Mobile Computing Assignment

8/16/2019 Mobile Computing Assignment

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Mobile computing Assignment USN: 14MSIT10008 Name: Anurag Dey

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INTRODUCTIONThe word “wireless” is dictionary defined “having no wires”. In networking terminology,

wireless is the term used to describe any computer network where there is no physical wired

connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network is connected by radio waves

and/or microwaves to maintain communications.

Wireless networking utilizes specific equipment such as NICs and routers in place of wires

(copper or optical fibres).

The cellular networks are evolving through several generations. The first generation (1G)

wireless mobile communication network was analog system which was used for public voice

service with the speed up to 2.4kbps.

The second generation (2G) is based on digital technology and network infrastructure.

As compared to the first generation, the second generation can support text messaging. Its

success and the growth of demand for online information via the internet prompted thedevelopment of cellular wireless system with improved data connectivity, which ultimately lead

to the third generation systems (3G).

3G systems refer to the developing technology standards for the next generation of

mobile communications systems. One of the main goals of the standardization efforts of 3G is

to create a universal infrastructure that is able to support existing and future services. This

requires that the infrastructure be designed so that it can evolve as technology changes,

without compromising the existing services on the existing networks. Separation of access

technology, transport technology, service technology and user application from each other

make this demanding requirement possible.

The 4th Generation (4G) wireless mobile internet networks are research items in

academy, which will integrate current existing 3G cellular networks (i.e., OFDM, CDMA2000,

WCDMA and TD_SCDMA) and Wi-Fi (i.e. Wireless LAN) networks with fixed internet to support

wireless mobile internet as the same quality of service as fixed internet, which is an evolution

not only to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G, but also to enhance the quality of

services, to increase the bandwidth and to reduce the cost of the resource.

The 5th wireless mobile multimedia internet networks can be completed wireless

communication without limitation, which bring us perfect real world wireless – World Wide

Wireless Web (WWWW). 5G is based on 4G technologies, which is to be revolution to 5G.

During this processing, there are two kind of problems need to be solved. The first is widercoverage and the second is freedom of movement from one technology to another. The 6th

generation (6G) wireless mobile communication networks shall integrate satellites to get global

coverage. The global coverage systems have been developed by four courtiers. The global

position system (GPS) is developed by USA. The COMPASS system is developed by China. The

Galileo


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System is developed by EU, and the GLONASS system is developed by Russia. These in

depended systems are difficulty for space roaming. The task of 7th generation (7G) wireless

mobile communication networks are going to unite the four systems to get space roaming. But

we concentrate here only on 1G to 5G.

FIRST GENERATION (1G)–

ANALOG SYSTEMS1G refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile

telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced

in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main

difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio

signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital.

First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog or analogue signal is

any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a

representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,

developed in the 1980s. The prominent ones among 1G system were advanced mobile phone

system (AMPS), Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), and total access communication system

(TACS).

One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Switzerland,

Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone

System) used in the North America and Australia, TACS (Total Access Communications System)

in the United Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom 2000 in

France, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ-

802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation), whilea competing system operated by DDI (Daini Denden Planning, Inc.) used the JTACS (Japan Total

Access Communications System) standard.

1G speeds vary from that of a 28k modem (28kbit/s) to a 56k modem (56kbit/s).

Antecedent to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone, or 0G. In one sentence, 1G cellular

networks are based primarily on analog communications.

FEATURES

Developed in 1980s & completed in early 1990sBased on analog system

Speed up to 2.4 kbps

AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US & it was the 1G mobile

system

Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Netzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiocom_2000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTMIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56k_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56k_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTMIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiocom_2000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Netzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone


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1G TECHNOLOGY DEVICES

SECURITY ISSUES WITH 1G

Analog cellular phones are insecure. Anyone with an all-band radio receiver can listen in

to the conversation. Many scandals have been reported in this area. There are also thefts of

airtime. Basically, a thief uses an all-band radio receiver that is connected to a computer. This

computer can record the 32-bit serial numbers and phone numbers of subscribers when calling

(recall that this information is sent as a packet). The thieves can collect a large database by

driving around and can then go into business by reprogramming stolen phones and reselling

them.

Major drawbacks are:

Poor Voice Quality

Poor Battery Life

Large Phone Size No Security

Limited Capacity

Poor Handoff Reliability


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SECOND GENERATION (2G) – NETWORK DIGITAL SYSTEMS

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation

2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in

1991. 2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the

various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages

and MMS (Multi Media Messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds

sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally

encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the

intended receiver can receive and read it.

Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code

division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into time slots. CDMA

allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different

TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM (Global system

for mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies. GSM

technology was the first one to help establish international roaming. This enabled the mobile

subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many dif ferent countries of the world’s is

based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer analogue signals.

GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS) to any mobile

network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to anyone, other than the

voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both the network operators and the

ultimate users at the same time.

In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and

proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be

enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that of

a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth

curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen,

the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2G

handset would fail completely.

2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G and 4G.However, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world.


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PRIMARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION CELLULAR

NETWORKS

These are:

DIGITAL TRAFFIC CHANNELS – first-generation systems are almost purely analog; second

generation systems are digital.

ENCRYPTION – all second generation systems provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping.

ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION – second-generation digital traffic allows for detection

and correction, giving clear voice reception.

CHANNEL ACCESS – second-generation systems allow channels to be dynamically shared by a

number of users.

ADVANTAGES

The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.

Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email.

GREATLY REDUCED FRAUD: With analog systems it was possible to have two or more "cloned"

handsets that had the same phone number.

ENHANCED PRIVACY: A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls

are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used

have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private

than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping.

DISADVANTAGES

In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This

tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly

not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly

among countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.

Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an advantage

and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse

conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditionsworsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible,

while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words

to get through.

While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression used by

the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. You will hear less of the

tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cell phone, but you will hear it more clearly.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_cloninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eavesdroppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Security_algorithm&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropout_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossy_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossy_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropout_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Security_algorithm&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eavesdroppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_cloninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email


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GSM (Global System For Mobile Communications) – THE POPULAR 2G SYSTEM

Although there are many competing technologies in the 2G cellular network landscape,

GSM by far dominates the world today, with over 200 million users in over a hundred countries.

GSM is very popular in Europe and is now gaining popularity in the US also. These networks operate at 9.6 Kbps and are based on international standards defined by the European

Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Due to the popularity of GSM, let us look at GSM somewhat closely.

GSM is completely designed from scratch (there is no backward compatibility with 1G systems such as AMPS). It can deliver data rate up to 9.6 Kbps by using 124 channels per cell;each channel can support 8 users through TDMA (maximum 992 users per cell, in practiceabout 500). Some GSM channels are used for control signals for mobile units to locate thenearest base stations.

In addition to voice, GSM phones provide data services for wireless users; i.e., youconnect your GSM phone to your PC and it acts as a modem for email, fax, Internet browsing,etc. GSM also permits roaming between North American countries and European countries. To make it work, because of the frequency differences, you have to remove the user-specific SIM card from inside the American network’s phone and place it into a European network’s phone,or vice-versa.

GSM’s air interface is based on narrowband TDMA technology, where available

frequency bands are divided into time slots, with each user having access to one time slot at

regular intervals. Narrowband TDMA allows eight simultaneous communications on a single

radio multiplexer and is designed to support 16 half-rate channels.

SUMMARY OF THE 2G WIRELESS SYSTEMS

2G requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is no network

coverage in any specific area , digital signals would weak.

These systems are unable to handle complex data such as Videos.

Major features include:

It enables services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multimedia

message). It provides better quality and capacity


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GSM - Network Architecture

The architecture of GSM network defines several interfaces for multiple suppliers. The

key players of this architecture are shown below.

The GSM Network Architecture

Mobile station (MS): It represents the mobile user and communicates across the Um interface

(air interface) with a base station transceiver in the same cell as the MS. The main part of MS is

mobile equipment (ME) that represents physical terminals, (such as a telephone or PDA). An

ME includes a radio transceiver, a digital signal processor, and a Subscriber Identity Module

(SIM). GSM subscriber units are generic until SIM is inserted. SIMs are used to support roaming,as indicated previously.

Base Station Subsystem (BSS): It consists of a base station controller (BSC) and one or more

base transceiver stations (BTS). Each BTS defines a single cell and includes radio antenna, radio

transceiver and a link to a base station controller (BSC). BSC reserves radio frequencies,

manages handoff of mobile units from one cell to another within BSS, and controls paging.

Mobile Switching Center (MSC): It is the nerve center of GSM. It provides links between cellular

networks and public switched telecommunications networks. Specifically, an MSC controls

handoffs between cells in different BSSs, authenticates users and validates accounts, and

enables worldwide roaming of mobile users. To support these features, an MSC consists of thefollowing databases:

i. Home location register (HLR) database – stores information about each subscriber that

belongs to it.

ii. Visitor location register (VLR) database – maintains information about subscribers

physically in the region currently


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iii. Authentication center database (AuC) – used for authentication activities and holds

encryption keys

iv. Equipment identity register database (EIR) – keeps track of the type of equipment that

exists at the mobile station

A number of control messages are exchanged between the key entities in the GSM

architecture. These messages are used to support mobility and connection management. Figure

(4) shows the GSM Protocol Architecture. The protocols, as can be seen, follow the typical 7-

layer model, where the lower layers provide transport over radio links (between the mobile

station and BTSs) and wired packet-switching network (between BTSs and MSCs). Protocols

above the link layer of the GSM signaling protocol architecture provide specific functions such

as the following:

Connection management connects end users (mobile stations) to the MSC or to other

end users. These protocols, at layer 6 of the protocol stack, are used when you dial a number,for example, from your phone to another mobile or wired phone.

Mobility management provides location services and security controls. These

protocols are supported at the layer 5 of the protocol stack.

Mobile application part (MAP) is used between HLR and VLR to provide updates as

the users move around. These layer 4 protocols are used between an MSC and a

BSC.

Radio resource management is used to control setup, termination and handoffs of

radio channels. For example, all communications between your cellular phone and

the base station are managed by using these layer 3 protocols.

BTS management is used for management of the base transceiver system also atlayer 3.

2.5G TECHNOLOGY - GPRS

2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generation of mobile

telephony. It is sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology combined with GPRS. In other

words, it is an interim stage taken between 2G and 3G.

2.5G wireless cellular networks have been developed as a transition path to 3G.

Examples of these networks are GPRS and EDGE. These systems build packet-switching systems

on top of existing 2G systems to improve data rates significantly.

FEATURES INCLUDE:

Phone Calls

Send/Receive E-mail, Messages


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Web browsing

Speed rate: 64-144 kbps

Camera Phones

Takes a time of 6-9 minutes to download a 3 minute mp3-format song.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)GSM networks offer circuit-switched data services at 9.6 Kbps. Most GSM carriers are

developing a service called General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a 2.5G technology. GPRS can

theoretically provide IP-based packet data speeds up to a maximum of 160 Kbps. However,

typical GPRS networks operate at lower data rates. One proposed configuration is 80 Kbps

maximum (56 Kbps typical) for the downlink and 20 Kbps maximum (14.4 Kbps typical) for the

uplink. GPRS supports both IP and X.25 networking.

GPRS can be added to GSM infrastructures quite readily. It takes advantage of

existing 200 kHz radio channels and does not require new radio spectrum. GPRS basically

overlays a packet switching network on the existing circuit switched GSM network. This gives

the user an option to use a packet-based data service. An architectural view of GPRS ispresented in Figure (5). The main component of a GPRS network is the GSN (GPRS Support

Node) that receives the packet data and transfers it to the Internet or other GPRS networks. To

provide GPRS services on top of GSM, the network operators need to add a few GSNs and make

a software upgrade to BSCs and few other network elements. This quick upgrade capability has

fueled the popularity of GPRS.

THE GPRS NETWROK ARCHITECTURE


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GPRS capability has been added to cell phones, and is also available in data-only devicessuch as PC card modems. Pricing is either flat rate or based on the volume of information

communicated. GPRS is appealing because it offers higher data rates and also allows, because

of packet services, constant “virtual” connections without the need to constantly “dial” into the

network. The ‘always-on’, higher capacity, GPRS networks are very suitable for Internet based

content and packet-based data services. You can do Web browsing, email, and file transfer over

a GPRS enabled phone. To use GPRS, users specifically need a mobile phone or terminal that

supports GPRS (existing GSM phones do not support GPRS necessarily) and a subscription to a

mobile telephone network that supports GPRS.

2G DEVICES


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THIRD GENERATION NETWORK (3G) – INTERNET SYSTEMS

To meet the growing demand in network capacity, rates required for high speed data

transfer and multimedia applications, 3G standards started evolving. It is based on the

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards. 3G technologies enable

network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services. Services includewide-area wireless voice telephony, video-calls and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile

environment. The data are sent through the technology called Packet switching. Voice calls are

interpreted through circuit switching.

3G Technology refer to third generation which was introduced in year 2000s. Data

Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps. Typically called Smart Phones and

features increased its bandwidth and data transfer rates to accommodate web-based

applications and audio and video files.

FEATURES OF 3G

Phone calls/ fax

Global roaming

Send/receive large email messages

High speed web

Navigation / maps

Video conferencing/3D gaming

TV streaming/Mobile TV/Phone calls

Electronic agenda meeting reminder

Speed rate: 200 KB/sec – 2MB/sec

Time to download a 3 min MP3 song:

11 sec - 1.5 minute time to download a 3-minute mp3-format song.

Large capacities and broadband capabilities

Providing faster communication

DRAWBACKS OF 3G TECHNOLOGIES

Expensive input fees for 3G Licenses Services

Numerous differences in the licensing terms.

It was a challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G

High Bandwidth Requirement

Expensive 3G Phones.

Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for the new 3G wireless service

Large Cell Phones

FOURTH GENERATION NETWORKS (4G) – INTEGRATION SYSTEMS (ANYTIME, ANYWHERE

CONNECTION)


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4G technology refer to or short name of fourth Generation which was started from late 2000s.

It is capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed. One of the basic term used to describe 4G is

MAGIC.

M - Mobile Multimedia

A - Anytime Anywhere

G - Global Mobility Support

I - Integrated Wireless Solution

C - Customized Personal Services

Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere, the next generations of wireless technology

that promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services; capable to provide speed

100Mbps-1Gbps, High QOS and High Security and provide any kind of service at any time as per

user requirements, anywhere.

FEATURES…WHAT IS 4G?

Faster and more reliable – 100 Mbps

Lower cost than previous generations.

Multi-standard wireless system

Bluetooth , WiFi

Coverage of wide area.

Wide Variety of services capability. IPv6 core

Potentially IEEE standards 802.11

Only packet switching used unlike previous generations.

MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out) replace CDMA spread spectrum radio technology.

WHY 4G?

Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!

For the Customer:

Video streaming , TV broadcast

Video calls , video clips- news , music , sports

Enhanced gaming , chat , location services…

For Business:

High speed Tele-working / VPN access


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Sales force automation

Video conferencing

Real-time financial information


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ADVANTAGES OF 4G-TECHNOLOGIES

High usability: anytime, anywhere and with any technology.

Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost.

Higher bandwidth and tight network security.

DISADVANTAGES OF 4G-TECHNOLOGIES

The equipment required to implement a next generation network is still very expensive.

Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept

realistic

Battery uses is more

Hard to implement

Need complicated hardware

Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.

3G AND 4G WIRELESS SYSTEMS


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ESTIMATION OF 3G/4G SUBSCRIBER GROWTH


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FIFTH GENERATION NETWORKS (5G) – REAL WIRELESS WORLD SYSTEMS

5G technology refers to the short name of fifth Generation which was started from late 2010s.

Complete wireless communication with almost no limitations. It is highly supportable to

WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web).

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed the

means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such

a high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which

makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.

The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning.5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least

1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to

get broadband internet access.

GSMHistory.com has recorded three very distinct 5G network visions having emerged by 2014:

A super-efficient mobile network that delivers a better performing network for lower

investment cost.

A super-fast mobile network comprising the next generation of small cells densely clustered

together to give a contiguous coverage over at least urban areas and gets the world to the final

frontier for true “wide area mobility

A converged fiber-wireless network that uses, for the first time for wireless Internet access,

the millimeter wave bands (20 – 60 GHz)

BENEFITS OF 5G-TECHNOLOGIES

High speed and high capacity

5G technology provides large broadcasting of data in GBPS. Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the clarity as to that of an HD

Quality.

Faster data transmission than that of the previous generations.

Large phone memory, dialing speed and clarity in audio/video.

Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet and other.


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5G is more effective and more attractive.

BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 4G AND 5G TECHNOLOGIES

WIRELESS APPLICATIONS


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Wireless applications are those which we use free space as the transmission medium & do not

involve cabling like fibre or copper cables.


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1G TO 5G … THE EVOLUTION

COMPARISON OF ALL GENERATIONS

GENERATION 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

DEPLOYMENT 1970/1984 1980/1989 1990/2002 2000/2010 2017/2020


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DATA

BANDWIDTH

2 KBPS 14-64 KBPS 2 MBPS 200 MBPS 1 GBPS

STANDARDS AMPS TDMA,CDMA,

GPS,

GPRS

WCDMA Single unified

standard

Single unified

standard

TECHNOLOGY Analog

cellular

Digital cellular

Broadband

with CDMA,

IP technology

Unified IP and

seamless

combination

of

broadband,

LAN, WAN

and WLAN

Unified IP and

seamless

combination of

broadband,

LAN,WAN,WLAN

And WWWW

SERVICES Mobile

technology

(Voice)

Digital Voice,

SMS

,Higher

Capacity

packetized

Integrated

high quality

audio and

video

Dynamic

Information

Access,

Wearable

devices

Dynamic

Information

Access

,Wearable

devices with AI

capabilities

MULTIPLEXING FDMA TDMA,CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA

SWITCHING Circuit Circuit and

Packet

Packet All packet All packet

CORE

NETWORK

PSTN PSTN Packet

network

Internet Internet

HANDOFF Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal

and

Vertical

Horizontal

and

Vertical

Mobile Computing Assignment

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