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![Page 1: Mobbing Psychiatric impacts and psycho-social outcomes Professor Philippe Corten Van Driette Y., Dewell P., From L., Friedrich A., Tiv Ph., Pelc I. Clinique.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d245503460f949fa639/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MobbingMobbing Psychiatric impacts Psychiatric impacts
and psycho-social and psycho-social outcomesoutcomes
Professor Philippe CortenProfessor Philippe CortenVan Driette Y., Dewell P., From L., Friedrich Van Driette Y., Dewell P., From L., Friedrich
A., Tiv Ph., Pelc I.A., Tiv Ph., Pelc I.
Clinique du Stress - 2005Clinique du Stress - 2005
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Mobbing: BackgroundMobbing: Background• Mobbing was described byMobbing was described by
– H. LeymannH. Leymann– M-F. HirigoyenM-F. Hirigoyen– Ch. DejoursCh. Dejours
As a moral ill-treatment at As a moral ill-treatment at workwork
• Mobbing (Bullying) Mobbing (Bullying) definition:definition:– Repetitive and abusive Repetitive and abusive
attitudes at work attitudes at work (=harassment)(=harassment)
– The behaviors separately The behaviors separately considered are insignificantsconsidered are insignificants
– H. Leymann process:H. Leymann process:• To isolate the victimTo isolate the victim• To prevent her to ask help or To prevent her to ask help or
to express oneselfto express oneself• To bring her into disrepute To bring her into disrepute
toward colleagues or toward colleagues or hierarchyhierarchy
• To hit the victim in his To hit the victim in his dignity (humiliations)dignity (humiliations)
• To compromise the health of To compromise the health of the victimthe victim
– Goal: Goal: • Destruction of the moral Destruction of the moral
integrityintegrity
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Mobbing:Mobbing:Aim and hypothesisAim and hypothesis
• Has mobbing severe psychiatric Has mobbing severe psychiatric consequences?consequences?
• Has mobbing severe psycho-social Has mobbing severe psycho-social outcomes?outcomes?
• What are the characteristics of the What are the characteristics of the victims?victims?
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Mobbing: MethodologyMobbing: Methodology• Design: retrospective Design: retrospective
studystudy• Sample:Sample:
– Source: Source: outpatients of the outpatients of the “clinique du stress” CHU-“clinique du stress” CHU-Brugmann, Brussels since Brugmann, Brussels since September 2002 to September 2002 to august 2005.august 2005.
– Inclusive criteria:Inclusive criteria:• Step 1:Step 1:
All patients who met the All patients who met the definition of a definition of a pathological chronic pathological chronic stress were assessed stress were assessed (N= 395)(N= 395)
– Definition of a Definition of a chronic pathological chronic pathological stress:stress:• A persistent state of A persistent state of
tension negatively tension negatively perceivedperceived
• Where someone is or Where someone is or feels unable to feels unable to answer adequately to answer adequately to the taskthe task
• Where this inability Where this inability may have significant may have significant consequencesconsequences
• With psychological, With psychological, physical and/or physical and/or functional impactfunctional impact
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Mobbing: MethodologyMobbing: Methodology
– Inclusive criteriaInclusive criteria• Step 2:Step 2:
Only patients who attribute Only patients who attribute the main source of stress to the main source of stress to the job were maintained in the job were maintained in the sample (N= 341)the sample (N= 341)
• Step 3:Step 3:
Following the H. Leymann Following the H. Leymann criteria the sample was criteria the sample was divided in 2 subgroupsdivided in 2 subgroups
– Perceived mobbing N= 101Perceived mobbing N= 101– Stressed patients without Stressed patients without
perceived mobbing N=228perceived mobbing N=228
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Mobbing: MethodologyMobbing: Methodology
• ToolsTools• Clinical assessment:Clinical assessment:
– GHQ-28 of D. Goldberg GHQ-28 of D. Goldberg (General Health (General Health Questionnaire) with 4 Questionnaire) with 4 subscalessubscales
• AnxietyAnxiety• DepressionDepression• SummarizationsSummarizations• DisabilityDisability
– Beck Depression Beck Depression InventoryInventory
– Perceived stress of Cohen Perceived stress of Cohen and Williamsonand Williamson
– Stress at work of LegeronStress at work of Legeron– Maslach Burn Out Maslach Burn Out
InventoryInventory
• Attitudes and behaviors Attitudes and behaviors toward stresstoward stress– Locus of controlLocus of control– CopingsCopings– AssertivityAssertivity– Alexythymia (TAS-20)Alexythymia (TAS-20)
• Clinical interview and Clinical interview and follow-up by psychologists follow-up by psychologists and/or psychiatristsand/or psychiatrists– Anamnesis dataAnamnesis data– Sociologic dataSociologic data– TreatmentTreatment
• DrugsDrugs• PsychotherapyPsychotherapy• Medical disablement to Medical disablement to
workwork
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric 1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric
consequences?consequences?
20,88
16,79
0 7 14 21 28
Score GHQ
Mobbing
Stress
GHQ-28 Anova p<.0001
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric 1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric
consequences?consequences?
5,783,65
7,475,93
10,178,41
8,446,19
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
GHQ Score
Somatization****
Anxiety****
Functionalimpact***
Depression****
GHQ-28 Anova ***p<.001 ****p<.0001
Mobbing
Stress
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric 1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric
consequences?consequences?
14,66
11,88
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Beck Score
Mobbing
Stress
Beck Depression Inventory Anova p=.0019
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric 1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric
consequences?consequences?
49,73
47,3
14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
Cohen & Williamson score
Mobbing
Stress
Perceived stress Anova p=.0117
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric 1- Has mobbing severe psychiatric
consequences?consequences?
6,18
5,44
0 2 4 6 8
Mobbing
Stress
Burn Out Level (MBI) Anova p=.0105
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results2- What are the outcomes?2- What are the outcomes?
• Length of follow-Length of follow-up: up: NSNS– Mobbing: 10,09 Mobbing: 10,09
months sd 8,91months sd 8,91– Stress: 9,03 months Stress: 9,03 months
sd 8,12sd 8,12
Work disablement Chi Square p=.0001
76%
51%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Mobbing
Stress
Work disablement: lenght in months Anova NS
9,36
6,88
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mobbing
Stress
Months
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results2- What are the outcomes?2- What are the outcomes?
Treatment Chi Square *p<.05
65%
37%
20%
71%
52%
60%
65%
35%
25%
69%
55%
47%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Antidepressivedrugs
Anxiolytics
Hypnotics
Relaxation
SpecifiedPsychotherapy
SupportivePsychotherapy*
Mobbing
Stress
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results2- What are the outcomes?2- What are the outcomes?
Work outcomes Chi Square ****p<.0001 others NS
96%
27%
27%
33%
9%
97%
64%
19%
7%
11%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Return to labormarket
Same job****
Mutation
Sacked****
Resign
Mobbing
Stress
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results3- Characteristics3- Characteristics
a) Attitudes toward stressa) Attitudes toward stress• Locus of controlLocus of control
– Internality (0 to 6)Internality (0 to 6)• Mobbing: Mean 2,52 sd Mobbing: Mean 2,52 sd
1,541,54• Stress: Mean 3,09 sd Stress: Mean 3,09 sd
1,651,65• Anova p=.0038Anova p=.0038
– Externality (0 to 6)Externality (0 to 6)• Mobbing: Mean 1,95 sd Mobbing: Mean 1,95 sd
1,41,4• Stress: Mean 1,71 sd Stress: Mean 1,71 sd
1,451,45• Anova NSAnova NS
=> Less internality=> Less internality
• CopingsCopings=> Nearly same or => Nearly same or
betterbetter
4,053,73
6,836,53
6,125,37
5,34,91
0 3 6 9 12 15
Emotions
Limits*
Plan & help
Withdrawal
Coping Anova *p<.05 others NS
Mobbing
Stress
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results3- Characteristics3- Characteristics
a) Attitudes toward stressa) Attitudes toward stress• EmotionsEmotions
– Bad perceptionsBad perceptions(0 to 35, cutting point 14)(0 to 35, cutting point 14)
• Mobbing: 19,8 sd 6,35Mobbing: 19,8 sd 6,35• Stress: 21,49 sd 6,65Stress: 21,49 sd 6,65• Anova NSAnova NS
– Bad verbalizationsBad verbalizations(0 to 25, cutting point 10)(0 to 25, cutting point 10)
• Mobbing: 13,76 sd 4,66Mobbing: 13,76 sd 4,66• Stress: 16,05 sd 4,94Stress: 16,05 sd 4,94• Anova p=.0014Anova p=.0014
– Avoidance of emotionsAvoidance of emotions(0 to 40, cutting point 16)(0 to 40, cutting point 16)
• Mobbing: 14,39 sd 4,81Mobbing: 14,39 sd 4,81• Stress: 15,38 sd 4,78Stress: 15,38 sd 4,78
=> => Bad perceptions and Bad perceptions and verbalizations but similar verbalizations but similar or better than stressed or better than stressed patients without mobbingpatients without mobbing
• AssertivityAssertivity=> => similarsimilar
6,23
6,61
8,03
8,45
11,23
10,76
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Assertive
Passive
Agressive
Assertivity Anova NS
Mobbing
Stress
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results3- Characteristics3- Characteristics
b) Sociological datab) Sociological data
• Age : NS mean 42 years sd 8,55Age : NS mean 42 years sd 8,55• Gender: mobbing Gender: mobbing 60% female60% female vs vs
48% stressed (Chi Square p=.0351)48% stressed (Chi Square p=.0351)• Life milieu: NS 65% founded homeLife milieu: NS 65% founded home• Civil status: mobbing Civil status: mobbing 21% divorced21% divorced
vs 7% (Chi Square p=.0111)vs 7% (Chi Square p=.0111)• Education: NS 56% University or Education: NS 56% University or
High SchoolHigh School
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Mobbing: resultsMobbing: results3- Characteristics3- Characteristics
c) complaintsc) complaints
83%79%
67%60%
67%
52%
64%
38%41%
25%29%
16%
29%
15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%Ti
redn
ess
Early
wak
e up
Neck
tens
ions
*Li
bido
- **
Diarrh
oea*
*
Loos
e of
wei
ght**
Bruxi
sm**
Complaints Chi square *p<.05 **p<.01 others NS
Mobbing
Stress
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Mobbing: discussionMobbing: discussionLegal prosecutionLegal prosecution
• In Belgium two procedures are recognized to prosecute an harassing In Belgium two procedures are recognized to prosecute an harassing peoplepeople– Internal procedure inside the companyInternal procedure inside the company– Justice procedureJustice procedure
20%
16%
64%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Internal procedure
Justice
No Procedure
Prosecutions
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Mobbing: discussionMobbing: discussionPost Traumatic Stress Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) ?Disorder (PTSD) ?
Reviviscence Avoidance Hyper arousal
Symptoms:
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Mobbing: discussionMobbing: discussionPTSD ?PTSD ?
• 43% of the victims have all the symptoms43% of the victims have all the symptoms
• Is mobbing a life threatening situation?Is mobbing a life threatening situation?– From the witnesses: From the witnesses: NONO – From the victim: From the victim: YESYES
• Spontaneously they compare mobbing to the most life Spontaneously they compare mobbing to the most life frightful situations frightful situations
““The XYZ company, it is Guantanamo in Brussels”The XYZ company, it is Guantanamo in Brussels”““When I gona better, I saw my inner city and what I look was When I gona better, I saw my inner city and what I look was Hiroshima”Hiroshima”““For me to be victim of mobbing is like to be a concentration For me to be victim of mobbing is like to be a concentration camp survival: the same difficulties to speak about, the same camp survival: the same difficulties to speak about, the same incredible story, the same silence …”incredible story, the same silence …”
• Should we include in the definition of life threatening Should we include in the definition of life threatening situation, the destruction of the moral integrity also?situation, the destruction of the moral integrity also?
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Mobbing: ConclusionsMobbing: Conclusions• Mobbing has severe psychiatric consequencesMobbing has severe psychiatric consequences (GHQ-28 = 21) (GHQ-28 = 21)• OutcomesOutcomes
– Long time disablement (mean 9 months for 76% of them)Long time disablement (mean 9 months for 76% of them)– 2/3 anti depressive drugs, 60% supportive therapy, ½ specified 2/3 anti depressive drugs, 60% supportive therapy, ½ specified
psychotherapypsychotherapy– only 27% return to the same job after treatment, 33% are only 27% return to the same job after treatment, 33% are
sackedsacked• CharacteristicsCharacteristics
– Similar or better attitude toward stressSimilar or better attitude toward stress– More female and divorcedMore female and divorced– Neck tensions, decrease of libido, loose of weight, diarrhea, Neck tensions, decrease of libido, loose of weight, diarrhea,
bruxism + Tiredness & early wake upbruxism + Tiredness & early wake up• ProsecutionsProsecutions
– 2/3 with no prosecution2/3 with no prosecution• PTSDPTSD
– 43% have all the symptoms => extension of the life threatening 43% have all the symptoms => extension of the life threatening definition?definition?