Mobile and Ad hoc Networks
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Transcript of Mobile and Ad hoc Networks
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Background of Ad hoc Wireless Networks
Student Presentations
Wireless Communication Technology and Research
Ad hoc Routing and Mobile IP and Mobility
Wireless Sensor and Mesh Networks
Mobile and Ad hoc Networks
Introductory LectureIntroductory Lecturehttp://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/SP2012/teAWNms/
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Objectives
Where is Wireless Communication today? Where has it come from in the last decade? What is its future potential?
Introduction to Mobile Ad hoc, Sensor and Mesh networks What are key research areas in wireless communication? How do the features in Ad hoc wireless networks different from
traditional wireless systems (WiFi: 802.11a/b/g/n, 3G, mobile WIMAX: 802.16e)?
Mobility issues Security and other issues Research topics
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Text Books
AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies And Protocols
by Prasant Mohapatra and Srikanth Krishnamurthy
The handbook of AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS
by Mohammad Ilyas
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Text Books
Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks Protocols and Systems
by C.K. Toh
Mobile Ad hoc Networking
by Stefano Basagni, Marco Conti,
Silvia Giordano and Ivan
Stojmenovic
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Overview of the Course Introduction
Foundations of Wireless Communications - Wireless Channel
Foundations of Wireless Communications – Modulation
Review of Networking Wireless Physical and MAC layer Wireless Area Networks (WPAN,
WLAN, WWAN) and MAC Layer
Wireless MAC protocols Wireless Routing Wireless TCP Mobile IP Quality of service Wireless Sensor Networks Mobile Ad hoc Networks Vehicular Ad hoc Networks Mesh Networks Wireless Network Security Standardization
Research Papers Physical and MAC layer Routing in Wireless
Opportunistic routing and network coding
Network Layer and Routing Routing Metrics Geographic Routing
Routing and Scalability Routing Algorithms Algorithmic foundations for
scalability Energy issues Sensor Networks Wireless Routing Security
Trust and Reputation systems Incentives, mechanisms, etc.
Physical and link level issues
Presentations
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Objectives of course
Learn about challenges in wireless networking What forces us to reconsider many traditional
designs? Understand state-of-the-art in wireless/ubiquitous
systems Get a broad view of the ongoing research in the
wireless domain Have a good understanding of their capabilities and
limitations
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Course Materials
Course Web page http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/SP2012/teAWNms Visit regularly Announcements Lecture Notes and Assignments
Research papers Pdf/ps version of the papers will be on the Web page ~30 papers, Combination of classic and recent work.
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Reading Papers Is this a vision/position/direction paper, or just a
measurement/implementation? How the paper is compared to others? Can I mentally categorize this paper somewhere in the
taxonomy? “Differs from X as follows; has the following in common with Y”
What is the most important contribution?
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Reading Papers (2) Does this advance the state of the art? Did you learn anything new? Does it provide evidence which supports/contradicts
hypotheses? Is there experimental validation? Any technical flaws? Will the paper generate discussion in the class? How readable is the paper? Is the paper relevant to a broader community?
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Covered Topics (will try!)
Overview The challenges, technologies, and trends
Wireless Fundamentals Source and channel coding Frequency spectrums
Wireless LAN MAC protocols
Wireless Internet – Mobile IP
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Covered Topics (2)
Routing for Wireless Ad Hoc Routing
TCP in wireless enviroment Power Management wireless Sensor Networks Quality of Services (QoS) Hybrid Wireless Networks – Architectures– Pricing,
Power Control, Load Balancing Special Topics
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Why wireless networks? Mobility: to support mobile applications Costs: reductions in infrastructure and operating
costs: no cabling or cable replacement Special situations: No cabling is possible or it is
very expensive. Reduce downtime: Moisture or hazards may cut
connections.
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Why wireless networks? (cont.)
Rapidly growing market attests to public need for mobility and uninterrupted access
Consumers are used to the flexibility and will demand instantaneous, uninterrupted, fast access regardless of the application.
Consumers and businesses are willing to pay for it
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1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
The Two Hottest Trends inTelecommunications Networks
Source: Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.
Mobile TelephoneUsers
Internet Users
Millions
Years
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Growth of Home wireless
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Wireless is THE Key Driver for the Future Internet
Historic shift from PC’s to mobile computing and embedded devices… >2B cell phones vs. 500M Internet-connected PC’s in 2005 >400M cell phones with Internet capability, rising rapidly Sensor deployment just starting, but some estimates ~5-10B units by
2015
INTERNET INTERNET
WirelessEdge Network
WirelessEdge Network
INTERNET INTERNET
~500M server/PC’s, ~100M laptops/PDA’s
~750M servers/PC’s, >1B laptops, PDA’s, cell phones, sensors
20052010
WirelessEdge Network
WirelessEdge Network
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Market Size
Wireless as the common case vs. the exception Laptop (54%) vs. desktop sales
(46%) >2B cell phones vs. 500M Internet-
connected PCs Estimates of ~5-10B wireless
sensors by 2015
Rapid deployment of new technology Highly dynamic environment Must accommodate
new/unexpected technologies
•9 million hotspot users in 2003 (30 million in 2004)
•Approx 4.5 million WiFi access points sold in 3Q04
•Sales have tripled by 2009•Many more non-802.11 devices
Staggering Market Statistics
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Why is it so popular?
Flexible Low cost Easy to deploy Support mobility
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Applications ?
Ubiquitous, Pervasive computing or nomadic access. Ad hoc networking: Where it is difficult or impossible to
set infrastructure. LAN extensions: Robots or industrial equipment
communicate each others. Sensor network where elements are two many and they can not be wired!.
Sensor Networks: for monitoring, controlling, e
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Infostations
Mobile hosts traveling through fixed network Good for periodic download or upload of bulky data Wireless islands (interconnected by wired network)
Gas stations Here and there on the freeway
Possibly an invisible infrastructure with mobile-aware applications In reality, you may need to know to go to it Original paper assumes this: information kiosks
Coverage is spotty Cost is lower than complete coverage
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Ad hoc networks
Collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration.
Hop-by-hop routing due to limited range of each node Nodes may enter and leave the network Usage scenarios:
Military Disaster Relief Temporary groups of participants (conferences)
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Sensor networks Deployment of small, usually wireless sensor nodes.
Collect data, stream to central site Maybe have actuators
Hugely resource constrained Internet protocols have implicit assumptions about
node capabilities Power cost to transmit each bit is very high relative to
node battery lifetime Loss / etc., like other wireless Ad-hoc: Deployment is often somewhat random
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Ad hoc networks, continued
Very mobile – whole network may travel Applications vary according to purpose of
network No pre-existing infrastructure. Do-it-yourself
infrastructure Coverage may be very uneven
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Networked Embedded Computers
Network
networked appliances sensors historical sites & other
locations
Connected to network send and/or receive
May be embedded only for network access
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extendibility & scalability
Embedded Peer
Network
Composite devices (HW+SW) security system
Distributed composites vs. hardwired devices
client-defined composites
ease of change
reuse of constituents
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Networked Embedded Computers
Network
Issues Late binding
Naming Discovery IPC User-interface deployment Multi-appliance control
Access control Existing social protocols not supported by
existing mechanisms All co-located users can use
appliance Restriction to contents per user
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Location-Aware Computing
Motivation location-based action
nearby local printer, doctor nearby remote phone directions/maps
location-based information
real person’s location history/sales/events
virtual walkthrough story of city
augmented touring machine
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Pose-Aware Computing
Operations based on locations and orientations of users and devices
Motivation Augmented reality
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Wearable Pose-Aware Computers
Computers on body track body relative
movements monitor person train person
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EmbeddedMobile
Interactive
Beyond Desktops/Servers
WearableActive badge
Location
Sensor
Flight Simulator
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Summary
Need to be connected from everywhere and anytime.
Need to be connected on movement Need to good quality service on those situation. Interworking with the existing networks
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Classification of Wireless Networks
Mobility: fixed wireless or mobile Analog or digital Ad hoc (decentralized) or centralized (fixed base
stations) Services: voice (isochronous) or data (asynchronous) Ownership: public or private
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Classification of Wireless Networks
Area: wide (WAN), metropolitan (MAN), local (LAN), or personal (PAN) area networks
Switched (circuit- or packet-switched) or broadcast Low bit-rate (voice grade) or high bit-rate (video,
multimedia) Terrestrial or satellite
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What is special on wireless?
Channel characteristics Half-Duplex Location dependency Very noisy channel, fading effects, etc.,
Resource limitation Bandwidth Frequency Battery, power.
Wireless problems are usually optimization problems.
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What is special on wireless?
Mobility in the network elements Very diverse applications/devices. Connectivity and coverage (internetworking) is a
problem. Maintaining quality of service over very unreliable
links Security (privacy, authentication,...) is very serious
here. Broadcast media. Cost efficiency
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Big issues!
Integration with existing data networks sounds very difficult.
It is not always possible to apply wired networks design methods/principles here.
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Internet Design Goals
1. Connect existing networks initially ARPANET and ARPA packet radio network
2. Survivability- ensure communication service even in the presence of
network and router failures
3. Support multiple types of services
4. Must accommodate a variety of networks
5. Allow distributed management
6. Allow host attachment with a low level of effort
7. Allow resource accountability
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Problems
Host mobility is not considered in the design. There is a hierarchal design. How Ad hoc wireless
networks can be handled A layered design. Layer should be independent of
each other. It is not work at all in wireless TCP Battery shortages; Etc,.
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Disconnection / store & forward
Many Internet protocols assume frequent connectivity
What if your node is only on the Internet for 5 minutes every 6 hours? How do you browse the web? Receive SMTP-based email?
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High availbility requirements
No QoS assumed from below Reasonable but non-zero loss rates
What’s minimum recovery time? 1 RTT
But conservative assumptions end-to-end TCP RTO
Interconnect independent networks Federation makes things harder:
My network is good. Is yours? Is the one in the middle working? Scale
Routing convergence times, etc.
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Trends Multimedia over IP networks
Next Generation Internet with features for “soft” QoS RSVP, Class-based Queuing, Link Scheduling
Voice over IP networks Packet Voice and Video RTP and ALF
Intelligence shifts to the network edges Better, more agile software-based voice and video codecs
Programmable intelligence inside the network Proxy servers intermixed with switching infrastructure Java code: “write once, run anywhere”
Implications for cellular network infrastructure of the 21st century?
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Issues Scalability
Must scale to support hundreds of thousands of simultaneous users in a region.
Functionality
Computer-phone integration Real-time, multipoint/multicast, location-aware
services, security Home networking, “active” spaces,
sensors/actuators
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Issues(2) Leverage evolving IP traffic models Provisioning the network for the extrapolated traffic and
services Proactive Infrastructure
Computing resources spread among switching infrastructure
Computationally intensive services: e.g., voice-to-text Service and server discovery
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Wireless Differences 1
Physical layer: signals travel in open space Subject to interference
From other sources and self (multipath) Creates interference for other wireless devices Noisy lots of losses Channel conditions can be very dynamic
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Wireless Differences 2
Need to share airwaves rather than wire Don’t know what hosts are involved Hosts may not be using same link technology Interaction of multiple transmitters at receiver
Collisions, capture, interference Use of spectrum: limited resource.
Cannot “create” more capacity easily More pressure to use spectrum efficiently
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Wireless Differences 3
Mobility Must update routing protocols to handle frequent
changes Requires hand off as mobile host moves in/out
range Changes in the channel conditions.
Coarse time scale: distance/interference/obstacles change
Fine time scale: Doppler effect Other characteristics of wireless
Slow
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Growing Application Diversity
Relay Node
Access Point
Sensor
Wired Internet
Ad-Hoc/Sensor Networks
Collision Avoidance:Car Networks
Wireless Home Multimedia
Mesh Networks
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Challenge: Diversity
New architectures must accommodate rapidly evolving technology
Must accommodate different optimization goals Power, coverage, capacity, price
INTERNET INTERNET
WirelessEdge Network
WirelessEdge Network
INTERNET INTERNET
20052010
WirelessEdge Network
WirelessEdge Network
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Spectrum Scarcity
Interference and unpredictable behavior Need better management/diagnosis tools
Lack of isolation between deployments Cross-domain and cross-technology
Why is my 802.11 not working?
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Other Challenges
Performance: Nothing is really working well Security: It is a broadcast medium Cross layer interception
TCP performance
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Assignment #1
Introduce Yourself: Name: Adeel Akram Department: Telecom Engineering Department Email Address: [email protected] Cell/Contact Number: 0323-5030712/051-
9047566 Define terms highlighted in Yellow colour
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Q&A
?