involved in traffic accidents.

Cell phones may interfere with sensitive medical devices. Questions concerning mobile phone radiation and health have been raised.

Human interface with device: Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which maymake them hard to use. Alternate input methods such as speech or handwriting recognition require training.

Advantages

■ Increase in Productivity : Mobile devices can be used out in the field of various companies, therefore reducing the time and cost for clients and themselves.

■ Entertainment : Mobile devices can be used for entertainment purposes, for personal and even for presentations to people and clients.

■ Portability : this would be one of the main advantages of mobile computing, you are not restricted to one location in order for you to get jobs done or even access email on the go.

■ Cloud Computing : This service is available for saving documents on a online server and being able to access them anytime and anywhere when you have a connection to the internet and can access these files on several mobile devices or even PCs at home.

Disadvantages

■ Quality of connectivity: as one of the disadvantages, mobile devices will need either WiFi connectivity or mobile network connectivity such as GPRS, 3G and in some countries even 4G connectivity that is why this is a disadvantage because if you are not near any of these connections your access to the internet is very limited.

■ Security concerns: Mobile VPNs are unsafe to connect to, and also syncing devices might also lead to security concerns. Accessing a WiFi network can also be risky because WPA and WEP security can be bypassed easily.

■ Power Consumption: due to the use of batteries in these devices, these do not tend to last long, if in a situation where there is no source of power for charging then that will certainly be a let down.

Security Issues

■ Mobile security or mobile phone security has become increasingly important in mobile computing. It is of particular concern as it relates to the security of personal information now stored on the smart-phone.

■ More and more users and businesses use smart-phones as communication tools but also as a means of planning and organizing their work and private life. Within companies, these technologies are causing profound changes in the organization of information systems and therefore they have become the source of new risks. Indeed, smart-phones collect and compile an increasing amount of sensitive information to which access must be controlled to protect the privacy of the user and the intellectual property of the company.

■ All smart-phones, as computers, are preferred targets of attacks. These attacks exploit weaknesses related to smart-phones that can come from means of communication like SMS, MMS, WIFI networks, and GSM. There are also attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities from both the web browser and operating system. Finally, there are forms of malicious software that rely on the weak knowledge of average users.

■ Different security counter-measures are being developed and applied to smart-phones, from security in different layers of software to the dissemination of information to end users. There are good practices to be observed at all levels, from design to use, through the development of operating systems, software layers, and downloadable apps.

Mobile Data Communication

■ Wireless data connections used in mobile computing take three forms:

– Cellular Data service:

■ such as GSM, CDMA, GPRS, 3G Network, such as WCDMA, EDGE, 4G Network: such as LTE, LTE-Advanced.

■ These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell towers.

– WiFi Connections:

■ Higher Performance.

■ May be either on a private business network or accessed through public hotspot.

■ These networks have a typical range of 10m to 300m.

– Satellite Internet Access:

■ These networks cover where cellular and WiFi are not available.

■ These networks could be anywhere.

■ Some enterprise deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and satellite.

MOBILE COMPUTING Lecture 3 : Mobile Computing Services


Mobile Computing Services

■ Short Message Services (SMS)

– A service that supports the sending and receiving of short text messages on mobile phones

– The messages can typically be up to 160 characters in length, though some services use 5-bit mode, which supports 224 characters.

– SMS was originally created for phones that use GSM communication, but now all the major cell phone systems support it.

– SMS used for:

■ Messaging between friends or co-workers.

■ Subscription SMS services can transmit weather, news, sports updates, and stock quotes to users' phones.

■ Doctors can receive SMS messages regarding patient emergencies.

– Advantage: SMS do not require the recipient's phone to be on in order for the message to be successfully transmitted.

– Drawbacks:

■ Limited in terms number of characters.

■ Not free,

■ SMS cannot include rich-media content such as pictures, animations and melodies


■ Enhanced Message Services (EMS)

– An extension of SMS that can send simple animation, tiny pictures, sounds, and formatted text.

– Because EMS is based on SMS, it can use SMS Centers (SMSCs) the same way that SMS does.

– EMS works on all Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) networks.

– If a message is sent to a phone that is not EMS-capable, the recipient will still receive the text portion of the message.

– Drawbacks:

■ It is less widely supported than SMS on wireless devices.

■ Many EMS-enabled wireless devices only support a subset of the features defined in the EMS specification. A certain EMS feature may be supported on one wireless device but not on the other.


■ Multimedia Message Services (MMS)

– It was built using the same technology as SMS to allow SMS users to send multimedia content. It’s most popularly used to send pictures, but can also be used to send audio, phone contacts, and video files.

– Unlike SMS, MMS messages do not have a standard limit. While their maximum size depends on the carrier and the device receiving the message, 300 KB is often mentioned as the largest size most carriers will reliably handle.

– Advantage:

■ There is not a set character limit for MMS.

■ MMS a more effective method of communication when email isn't available.

– Drawbacks:

■ MMS messages may cost more than SMS on wireless devices.

■ May not be supported on all phones.


■ Micropayments

– A micropayment is a small transaction, often carried out online, that can be as small as a fraction of a cent.

– Depending on the payments system, a "micropayment" may be defined as any transaction size less than $1.00, $5.00, or more.

– Micropayments have been touted as a way to better facilitate the immediate online distribution of royalties, pay-per-click advertising, small freelance jobs, and cryptocurrency transactions, among others.

– Advantage:

■ A company does not need for the assistance of middlemen to sell their products.

■ It helps the business to reach more of current and potential customers. As a results, costumers will have the chance to buy only products they need even if those products would only cost under 10$ each.

■ Safe service for paying costs.

– Drawbacks:

■ Retailers must face the burden of high transaction costs when processing the micropayments, making some micropayments not even worth processing.

■ Not having a user pay a sum up front does not create a merchant-customer bond that can encourage the user to come back to finish off their prepaid amount and end up spending more.


■ Location-Based Service / Global Positioning System (GPS)

– GPS is a navigation system using satellites, a receiver and algorithms to synchronize location, velocity and time data for air, sea and land travel.

– The three segments of GPS are:

■ Space (Satellites) — The satellites circling the Earth, transmitting signals to users on geographical position and time of day.

■ Ground control — The Control Segment is made up of Earth-based monitor stations, master control stations and ground antenna. Control activities include tracking and operating the satellites in space and monitoring transmissions. There are monitoring stations on almost every continent in the world, including North and South America, Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia.

■ User equipment — GPS receivers and transmitters including items like watches, smartphones and telematic devices.

– There are five main uses of GPS:

■ Location — Determining a position.

■ Navigation — Getting from one location to another.

■ Tracking — Monitoring object or personal movement.

■ Mapping — Creating maps of the world.

■ Timing — Making it possible to take precise time measurements.


■ Location-Based Service / Global Positioning System (GPS)

– GPS is a navigation system using satellites, a receiver and algorithms to synchronize location, velocity and time data for air, sea and land travel.

– The three segments of GPS are:

■ Space (Satellites) — The satellites circling the Earth, transmitting signals to users on geographical position and time of day.

■ Ground control — The Control Segment is made up of Earth-based monitor stations, master control stations and ground antenna. Control activities include tracking and operating the satellites in space and monitoring transmissions. There are monitoring stations on almost every continent in the world.

■ User equipment — GPS receivers and transmitters including items like watches, smartphones and telematic devices.

– There are five main uses of GPS: Location, Navigation, Tracking, Mapping, Timing.

– Major benefits of GPS: Emergency response, Entertainment, Health and fitness, Construction and off-road trucking, Transportation.

– Accuracy of GPS depends on: Physical obstructions, Atmospheric effects, Ephemeris, Numerical miscalculations Artificial interference:


■ Voice-Support Services

– Interactive Voice Response (IVR)

■ A voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through a telephone to a computerized system

■ is a telephony menu system that enables the dial pad for identification, segmentation and routing of callers to the most appropriate agent within the work team.

■ It is a simple and effective and will significantly reduce costs and increase efficiency within any company.

– Voice Portal

■ It uses advanced speech recognition technology and provides access to information on the Internet.

■ A Web site with an audio interface that can be accessed through a telephone call.

■ Key components : speech recognition, text to speech, information aggregation, categorization software, telephony and Internet interfaces, and administrative interfaces.

■ Optional components include software to support context-sensitive, and personalized assistance.

Short Reports

■ There are many inventions and devices that are innovated annually in recent years, especially in the field of mobile computing. Write a report explaining the importance of only one of these inventions or devises.

■ Notes:

– Pages = 1 – 2.

– Date for Draft Submission = 28/12/2020.

– Date for Final Submission = 05/01/2021.

– Group = 2 - 3 students only.

Full Reports

■ The mobile computing provides the customers several services. Choose one of these services, and explain how it works, then state the advantages and drawbacks of the chosen services.

■ Notes:

– Pages = 3 – 5.

– Date for Draft Submission = 01/02/2021.

– Date for Final Submission = 08/02/2021.

– Group = 1 student only.

MOBILE COMPUTING Lecture 4 : Generations of Mobile Networks (0G to 3G)


Zero Generations

■ 0G

– Wireless telephone started with 0G, which became available after World War-II. In those pre-cell days, mobile operator sets up the calls and there were only a handful of channels available.

– These mobiles does not support the handover feature i.e. Change of channel frequency.

– The primary users were loggers, construction foremen, realtors and celebrities. They were used for them for basic voice communication.

■ 0.5G

– 0.5 G is a group of technologies with improved feature than the basic 0G technologies.

– These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter receiver). was mounted in the vehicle trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver seat.

First Generation (1G)

■ 1G wireless systems are based on analogue signals technology, developed in 1980s.

■ Analogue systems were based on circuit switching technology.

■ In 1G, voice call gets modulated at frequency 150 MHz Voice call is transmitted between radio towers and this is done using a technique FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).

■ The maximum speed of 1G was 2.4 Kbps.

■ Drawbacks of 1G:

– Poor voice quality.

– Poor battery life.

– Large phone size.

– Because data transmission was analogue, and depends on specific ranges of frequencies, the security was very poor (no security at all).

– Roaming was not supported, meaning you could not use other countries’ networks

Second Generation (2G)

■ 2G mobiles used GSM technology in 1990s.

■ 2G System of wireless systems is based on digital system.

■ It uses GPRS (General Packet Ratio Services) which delivers packet switched data to existing GSM network.

■ It provides a facility of SMS, MMS, faxes, text encryption, and voice mail.

■ It provides a good voice quality.

■ The max speed of 2G with GPRS is 50 Kbps or 1 Mbps with Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

■ Drawbacks of 2G:

– Required strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there was no network coverage, digital signals weakened.

– Systems were unable to handle complex data like videos.

Third Generation (3G)

■ 3G was pre-commercially introduced in japan, 1998 (testing only). October 2001, it was widely launched commercially on W-CDMA standard which is based on GSM.

■ It uses GPRS (General Packet Ratio Services) which delivers packet switched data to existing GSM network.

■ It provides video calling, conferencing call on the move, mobile TV, better voice quality and better connectivity due to broad frequency bandwidth.

■ The max speed of 3G was estimated to be around 2 Mbps for non-moving devices and 384 Kbps in moving vehicles.

■ The main difference between 2G and 3G that allowed media streaming to take place is that 3G utilises packet switching data transmission rather than circuit switching.

■ Data is broken down into small pieces or packets and then sent to the destination. Using this method of transmission greatly increases the speed, allowing one to send data through multiple channels in parallel rather than one channel in series.

■ Also, better encrypting/encoding technique used to transmit data added a better data security.

■ W-CDMA standard is widely used in 3G technology as it provides good data transmission speed.


■ 3.5G

– It was an enhanced version of W-CDMA technology based on GSM standards.

– Theoretical data rate was improved to 14Mbps at the uplink/upload side and 5.76Mbps at the downlink/download side. This was 4-5 times more than W-CDMA technology. Practically, in 3.5G we get around 500 kbps download and 200 upload speed

– Video streaming improved in 3.5G and the network latency reduced to a greater extent.

– The ‘H’ symbol on the mobile network represents HSPA or 3.5G network.

■ 3.75G

– It was based on an enhanced HSPA ( HSPA+).

– With advanced encryption/encoding technique and using multiple antennas to transmit and receive data requests. data transmission rates increased up to a peak speed of 42Mbps uplink and 22Mbps downlink theoretically.

– Any mobile device could be used as a wi-fi hotspot and via dongle also, internet could be accessed in computer.

– H+ symbol in mobile network terms represents HSPA+ or 3.75G network.


■ Drawbacks of 3G

– Upgrade the base station and cellular infrastructure to 3G is very expensive.

– Needs more towers.

– The prices of the plans for cell phones are much higher than 2G.

– Availability to consumers.

– Power consumption is high.

Mobile Generations

1G 2G 3G

MOBILE COMPUTING Lecture 5 : Generations of Mobile Networks (4G & 5G)


Fourth Generations (4G)

■ A 4G system provides mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high- definition mobile TV, video conferencing at very high speed.

■ 4G was introduced in 2009

■ The 4G network hierarchy is expected to consist of four broad levels of networks: the Personal Networks, the Local Networks, the Cellular Networks, and the Satellite-based Networks.

– At the lowest layer are the personal networks, which constitute of smart devices communicating with each other over wireless links.

– At the next level are the local networks. These could consist of Local Area Networks (LANs) using the Wireless LAN technology. Local area networks based on WLANs would normally have a greater coverage area than personal networks based on Bluetooth, and would be used in office complexes or in hot spots like cafes, hotels and airports.

– The cellular network level comes next, which will consist of existing 2G and 3G cellular networks, as well as enhanced 3G cellular networks.

– At the top-most level will be the Satellite-based mobile networks, which have a much greater coverage area than the cellular networks, or any of the networks at the lower levels.


■ An example of a personal network can be a set of devices consisting of one or more of computer desktop, laptop, printer, modem, etc., of a residential user, that are communicating with each other using Bluetooth. The smart devices could even consist of the coffee machine, the temperature control device or the washing machine for that matter, all communicating via Bluetooth.


■ Features of 4G Networks

– Higher Bandwidths: 4G networks provide higher bandwidths to support multimedia services. Bandwidths up to 100 Mbps will be possible to achieve in 4G networks.

– Packet-switched Network: While 3G networks consisted of both circuit-switched and packet-switched domains, 4G networks are entirely based on packet-switched networks. IP is used as the packet-switched network in 4G.

– Stringent Network Security: Network security in 4G networks is further improvised. Security mechanisms in 3G networks may be enhanced to provide better and tighter security.

– Global mobility and network scalability: While 3G networks did not provide true global mobility, this was one of the requirements from 4G networks. Also, the network architecture for 4G networks, provides mechanisms for easy scalability.


■ The 4G mobile networks have been developed with two main objectives:

– First : To overcome the shortcomings and limitations of 3G.

■ Prime amongst which is the issue of available bandwidth. The 3G specifications have been defined to offer maximum bandwidths of 2 Mbps. However, in practical scenarios, the bandwidth available to users will be quite less than 2Mbps. It is expected that in most realistic scenarios, users of 3G networks will be able to receive bandwidths of around 384 Kbps. Even though the bandwidths offered by 3G networks is an order of magnitude better than their 2G counterparts, it is still not sufficient to support all types of multimedia communication. 4G mobile networks are being envisioned to offer higher bandwidths, up to a value of 100 Mbps

■ Global roaming has been added as one of the requirements from the 4G networks. Hence, for the 4G networks, enhanced network architecture was proposed which was expected to be entirely a packet switched network.

– Second : to make good use of the achievements in the area of wireless technology. The 4G network architecture consists of a collection of such wireless networks, the 3G cellular network being just one of these. (WLAN, Bluetooth, Satellite-based mobile networks)


■ Advantages of 4G and 4G LTE:

– Both networks are very fast (10 times faster than the 3G network).

– It offers extremely high voice quality.

– It is very fast when downloading huge files over a wireless network.

– It very good & clear when streaming videos , watching online videos , playing online music , watching online TV & the others streaming stuffs .

– 4G networks present complete privacy , security and safety , This is especially beneficial for corporate establishments & business persons , who hold sensitive information on their respective mobile devices

■ Disadvantages of 4G and 4G LTE:

– The consumer is forced to buy a new device to support the 4G.

– 4G network has higher data prices for the consumers (expensive).

– 4G and 4G LTE network need complex hardware.

– 4G technology requires expensive infrastructure for operation.

– Poor battery life, because it uses many antenna and transmiters.

Fifth Generations (5G)

■ Homework

– Group 1: What is 5G and its components? (2 Slides )

– Group 2: How does 5G work ? ( 2 Slides )

– Group 3: Features of 5G ? ( 2 Slides )

– Group 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of 5G ? ( 2 Slides )

– Group 5: 3G vs 4G vs 5G ? (1 – 2 Slides)

■ Notes

– The class is divided into 5 groups based on the alphabetical order of the names.

– The slides should be based on the main template of my slides.

– Total number of slides ( <= 10)

– Final submission date (24/01/2021)

MOBILE COMPUTING Lecture 6 : Mobile Operating Systems


Mobile Operating Systems

■ An operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware (H/W) and software (S/W) resources of the system.

■ An operating system which controls mobile devices is called Mobile OS.

■ It is a Platform on top of which the application programs run on mobile devices.

■ A Mobile operating system is a System Software that is specifically designed to run on handheld devices such as Mobile Phones, PDA’s.

■ Mobile OS is simple, and deal with the wireless versions of broadband and local connectivity.

■ Mobile devices evolved the way users across the globe leverage services on the go from voice calls to smart devices which enables users to access value added services anytime and anywhere.

■ At present, the mobile devices are able to provide various services to users but still suffers from issues include Performance, security and Privacy, Reliability and Band width costs.


Mobile OS

Linux Kernel Unix Kernel Windows CE

Darwin QNX Android Firefox OS Windows

Mobile

Windows NT

Windows

Phone

EPOC

Symbian OS

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