MNGT 5590 Organizational Behavior Week 3: Chapters 5 & 6 Dr. George Reid 1.
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Transcript of MNGT 5590 Organizational Behavior Week 3: Chapters 5 & 6 Dr. George Reid 1.
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MNGT 5590Organizational Behavior
Week 3: Chapters 5 & 6
Dr. George Reid
1
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5-2
• Chapter 5: Foundations of Employee Motivation
• Chapter 6: Applied Performance Practices
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Case G11: California DMS
HR Specialists
<<State Agencies >>
Directors
Executive Director
Lt. Governor
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5Chapter 5: Foundations of Employee Motivation
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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5-5
Employee Engagement and Motivation at DHL Express
DHL Express, the courier division of Germany’s Deutsche Post, has been building a workforce of highly engaged employees in Africa (shown here) and globally. “Motivated and engaged employees are crucial to the success of any business,” says a DHL Express executive.
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Motivation DefinedThe forces within a person that affect the
direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior
Motivated employees are willing to exert a particular level of effort (intensity), for a certain amount of time (persistence), toward a particular goal (direction)
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Employee Engagement
Both emotional and cognitive motivation
Focused, intense, persistent, purposive effort toward goals
High level of absorption (focus)
High self-efficacy
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Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy Theory
Seven categories – five in a hierarchy -- capture most needs
Lowest unmet need is strongest -- when satisfied, next higher need becomes primary motivator
Model lacks empirical supportMain problem: Needs
hierarchy is unique to each person, not universal
Self-actual-ization
Physiological
Safety
Belongingness
Esteem
Need toknow/learn
Need for beauty/order
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Maslow’s Contribution to Motivation
Holistic perspectiveStudy multiple needs
together
Humanistic perspectiveInfluence of social
dynamics, not just instinct
Positive perspectiveSelf-actualization (growth
needs)Foundation of positive OB
Abraham Maslow
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5-10
Learned Needs TheoryNeeds can be “learned”
strengthened through reinforcement, learning, and social conditions
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Three Learned NeedsNeed for achievement (nAch)
Want to accomplish reasonably challenging goalsDesire clear feedback, moderate risk tasks
Need for affiliation (nAff)Seek approval from others, conform to others’
wishes, avoid conflictEffective decision makers have low nAff
Need for power (nPow)Desire to control one’s environmentPersonalized versus socialized power
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Outcome 1
Outcome 2
Outcome 3
E-to-P Expectancy
Probability a specific effort level will result in a specific level of performance
P-to-O Expectancy
Probability a specific performance level will result in specific outcomes
Valence
Anticipated satisfaction fromthe outcome
+/–
+/–
+/–
Expectancy Theory of Motivation
Effort Performance
Environment
Ability
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Expectancy Theory in PracticeIncreasing E-to-P Expectancies
Hire, train, and match people to job requirementsProvide role clarity and sufficient resourcesProvide behavioral modeling and coaching
Increasing P-to-O ExpectanciesMeasure performance accuratelyExplain how rewards are linked to performanceExplain how rewards are caused by past performance
Increasing Outcome ValencesEnsure that rewards are valuedIndividualize rewardsMinimize countervalent outcomes
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Four OB Mod ConsequencesPositive reinforcement – when reinforcer
(consequence) is introduced, the behavior is increased/maintained
Punishment – when introduced, the frequency or probability of the behavior decreases
Negative reinforcement –when this consequence is removed, behavior is increased/maintained
Extinction –behavior decreases when no consequence occurs
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Social Cognitive TheoryLearning behavior outcomes
Observing consequences that others experienceAnticipate consequences in other situations
Behavior modelingObserving and modeling behavior of others
Self-regulationWe engage in intentional, purposive actionWe set goals, set standards, anticipate
consequencesWe reinforce our own behavior (self-reinforcement)
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Effective Goal Setting Features
Specific – What, how, where, when, and with whom the task needs to be accomplished
Measurable – how much, how well, at what cost
Achievable – challenging, yet accepted (E-to-P)
Relevant – within employee’s control
Time-framed – due date and when assessed
Exciting – employee commitment, not just compliance
Reviewed – feedback and recognition on goal progress and accomplishment
SMARTER
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Balanced ScorecardOrganizational-level goal setting and
feedback
Usually financial, customer, internal, and learning/growth process goals
Several goals within each process
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Characteristics of Effective FeedbackSpecific – connected to goal details
Relevant – Relates to person’s behavior
Timely –links actions to recent outcomes
Credible – trustworthy source
Frequent – often enough to be meaningful
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Strengths-Based CoachingBuilds on employee’s strengths rather than trying
to correct weaknesses
Motivational because:People inherently seek feedback about their
strengths, not their flaws
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Sources of FeedbackSocial sources -- feedback directly from others
e.g., boss, customers, multisource
Nonsocial sources -- feedback not conveyed directly by peoplee.g., electronic displays, customer survey results
Preferred feedback source:Nonsocial feedback for goal progress feedback
considered more accurate negative feedback less damaging to self-esteem
Social sources for conveying positive feedback Enhances employee’s self-esteem
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Organizational Justice/EquityDistributive justice
Perceived fairness in outcomes we receive relative to our contributions and the outcomes and contributions of others
Procedural justicePerceived fairness of the procedures used to
decide the distribution of resources
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6Chapter 6: Applied Performance Practices
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Meaning of Money at WorkMoney motivates, more than previously
thought
Different meanings of money Symbol of achievement/status; motivator;
performance indicator; anxiety source/avoider
Strong money ethic Money is perceived as (a) not evil, (b) symbol of
achievement/power, (c) budget carefully
Gender differences –more valued by men Men -- money is a symbol of power/status Women -- money is instrumental (exchanged)
Cultural differences Money importance increases with power
distance
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Job Status-Based RewardsIncludes job evaluation and status
perks
Advantages: Job evaluation tries to maintain
fairnessMotivates competition for promotions
Disadvantages:Encourages bureaucratic hierarchyReinforces status vs egalitarian
cultureEmployees exaggerate duties, hoard
resources
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Competency-Based Rewards
Two types of competency rewards
1.Skill-based payemployees paid more with number of
skill modules learned
2. Advantages of competency-based pay
More flexible work force, better quality, consistent with employability
3. Disadvantages of competency-based pay
Potentially subjective, higher training costs
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Performance-based RewardsIndividual rewards
Bonuses, commissions, piece rate systems
Team rewardsMostly bonuses, also gainsharing plans
Organizational rewardsOrganizational bonuses, ESOPs, stock options, profit-
sharing
Evaluating organizational rewardsESOPs and stock options create “ownership culture”Profit sharing adjusts pay with firm's prosperityProblem: organizational rewards have weak P-to-O link
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6-27
Improving Reward Effectiveness
Link rewards to performance
Ensure rewards are relevant
Team rewards for interdependent jobs
Ensure rewards are valued
Watch out for unintended consequences
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6-28
Unintended Consequences of Rewards at TransSantiago
Santiago, Chile, bus drivers paid per passenger Motivated start time, shorter
breaks, efficient driving, passengers paid fares
Unintended consequencesSpeeding to next stop,
cutting off competing busesPassenger injuries/deaths –
doors left open, bus departs before all on board
Drove past stops with only one passenger waiting
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Job DesignAssigning tasks to a job,
including the interdependency of those tasks with other jobs
Organization's goal -- to create jobs that can be performed efficiently yet employees are motivated and engaged
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Job Specialization and Scientific ManagementDividing work into separate jobs, each with a subset
of tasks to complete the product/service
Scientific managementFrederick Winslow TaylorChampioned job specialization and standardizationAlso popularized training, goal setting, work incentives
Advantages and disadvantages of job specialization
Frederick Winslow Taylor
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Job Characteristics Model
Workmotivation
Growthsatisfaction
Generalsatisfaction
Workeffectiveness
Feedbackfrom job
Knowledgeof results
Skill varietyTask identity
Task significanceMeaningfulness
Autonomy Responsibility
Individualdifferences
CriticalPsychological
States
Core JobCharacteristics Outcomes
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6-32
Other Job CharacteristicsSocial characteristics of the job
Required interaction with other peopleclients, coworkers, etc
Task interdependence -- job requires social interaction with coworkers
Feedback from others -- from coworkers, clients, etc
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6-33
Job RotationMoving from one job to
another
Benefits1.Minimizes repetitive
strain injury
2.Multiskills the workforce
3.Potentially reduces job boredom
Job ‘A’
Job ‘B’
Job ‘C’
Job ‘D’
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6-34
Adding tasks to an existing jobExample: video journalist
Job Enlargement
Employee 1Operates camera
Employee 2Operates sound
Employee 3Reports story
Traditional news team
Video journalist
• Operates camera• Operates sound• Reports story
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6-35
Job EnrichmentGiving employees more responsibility for scheduling, coordinating, and planning work
1. Natural grouping Stitching highly interdependent tasks into one job e.g., video journalist, assembling entire product
2. Establishing client relationships Directly responsible for specific clients Communicate directly with those clients
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6-36
Dimensions of Empowerment
Meaning
Competence
Employees believe their work is important
Employees have feelings of self-efficacy
ImpactEmployees feel their actions influence success
Self-determination
Employees feel they have freedom and discretion
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Self-LeadershipThe process of influencing oneself to
establish the self-direction and self-motivation needed to perform a task
Includes concepts/practices from goal setting, social cognitive theory, and sports psychology
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Business Performance Model
Employee/team performance
Business results
Work environment & structures
Robinson & Robinson
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Business Performance Model
Employee/team performance
Business results
Work environment & structures
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Business Performance Model
Employee/team performance
Business results
Work environment & structures
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Business Performance Model
Employee/team performance
Business results
Work environment & structures
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Time Terry Pat Sandy Sam Chris
Location
8:45-9:15
A B C D E Teams
9:20-9:50
E A B C D Teams
9:55-10:25
D E A B C Teams add 5 min break
10:35-11:05
C D E A B Teams
11:10-11:40
B C D E A Teams
11:45-12:00
Wrap-Up Summary All Classroom
Schedule for Week 4 – Be On Time!
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Time Terry Pat Sandy Sam Chris
Location
1:15-1:45
A B C D E Teams
1:50-2:20
E A B C D Teams
2:25-2:55
D E A B C Teams add 5 min break
3:05-3:35
C D E A B Teams
3:40-4:10
B C D E A Teams
4:15-4:30
Wrap-Up Summary All Classroom
Schedule for Week 4 – Be On Time!