Research Need Statement

Date 5/3/19

Need Statement ChampionName Agency E-mail PhoneJeff Marlowe Renville County jeffma@renvillecountymn.com 320-523-3759Jim Foldesi St. Louis foldesij@stlouiscountymn.gov 218-625-3830Bruce Hasbargen Beltrami County bruce.hasbargen@co.beltrami.mn.us 218-333-8180Darrick Anderson Cass County darrick.anderson@co.cass.mn.us 218-547-7121Steven Backowski Morris County steveb@co.morrison.mn.usDan Sauve Clearwater County Dan.sauve@co.clearwater.mn.us 218-694-6132Karin Grandia Itasca County Karin.grandia@co.itasca.mn.us 218-327-2853Idea Submitted by: LRRB via Priority Process (3/19/19 Mtg)

Idea Originated from: 2019 LRRB Idea Solicitation Process (Pre-Screen Board mtgs)

Select Program: MnDOT OR Local Road Research Board (LRRB) Research OR Implementation

Need Statement Title:Best Practices for Dust Control and Issues with CaCl

Need Statement: Describe the problem or the opportunity. Include background and objective.

There have been several LRRB and RIC studies on dust control over the years. Recently, Northern MN counties have received calls from residents who live on the Iron range that claim that people are dying from inhaling dust from gravel roads. This study would address the following:

What are the health effects of dust? There are concerns of inundating the lakes with dust. Is there research that confirms the

environmental impacts of dust and the chlorides to suppress the dust? Methods to manage dust on gravel roads. Best practices and rate of return on various

processes and chemicals. o Products that will preserve the fines on the gravel road. o The MPCA has stated that chlorides stay in the environment longer and are

recommending reducing usage. LRRB is currently working on potential environmental negatives of Calcium Chloride (CaCl).

o Are there additives that can be used in combination with chlorides to reduce their corrosiveness? Make them more environmentally friendly?

o What are recommended application rates? Application processes? o What are the alternatives to calcium chloride? o We receive requests from the public stating that the CaCl is negatively affecting

vehicles (creates rust); is there data to verify this? Calcium Chloride is not the sole chemical in the environment that creates rust. Can we confirm if calcium chloride does/does not cause rusting? Can we make a flyer that highlights other things that rust the vehicle (salt, pesticides, etc.)?

o Is calcium chloride the best dust control agent to use? What is available?

Research Need Statement

o Salt and chloride runoff, what are the effects on the environment?

How does this project build upon previous research (include title or reference to a completed research effort)?

Provide names to consider for a technical advisory panel:

Research Need Statement

Literature Search: Best Practices for Dust ControlMay 21, 2019

Prepared for: Nicole BuehnePrepared by: Karen Neinstadt

Resources searched: Transport, Web, TRB Research in Progress (RiP), MnDOT Library Catalog

Summary: There has been extensive research done within the last 10 years on the subject of dust control; including the use of alternative products (chemical and bio-based). Many of these previous reports were conducted both locally (MN/ LRRB) and in other cold-weather climates. In response to the health-factors and effects of various chemicals on vehicle rust, there are a number of medical journal articles and commercial product reviews that were not included due to their level of technicality and overall; although there is some mention in a few of the articles.

# Searches Results1 "dust control".de. 2732 "dust suppress*".de. 43 "dust palliat*".de. 334 1 or 2 or 3 2755 "calcium chloride".de. 3966 CaCl.mp. [mp=abstract, title, heading word, accession number] 137 5 or 6 4038 4 and 7 21

Results (Most Relevant)

Aggregate roads dust control : a brief synthesis of current practices Author: Michael Marti, Renae Kuehl.Publisher: St. Paul, Minn. : Department of Transportation, Research Services Section: Minnesota Local Road Research Board, 2013.Abstract: More than 50 percent of U.S. roadways are gravel roads, making them a vital part of our transportation system. One of the drawbacks and biggest complaints about gravel roads is the dust they produce when vehicles drive over them. Residents that live on gravel roads deal with the dust that settles on their homes, yards, and parked cars, potentially reducing their quality of life. Dust can also have adverse effects on air quality and the environment and reduce the safety for drivers due to impaired vision. To control the dust on gravel roads, local agencies apply various dust suppressants on their roadways, mainly calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. However, many other dust suppressant options exist. The Minnesota LRRB has developed this document, Dust Control of Aggregate Roads, A Brief Synthesis of Current Practices, to provide local agencies with a summary of research that has been completed on various dust suppressants, their effectiveness, and impacts. Results from two surveys that document dust suppressants that local agencies (within Minnesota and Iowa) use is included as well.Access Online: http://www.lrrb.org/pdf/2013RIC67.pdf

Performance of Dust Palliatives on Unpaved Roads in Rural Alaska

Research Need Statement

Abstract: Dust control in many rural Alaska communities is becoming a priority. Fugitive dust impacts health, quality of life and increases road maintenance costs as material is lost from the road surface. Over the last several years several agencies in Alaska including the Alaska Department of transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT&PF), local governments, and several native corporations have been working on solutions to the problem of fugitive dust. One viable solution these agencies have been attempting is to control dust through the use of chemical palliatives applied to unpaved roads and runways. This method can be expensive depending on the palliative used on the unpaved surface. Agencies are currently focusing on calcium chloride (CaCl2), synthetic fluids and a few promising other products such as enzymatic fluids. While experience in Alaska with CaCl2 is extensive, the longevity of the product on unpaved surfaces under different conditions is only known qualitatively: when is the road getting to dusty from a visual perspective. Hence reapplication is either on a set time schedule (such as done on the Elliot Highway) or when the road becomes too dusty and complaints are received from area residents (as is most likely done on some shorter more rural roads). These methods might work well given the experience, but may not be cost effective. In some cases, reapplication of CaCl2 may come too soon when the previous application is still performing adequately. Further, the longevity of other products on rural Alaska roads is still unknown. The first objective of this project is to assess the longevity of different palliatives newly applied to rural Alaska village roads over two summer seasons. For this study we will monitor three villages (Tanana, Fort Yukon, and Galena) that have or will be receiving palliatives all of which are close to Fairbanks making frequent measurements possible. In addition we will also monitor palliatives that will be applied to sections of road and monitored in North Pole & in Point McKenzie, Alaska. We will monitoring and asses palliative performance using an instrument we developed to measure dust that can be lofted off of unpaved roads (loftable dust) and runways known as UAF-DUSTM. In addition to the proposed project described above the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) has requested that we try to associate dust concentrations measured with UAF/DUSTM to measurements made using stationary monitors of the type used by regulatory agencies to monitor compliance with the regulatory standard. Hence, the second objective of this proposal is to correlate loftable dust concentrations measured with UAF- DUSTM to fugitive dust concentrations measured with static monitors. This proposed study will take place on the new test track proposed in the North Pole area & possibly in one more of the proposed study villages (Tanana, Galena, or Fort Yukon, Alaska). Developing this correlation will enable us to determine how much of the measured fugitive dust is due to unpaved roads, a controllable emission source and how much is due to uncontrollable sources.Access Online: http://ine.uaf.edu/autc/projects/performance-of-dust-palliatives-on-unpaved-roads-in-rural-alaska/ Supplemental Notes: RFP4- 410036 research project RFP5- 510019: entitled "Longevity Analysis of Dust Control Palliative", is supplemental funding to existing 410036 research project.Status: ActiveFunding: $189581.00Contract Numbers: DTRT06-G-0011/G00003 410036 / 510019Sponsor Organizations: Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation410 Willoughby Ave.Juneau, AK United States 99801

Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities Research & Technology Transfer2301 Peger RoadFairbanks, AK United States 99709-5399

Research Need Statement

RITA: Research and Innovative Technology Administration 1200 New Jersey Ave, SEWashington, DC United States 20590Project Managers: Connor, BillyPerforming Organizations: Alaska University Transportation Center University of Alaska, FairbanksP.O. Box 755900Fairbanks, AK United States 99775-5900Principal Investigators: Barnes, DaveStart Date: 20100701Expected Completion Date: 0Actual Completion Date: 20140630Source Data: RiP Project 27031Source Agency: Alaska University Transportation CenterContract Numbers: DTRT06-G-0011/G00003, 410036 / 510019

National Scan of Best Practices for Road Dust Control and Soil StabilizationAbstract: The purpose of the National Scan is to examine programs and practices employed by different governmental agencies and contractors that result in effective dust control and/or soil stabilization on unpaved roads. The driving force behind this scan is that road dust and/or the additives used in its control pose a myriad of health, safety, economic, regulatory, and environmental challenges.Access Online: http://www.westerntransportationinstitute.org/research/4w2779.aspx Status: ActiveFunding: $60000.00Contract Numbers: 4W2779Sponsor Organizations: Federal Highway AdministrationFederal Lands Highway Division12300 West Dakota Avenue, Suite 210Lakewood, CO United States 80228Project Managers: Surdahl, RogerPerforming Organizations: Western Transportation Institute Montana State UniversityP.O. Box 174250Bozeman, MT United States 59717-4250Principal Investigators: Kociolek, AngelaStart Date: 20090805Expected Completion Date: 0Actual Completion Date: 20110331Source Data: RiP Project 23363Source Agency: Western Transportation InstituteContract Numbers: 4W2779 Development of a Laboratory Procedure for Measuring the Effectiveness of Dust Control PalliativesAbstract: Dust control in many rural communities is becoming a priority. Since the research team has started research on controlling dust in rural regions they have truly engaged rural communities. Rural residents are seeing how controlling dust can reduce the negative environmental impact and improve

Research Need Statement

their and their community’s quality of life. This research has been a collaborative effort with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF), the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), and the dust control palliative industry. As the research team worked with community leaders on controlling dust in their villages, they were often asked questions about which product should be used how much, and how often it should be applied. These are valid questions, all of which require evaluation and measurement procedures that are both accuracy and reliable. Unlike other surface stabilization methods used by the transportation industry (e.g. asphalt treatment, cement, etc. ) all of which have mature and widely accepted laboratory test methods that correlate to their field performance there are no field or laboratory testing procedures for determining the what type of, or how much, dust control palliatives should be used on any given unpaved or natural wearing surfaces. Hence, engineers and road managers are forced into a trial and error methodology or relying on personal ‐ ‐judgement determining what they think would work best on their gravel roads or runways. The loss of the fine soil fraction has created a public health and safety issue nationwide, and as the unending supply of dust clouds are being generated from untreated gravel roads or runways, the problem from the loss of the surface fines is at work too, by to accelerating the deterioration until the road or airport is rendered unusable. Maintaining these surfaces in a usable condition has its own budgetary and financial challenges as the need for additional resources are required to combat the soil erosion of the gravel surfaces to pay for imported materials such as crushed aggregates, which needs to be mined, processed, transported, and placed into service. With the proper application of synthetic fluids, health, safety, and gravel surfaces can be preserved by simply controlling airborne dust and the loss of fines with the added benefit of providing the needed help in to reduce maintenance work and the continual escalation of costs associated with maintain these types of facilities. However, without understanding the relationship between the in situ properties of the aggregate soil matrixes used as surface wearing courses and their performance under differing formulations and concentrations of palliatives the benefits described, here in, may not be fully utilized or completely realized. The overall objective of this proposed research is to finalize the development of a laboratory test procedure for evaluating different dust control formulations and concentration levels needed to effectively control the airborne suspension of fine particles of a soil‐aggregate sample in the size range of 10 μm or less (i.e. dust, or fines). The research team will work with the AKDOT&PF to take the results from this research (by developing and validated a formal testing protocol) for adoption by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Subcommittee on Materials (SOM) to be initially published as a AASHTO Provisional Test Method (for a minimum 2 year period) before it can be balloted for conversion to a Full Standard Test ‐Method.Access Online: http://depts.washington.edu/pactrans/research/projects/development-of-a-laboratory-procedure-for-measuring-the-effectiveness-of-dust-control-palliatives-year-4-2015-2016/ Project Status: ActiveFunding: $80000Contract Numbers: DTRT13-G-UTC40Sponsor Organizations: Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium University of WashingtonMore Hall Room 112Seattle, WA United States 98195-2700Managing Organizations: University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Engineering & MinesP.O. Box 755960Fairbanks, AK United States 99775-5960Project Managers: Barnes, David

Research Need Statement

Performing Organizations: University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Engineering & MinesP.O. Box 755960Fairbanks, AK United States 99775-5960Principal Investigators: Barnes, DavidStart Date: 20151216Expected Completion Date: 20161215Actual Completion Date: 20180630USDOT Program: University Transportation CentersSubprogram: Research Source Data: http://depts.washington.edu/pactrans/research/projects/development-of-a-laboratory-procedure-for-measuring-the-effectiveness-of-dust-control-palliatives-year-4-2015-2016/Source Agency: Pacific Northwest Transportation ConsortiumContract Numbers: DTRT13-G-UTC40

Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in Gravel Roads Author: Koch Scott B; Ksaibati Khaled Conferene Title: 90th Annual MeetingLocation: Washington.Sponsored by: Transportation Research Board.Held: 20110123-20110127. 2011. 17p(Figs., Phots., 10 Refs., 3 Tabs.) Abstract: The Wyoming Tsuperscript 2/LTAP (Local Technical Assistance Program) Center and two Wyoming Counties investigated the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in gravel roads. The Wyoming Department of Transportation (DOT) along with the Mountain Plains Consortium funded this study. The investigation explored the use RAP as a means of dust suppression while considering road serviceability. Test sections were constructed in two Wyoming Counties and were monitored for dust loss using the Colorado State University Dustometer. Surface distress evaluations of the test sections were performed following a technique developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Special Report 92-26: Unsurfaced Road Maintenance Management. The data collected was summarized and statistically analyzed using statistical analysis software. Analysis of the relationship between dust and moisture content of the roadway as well as dust and wind speed were performed. A contrast analysis was also performed on the collected data. This technique allowed for more than one section to be in a given group allowing for comparison to be made on more than a one-to-one basis. The groupings included sections containing the following characteristics: Laramie County, Johnson County, RAP, no RAP, calcium chloride (CaCl), and no CaCl. The results of the contrast analysis allowed for fundamental conclusions and recommendations to be made for RAP and its ability for dust suppression. It was found that RAP incorporated into gravel roads can reduce dust loss. Other counties and agencies can expand on this research to add another tool to their toolbox for dust control on gravel roads.

Best Practices for Dust Control on Aggregate Roads Author: Johnson Eddie N; Olson Roger C Source: 2009/1. 54p(3 Apps., 16 Figs., 2 Phots., 4 Refs., 8 Tabs.) Abstract: This study evaluated the performance and cost of commonly used dust palliatives using a mobile air sampling technique. Treatments of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and organic polymer-plus-binder were evaluated at standard application rates during the first year and at variable rates during the second year. The treatments were applied to a variety of subject roads that were located throughout Minnesota. Average daily traffic levels varied from 25 to 700 vehicles per day. The overall data trend showed that treatments reduced dust levels and measurements showed that aggregate surface moisture content was the best predictor of dust control efficiency. Positive relationships were measured

Research Need Statement

between dust control efficiency and other variables in the study, generally reinforcing the concept that higher application rates may be more successful on gravels containing greater amounts of material passing the #200 sieve. A negative relationship was measured between dust control efficiency and sand equivalency, showing that treatments on gravels containing more sand material were less effective. In addition to dust control, study participants observed a secondary benefit of surface stabilization, which lasted for a period of time. Treated sections that developed surface stabilization were able to reduce maintenance activities to intersection areas only.

Dust Control Product Mix Design & QualityAbstract: The objective of this project is to develop a test method which will aid in the selection of palliatives and establish the mix design for site specific use of dust palliatives and liquid soil stabilizers. Determine surfacing material requirements for use with liquid dust palliatives. Recommend Qualified Products list. Develop guidance for designers and a dust palliative construction specification and/or guidance for the various palliatives on the market with the mix design procedure.Supplemental Notes: NR and CR lab staff are currently becoming familiar with test procedures. Billy Connor and Dave Barnes will return to each region in February to answer questions and to get feedback on test procedures as written. Steve Saboundjian at Statewide Materials Department will be writing the test procedure//spec for AK DOT.Project Status: ActiveFunding: $144000Sponsor Organizations: Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities Research & Technology Transfer2301 Peger RoadFairbanks, AK United States 99709-5399Managing Organizations: Alaska University Transportation Center University of Alaska, FairbanksP.O. Box 755900Fairbanks, AK United States 99775-5900

Project Managers: Morehouse, CarolynPerforming Organizations: University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Engineering & MinesP.O. Box 755960Fairbanks, AK United States 99775-5960Start Date: 20160831Expected Completion Date: 20181231Actual Completion Date: 0Source Agency: Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities

Putting Research into Practice: A Guide to Dust Control Options for Aggregate RoadsURL: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2013/2013RIC67TS.pdf UNPAVED ROAD DUST MANAGEMENT - A Successful Practitioner’s HandbookURL: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/innovativeprograms/pdfs/centers/local_aid/ UnpavedRoad Dust ManagementASuccessfulPractitionersHandbook.pdf

Research Need Statement

Dust Suppressant Use and Alternatives at Carnegie State Vehicular Recreation AreaURL: http://ohv.parks.ca.gov/pages/25010/files/ dust %20studycarnegiesvra_final.pdf

Comparison of conventional and bio-treated methods as dust suppressantsAuthor: Naeimi Maryam; Chu Jian Source: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017/10. 24(279) pp 23341-23350(Figs., Phots., Refs., Tabs.) Publisher: Springer Berlin HeidelbergAbstract: Dust is an environmental, geotechnical, health, and economical hazard. Fugitive dust emanating along transportation systems such as roads, railways, and airports especially can have significant impacts on health, safety, material loss, cost of maintenance, and interfere with the facilities. Quantitative studies on the effectiveness of the proper dust palliatives and their environmental impact have been studied with a number of biological and chemical methods. The objective of this study was to establish a method for using the microbial Induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) approach to reduce the percent of mass loss against erosive force of wind regarding to the concentration and characteristics of aggregate used, climate, and traffic amounts. The results of this study showed that the required precipitation for dust control of sand by 70% is less than 15 g CaCO3/m2 between sand grains in bio-treated sand. The wind tunnel test results of this study also indicate that the effectiveness of the bio-treatment method for dust control depends on many variables, such as the percent of precipitated calcium carbonate and tensile strength.

Guidelines for the Selection, Specification, and Application of Chemical Dust Control and Stabilization Treatments on Unpaved RoadsAuthor: Jones D Source: 2017/11. 156p Abstract: Unacceptable levels of dust, poor riding quality, impassability in wet weather, and unsustainable maintenance and gravel replacement practices are experienced on most unpaved road networks, and although it is acknowledged that unpaved roads are fundamental to local, regional, and national economies, many current management practices used on these roads leave much to be desired. Over the past 100 years a range of chemical treatments has been developed to fill the need for reducing the environmental and social impacts of road dust, improving the performance and safety of unpaved roads, and/or improving the properties of marginal materials to the extent that a road can be given all-weather status or upgraded to a paved standard. Most of these chemical treatments are proprietary and there is often little documented information regarding the chemistry of the treatment, the results of experimental trials to determine under what conditions the chemical treatment will work best, or guidelines on where and how to use the treatment. Most unpaved road chemical treatments carry no formal specification nor do they adhere to formal environmental testing requirements. Consequently, there has been no large-scale effort to establish and/or implement formal unpaved road chemical treatment programs anywhere in the world, other than those used in site-specific industrial applications such as mining operations. This guide introduces a new process for selecting an appropriate chemical treatment category for a specific set of unpaved road conditions using ranked potential performance. The process is based on the practitioner setting an objective for initiating a chemical treatment program and understanding the road in terms of materials, traffic, climate, and geometry. Using the information collected, the most appropriate chemical treatment subcategories for a given situation can be selected from a series of charts and ranked using a simple equation. This process can be completed manually using a paper form, or by using a web-based (www.ucprc.ucdavis.edu) or spreadsheet tool. Matrices for each of the objectives were developed based on documented field experiments and the experience of a panel of practitioners. Guidance on specification language for procuring and applying unpaved road chemical treatments is also provided,

Research Need Statement

along with comprehensive guidance on understanding unpaved road wearing course material performance.

Dust Control for Safety--and Cost SavingsAuthor: Buranen Margaret Source: Erosion Control. 2017/5/17. 24(4) n.p.(Phots.)Publisher: Forester Media Abstract: This article presents a series of case reports that demonstrate the importance of dust control during a variety of transportation-related situations. The author focuses on different dust control methods that can be used, including some currently-available products to employ. The case reports include summertime road repairs in rural Gilpin County, Colorado; a recycling center in metropolitan Chicago; a road construction project on a 4.5 mile mining road in McCullough County, Texas (near Austin); and managing dust on a dirt track used for bike racing (BMX) in Egg Harbor Township, NJ. Strategies employed include the use of magnesium chloride (RoadSaver); durablend (an enhanced polymer blend); DustBoss cannon machines to spray dust-dampening water mist; PennzSuppress D, an emulsified resin product for dust control and soil stabilization; and Soiltac, a polymer dust controller and soil stabilizer. Included with the article are links to five related posts.

Construction Dust Amelioration TechniquesAuthor: Moses Thomas; Eckoff Travis; Connor Billy; Perkins Robert A Source: 2012/4. 28p Abstract: Dust produced on seasonal road construction sites in Alaska is both a traffic safety and environmental concern. Dust emanating from unpaved road surfaces during construction severely reduces visibility and impacts stopping sight distance, and contributes to the local burden of PM 2.5, small particulates that present an important environmental air quality concern. This research aims to assist ADOT&PF in developing safe, efficient techniques for short-term dust suppression. Experts believe applying a dust-control palliative like calcium chloride, Enviroclean, Durasoil, or EK35 to the unpaved surface during road construction will solve the dust problem. This research will gather necessary information to determine when, what type, in what concentration, and how often the dust-control palliative should be applied. The amount and size of the dust particles, the time the surface is to remain unpaved, the makeup of the unpaved road surface, local environmental conditions, and the availability and cost of the dust control palliatives are factors to consider. The project is especially valuable because measurement systems used in other states involve special equipment and/or certification of observers, neither of which may be practical in Alaska with our remote locations and short construction season.

Analysis of the effectiveness of control measures to mitigate road dust emissions in a regional networkAuthor: Zhu Dongzi; Kuhns Hampden D; Gillies John A; Etyemezian Vicken; Brown Scott; Gertler Alan W Source: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2012/6. 17(4) pp 332-340(Figs., Maps., Refs., Tabs.) Publisher: ElsevierAbstract: The effectiveness of control measures to reduce road dust emissions is analyzed using a year's data of road dust emissions collected with a mobile sampling platform and a survey of road maintenance practices in the Lake Tahoe Basin of Nevada and California US. Attributes such as sweeping practices, anti-icing, shoulder improvement, pavement condition, trackout, and abrasive material from road segments were analyzed with a feature subset selection algorithm. Street sweeping was found to be an effective means of controlling dust emissions from roads. Road dust from dirty tertiary roads served as a continuous source of suspendable material for adjacent high-speed roads in the winter time. To be most effective, emission control strategies require that not only primary roads, but all roads, be swept after snow storms to recover applied abrasive material.

Research Need Statement

Investigation of Laboratory Procedure for Evaluating Chemical Dust Palliative PerformanceAuthor: Rushing John F; Newman Kent Source: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2010/11. 22(11) pp 1148-1155(5 Figs., 7 Refs., 5 Tabs.)Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers Abstract: In their study, the authors focused "on the development and description of a dust generation device, measurement of dust generation through gravimetric and optical means, and the application of that device to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of commercial dust mitigation products." They noted that the generation of dust on unpaved roads and airfields has been a long-time concern, from both a safety and an environmental standpoint. An experimental testing protocol was developed to compare the relative effectiveness of chemical dust palliatives. The methods and application simulate field construction using commercial spray components. The test devices were constructed to simulate wind speeds and conditions for rotary wing aircraft. Fifteen chemical dust suppressants were evaluated using this methodology. These commercial products were applied topically to prepared soil specimens and allowed to cure for one and 48 h. Effectiveness was determined from the relative mass loss of the soil samples from erosion when samples were subjected to an air impingement device. An optical dust sensor was installed in the test device to measure airborne dust concentrations as an additional method for quantifying performance. A method to disturb the treated soil surface was also introduced to simulate the effect of traffic. Select application rates of the palliatives were used in sample preparation to identify minimal quantities necessary for the desired performance. The testing equipment and processes provided a rapid screening methodology for selecting potential dust palliatives. Results indicated good correlation between erosion and airborne dust concentrations with higher application rates and complete curing of materials demonstrating reduced dust levels. The traffic simulation test identified products with a propensity to form surface crusts that may be disturbed by traffic.

Dust Measurement to Determine Effectiveness of Rural Dust StrategiesAuthor: Barnes David L; Johnson Ron A; Wies Richard; Marsik Tomas; Milne Clark; Underbakke Susan; Filler Dennis Editor: Mooers Howard D; Hinzman JohnConferene Title: Cold Regions Engineering 2009.The 14th Conference on Cold Regions Engineering. Location: Duluth.Sponsored by: American Society of Civil Engineers.Held: 30090831-20090902. 2009. pp 506-511(4 Figs., 6 Refs.) Abstract: Dust produced from unpaved roads in rural Alaska is impacting the quality of life in many Alaskan and other villages in cold regions. Not only does dust emanating from unpaved roads cause respiratory ailments, but also impacts subsistence food storage and sources as well as safety since dust impacts visibility on village streets. Loss of fine particles also greatly impacts the quality of road surfaces creating increased maintenance costs. Replacing the fines content in unpaved road surfaces is costly owing to the lack of suitable material and equipment in many villages. The expectation for many communities is that paving their roads will solve their problems. In some cases this may be possible. In many rural environments, however, lack of suitable material or cost prohibitive sources, unsuitable foundation materials or inability to maintain the improved roads preclude pavement as an option. A suitable option for many rural villages may be dust control palliatives and institutional controls. However, there is little consensus on how to identify and measure the effectiveness, economics, and environmental impacts of dust control approaches that are compatible with the subsistence lifestyle common in remote rural communities in Alaska and other cold regions. Our objective in this ongoing study is to evaluate different dust control methods used in rural Alaska. These dust control methods include various synthetic polymer type palliatives, calcium chloride, and institutional controls. This paper presents current efforts to quantify and qualify the effectiveness of dust control measures. Of the different dust control methods, the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF) has the most experience with

Research Need Statement

calcium chloride (CaCl2). Salts such as CaCl2 (magnesium chloride is another common dust control salt used by others) control dust by adsorbing and retaining moisture in the aggregate surfacing material. These compounds are most effective at suppressing dust when the relative humidity is greater than around 30 to 40 percent (Rushing and Tingle, 2006). During morning hours when relative humidity is typically high and temperatures are low, moisture is retained in the salt treated road surface. As the temperatures rise and relative humidity drops in the afternoon, moisture losses by evaporation from the treated road surface are reduced in comparison to untreated road surfaces. Synthetic polymers comprise several different compounds that promote soil particle binding. Several different products are provided by vendors under the names EK-35, EnviroKleen, Durasoil among others. The compositions of these compounds are typically proprietary. The fraction of loftable fine particles is reduced by the aggregating action of the palliative. Anyone who has driven on unpaved roads has experienced the effect vehicle speed has on the quantity of fine particles lofted by the vehicle. Control of speeds on rural roadways when possible is one of the least expensive means to control dust.

Application of Novel Biological Technique in Dust SuppressionAuthor: Bang Sookie S; Bang Sangchul; Frutiger Sabine; Nehl Leah M; Comes Beth L Conferene Title: 88th Annual Meeting. Location: Washington.Sponsored by: Transportation Research Board.Held: 20090111-20090115. 2009. 13p(Figs., Phots., 21 Refs., 1 Tabs.) Abstract: A novel concept of using microbial metabolic byproduct, calcium carbonate, has been developed for the control of fugitive dusts. This microbial dust suppression is based on the calcite precipitation induced as a result of enzymatic activity of soil microorganism, Sporosarcina pasteurii, in which calcite matrices formed promote aggregation of dust particles. In principle, microbial calcite precipitation takes place as a result of the enzyme urease that hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide and subsequently the ammonia causes an increase of pH in surroundings to induce CaCO3 precipitation. This type of mineral cementation has shown a great potential to aggregate loose soil particles, preventing surface erosion and furthermore plugging the permeable channels on the soil surface. The ultimate goal of this research is to apply bio-based dust suppressant in the field. However, prior to field application, it is imperative to employ biological and geotechnical laboratory tests to evaluate its potential as a dust suppressant. This paper reports our preliminary findings from the biological and geotechnical laboratory studies. Sand samples were treated with three different biological treatment methods, i.e., (1) microorganism (bacteria) only, (2) urease (enzyme) only, and (3) a mixture of bacteria and enzyme. In the first and third methods, three different bacterial concentrations were applied. The effectiveness of dust suppression was evaluated by measuring the strength change of the treated sand surface and the percent weight loss of sand through wind erosion.

Road Dust Best Management Practices Conferencehttps://www.dot.state.mn.us/mnroad/nrra/pavementconference/conferencearchive/2014/documents/agenda.pdf

Unpaved Roads Institute (formerly the Road Dust Institute)https://westerntransportationinstitute.org/tech-transfer/2016/welcome-to-the-unpaved-roads-institute/

Investigations of Gravel Road Dust Minimization by Applying Different Salt Solutionshttp://www.pjoes.com/pdf-89266-23124?filename=Investigations of Gravel.pdf

Research Need Statement

Least Relevant Results

Guidelines for the Use of Synthetic Fluid Dust-Control Palliatives on Unpaved RoadsAuthor: Barnes David; Connor Billy Source: 2017/7. 41p Abstract: The amount of small soil particles, dust, lost from typical unpaved roads to fugitive dust is staggering. A 1 km stretch of unpaved road can contribute over 2400 kg of dust to the atmosphere (4.2 ton/mile) in a typical 3-month summer season. Road managers typically manage dust from unpaved roads with various dust-control palliatives, which are effective for up to 1 year. Synthetic fluids are a relatively new category of dust-control palliatives. Unlike the more commonly used dust-control palliatives, such as salts, engineering guidelines do not exist for the application and maintenance of synthetic fluids on unpaved roads. To fill this void, the authors present through this document guidelines for road design and maintenance, palliative selection, application, and care of synthetic fluid-treated roadways.

Unpaved Road Dust Control in the Piceance Creek Basin in Rio Blanco County, ColoradoAuthor: Sanders Thomas G; Quayenortey Jonathan A; Jorgensen Dan Source: Journal of Transportation Engineering. 2014/10. Content ID 04014079(Refs.)Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers Abstract: Road dust from unpaved roads (dirt roads) is a major source of airborne particulates; the loss of those fines accelerates the deterioration of roads. As a result, road dust emissions are a major concern of the users and managers of dirt roads. Exxon Mobil has been concerned with the dust emissions and rapid road deterioration of the access roads in its natural gas production facility in the Piceance Creek Basin north of Rifle, Colorado. As part of the access road management plan for Exxon Mobil Piceance Creek, a research project was initiated to investigate the effectiveness of several chemical dust suppressants in reducing dust emissions, thus prolonging the intervals between periodic maintenance. Rio Blanco County and the Bureau of Land Management participated in this project. Using the Colorado State University Dustometer and its associated dust measurement protocol, it was found that all chemical suppressants decrease dust emissions and that magnesium chloride (MgClsubscript two) was the most effective dust suppressant under the prevailing weather conditions from March through September, 2010. The fugitive dust emissions from the MgClsubscript two treated sections of the road were more than four times less than those from the untreated control section, generating less than 0.5 g of dust per 0.8 km (0.5 mi) of test section. It was also found that the native soil road surface type performed better than the new gravel road surface type and that emissions were related to speed.

Dust: Regulators take aim at next pollutant targetAuthor: Long Lenard Source: Public Works. 2012/9. 143(10) pp 29-30(Figs., Phots.) Publisher: Hanley WoodAbstract: This article takes a look at preparing operations for increasingly stringent wind and water erosion controls. Tougher stormwater and dust-control requirements for jobsites throughout the United States are being seen as the result of the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act, and tips for compliance are included with an eye to streets and roadsides.

Evaluation of the Mechanical and Environmental Performance of Biofuel Co-Product-Stabilized Unpaved RoadsAbstract: More than 50% of roadways in Iowa are classified as unpaved. The performance and long-term sustainability of such roads are dependent on the quality of the surfacing material, which varies considerably by location. The large, unbound particles form an unstable road surface that becomes rough, developing potholes and corrugations as the “floating” material is scattered by vehicles or washed away

Research Need Statement

by rain. As a result, such roads require more frequent maintenance and reconstruction, which becomes very expensive for Iowa counties. Therefore, it is important to construct unpaved roads with materials that can sustain their performance for a considerable amount of time with less maintenance. This problem can be addressed economically in locations that are close to sources of considerable amounts of biofuel co-products (BCPs). Loess soil was mixed with four different biofuel co-products: lignosulfonate, glycerin bottoms, crude glycerine, and glycerin 95. The soil was mixed with 4, 8, 12, and 16% BCP by weight. Results of the study showed that lignosulfonate improved the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the loess soil to some extent, while such trends were not observed for the mixtures prepared with glycerin products. Leaching tests focused on the pH and leaching of metals such as Cr, Al, Fe, As, and Zn from soil mixtures. The addition of the BCP did not influence the pH of the loess soil, and none of the mixtures leached metals that were above the detection limit of the equipment. These results indicate that BCPs do not pose any environmental threat when used as a dust control or stabilizing agent in unpaved roads. Access Online: http://intrans.iastate.edu/mtc/index.cfm/research/project/project/1839352814 Access Online: http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/documents/research-reports/biofuel_co-product-stabilized_unpaved_rds_eval_w_cvr.pdf Access Online: http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/publications/_documents/t2summaries/biofuel_co-product-stabilized_unpaved_rds_eval_t2.pdf Project Status: CompletedFunding: $80000Contract Numbers: DTRT13-G-UTC37Sponsor Organizations: Midwest Transportation Center Iowa State University2711 S Loop Drive, Suite 4700Ames, IA United States 50010-8664

Iowa Department of Transportation800 Lincoln WayAmes, IA United States 50010

Iowa Highway Research BoardIowa Department of Transportation800 Lincoln WayAmes, IA United States 50010

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and TechnologyUniversity Transportation Centers ProgramDepartment of TransportationWashington, DC United States 20590

Managing Organizations: Iowa State University, Ames Institute for Transportation2711 South Loop Drive, Suite 4700Ames, Iowa United States 50010-8664Performing Organizations: Iowa State University, Ames Institute for Transportation

Research Need Statement

2711 South Loop Drive, Suite 4700Ames, Iowa United States 50010-8664

Principal Investigators: Cetin, BoraAshlock, JeramyCeylan, HalilStart Date: 20160901Expected Completion Date: 20180629Actual Completion Date: 0Source Agency: Midwest Transportation CenterContract Numbers: DTRT13-G-UTC37

Research using waste shingles for stabilization or dust control for gravel roads and shoulders Author: Wood, Thomas J. Contributor: Johnson, Eddie N. ; Cole, Melissa K. ; Minnesota. Department of Transportation. Research Services and Library. ; Minnesota. Department of Transportation. Office of Materials and Road Research. ; Minnesota Local Road Research Board. Series: Final report ; 2014-06 ; Final report (Minnesota. Department of Transportation) ; 2014-06. Publisher: St. Paul, Minn. : Department of Transportation, Research Services & LibraryPublication Date: 2014Source: MnDOT Library Main Collection - MNDOT TE220.63 .W66Abstract: Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) include both manufacture waste scrap shingles (MWSS) and post-consumer tearoff scrap shingles (TOSS). It is estimated that Minnesota generates more than 200,000 tons of shingle waste each year. Recently, a portion of this waste has been incorporated into hot-mixed asphalt (HMA) pavement mixtures. The current technology limits the amount of RAS in HMA to no more than 5 percent by weight. This leaves a lot of underutilized shingle waste material throughout the state. This has prompted MnDOT to investigate other potential uses RAS. One potential use is to improve the performance of gravel surfacing and reduce dust by replacing common additives such as calcium chlorides with RAS. This is especially relevant as gravel sources in Minnesota have been depleted and/or have declined in quality, which has affected the performance of gravel surfacing. These poorer quality fines can increase the amount of dust generated and increase the difficulty of keeping the roadway smooth. Some agencies have used dust control additives to help the performance of these lower quality gravels. Successful implementation has the potential of removing valuable RAS materials from the waste stream to supplement the use of more expensive virgin materials and improve the performance of local roads.

On the road with the Beet Generation: Beet molasses is proven dust control agentAuthor: Jeff Moore is a data reporter at The Daily Reporter. He's a fan of the real Beat Generation.Publisher: (c) 2011 Dolan Media, all Rights Reserved.Source: Daily Reporter, The (Milwaukee, WI), May 19, 2011Full-Text: Beet juice compounds have miraculous road deicing properties, but did you know it is also a proven dust control agent for gravel roads?

This revelation comes not from a future, post apocalyptic snake oil salesman wandering the radioactive dust bowls of the Great Plains in search of mutated rubes, but from actual science in your living present.

The main manufacturer of a sugar beet molasses compound, called Molex, is Savannah Foods of Fremont, Ohio.

Research Need Statement

Molex is made from beet molasses, a useful green product. Molasses is sticky so it will absorb dust particles and soak up water. Since beets are a food source, Molex is safe for plants and animals to consume right off of the road. Molex also attaches to and holds water, has a high level of potassium chloride (which can replace calcium chloride), has a near neutral pH level (so it shouldn't be corrosive), and doesn't freeze, even at minus-16 degree Fahrenheit.

Molex is normally available at half the price of a common dust control compound, calcium chloride.

Lake County, Ill., (among others across the U.S.) is in the process of experimenting with a solution of beet juice and calcium chloride for deicing roads over the last four years with much success. The price of beet juice has been dropping, so not only is the county saving money, but it is diminishing the impact calcium chloride has on the environment.

For more information on Molex, the result of the road tests, or the application rates used, call Milan Levett at (219) 936-2181.

Wisconsin Salt Solutions LLC, Stratford, uses a deicing product that consists of magnesium chloride and beet juice, making winter driving conditions safer for citizens. The product is provided to municipalities, counties, and the state of Wisconsin.

Kafka Granite LLC, Stratford, has created a dust control product, which was originally for the company's sole use but is now marketed statewide through a sister company, Kafka DustBuster Plus LLC. The product provides the typical calcium chloride solution and also an innovative alternative using magnesium rather than calcium. This combination is the mildest form of dust control available and the only product approved by the park and recreational department.

Both products are natural, non-hazardous and a positive option to minimize dust. Additional development includes blending the products with de-sugared beet molasses (which Kafka refers to as “beet juice”). Beet juice serves as a rust inhibitor, making dust control even more consumer friendly.

The town of Milladore is expecting many bids for such a product on June 6. Bids are due no later than 7:30 p.m. to the town hall.

Research Need Statement

Date 5/3/19

Need Statement ChampionName Agency E-mail PhoneJoe Wilson Lincoln County jwilson@co.lincoln.mn.us 507-694-1124Idea Submitted by: LRRB via Priority Process (3/19/19 Mtg)

Idea Originated from: 2019 LRRB Idea Solicitation Process (Pre-Screen Board mtgs)

Select Program: MnDOT OR Local Road Research Board (LRRB) Research OR Implementation

Need Statement Title:Addressing Drainage Requests from Residents

Need Statement: Describe the problem or the opportunity. Include background and objective.

What should you do when a resident asks to add, move, remove, plug or lower a culvert? What may seem like a simple request is typically more complex due to the laws, watershed requirements, and how the culvert works within the agency’s macro drainage process.

This task would prepare resources for the County/City Engineer to use to address these requests; specifically:

Provide agencies with an overview of the laws, watershed district regulations, safety hazards, requirements for overflow drainage, etc.

Develop a fact sheet for residents on the requirements. Develop a fact sheet highlighting the different types of ditches (Official count, private, etc.),

responsibilities, legal authority, etc. Explore the possibility of changing the nomenclature (aka re-branding); terms like “ditch” don’t

always effectively describe the functionality of the designed area.

How does this project build upon previous research (include title or reference to a completed research effort)?

Provide names to consider for a technical advisory panel:

Research Need Statement

Literature Search: Addressing Drainage Requests from Residents

Friday, May 24, 2019

Prepared for: Nicole BuehnePrepared by: Jim Byerly, Electronic Resources Librarian

Resources searched: ASCE Database, Library Catalog, Research in Progress database, Transport Database, Web

Summary: Results are compiled from the databases named above. Links are provided for full-text, if applicable, or to the full record citation. I completed my searches using the following terminology: lowering culvert, roadway ditches, overflow drainage, residential drainage requirements, residents, community, drainage. I could not identify any resources that spoke directly to this topic.

Most Relevant ResultsAddressing Home & Lot Drainage Issueshttps://www.vniles.com/510/Addressing-Home-Lot-Drainage-Issues DuPage County Residential Drainage Assistance Programhttps://www.dupageco.org/Public_Works/Docs/17496/ Request for Service (Stormwater Drainage)http://knoxvilletn.gov/government/city_departments_offices/engineering/stormwater_engineering_division/request_for_service_stormwater_drainage Ditches & Drainagehttps://www.huntsvilleal.gov/residents/water-sewer/ditches-drainage/

Least Relevant ResultsStorm Drainagehttps://www.auburnwa.gov/city_hall/public_works/storm_drainage Stormwaterhttps://www.cityofrockhill.com/departments/public-works/more/public-works/stormwater Water Utilitieshttps://www.cityofdenton.com/en-us/government/departments/water-utilities Drainage Utility FAQ'shttps://amarillo.gov/departments/planning-and-development-services/public-works/amarillo-drainage-utility/drainage-utility-faq-s

Research Need Statement

Date 5/3/19

Need Statement ChampionName Agency E-mail PhoneKarin Grandia Itasca County Karin.grandia@co.itasca.mn.us 218-327-2853Idea Submitted by: LRRB via Priority Process (3/19/19 Mtg)

Idea Originated from: 2019 LRRB Idea Solicitation Process (Pre-Screen Board mtgs)

Select Program: MnDOT OR Local Road Research Board (LRRB) Research OR Implementation

Need Statement Title:Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) versus Plastic Culverts

Need Statement: Describe the problem or the opportunity. Include background and objective.

There is a lack of technical information regarding the use of plastics (specifically polypropylene) in culverts. Some counties (Itasca) have used poly-coated plastic and it’s been okay for 15 years. This task would conduct a survey to see if other agencies are using plastic piping for culverts, and ask:

What have they been doing; best practices? Lessons learned. How does plastic compare to concrete pipe?

o Pros/cons.o Economics, life cycle, cost-benefit.

Ditch areas are occasionally burned, how does this affect the culvert material selection? Who is lining existing concrete pipe with plastic?

o Performanceo Costo Best practice

How does this project build upon previous research (include title or reference to a completed research effort)?

Provide names to consider for a technical advisory panel:

Research Need Statement

Literature Search: RCP vs Plastic CulvertsMay 21, 2019

Prepared for: Nicole BuehnePrepared by: Race MoChridhe

Resources searched: TRID, RiP, Internet, Library Catalog

Summary: The competing merits of culvert materials have been a subject of intense interest to several state DOTs since the loosening of federal regulations in 2006. MnDOT itself produced a small-scale study and research plan for further investigation of the topic in 2012, though this does not appear to have been followed by a fuller study within the Department. Contemporaneous with those preliminary efforts, however, the Virginia DOT executed a major study on the efficacy of polypropylene pipe (2012) and, in the years since, this work has been joined by a field-based longitudinal comparative study in Michigan (2014), a study in Alabama engaging a broad array of plastics (2015), and an investigation focused on the role of soil models on structural performance for both plastic and concrete (2017). Considering that the 2012 MnDOT study’s only recommendation for further study of plastic pipe was for longitudinal analysis of the existing installations in Minnesota and that Michigan’s study (2014) has already done this for identical HDPE pipe in analogous climatic conditions, there would seem to be limited room for further inquiry. One possible avenue is presented, however, in the form of a 2012 proposal, published in the Journal of the Transportation Research Board, for the encasing of concrete pipe in fluid jackets to increase its pressure resistance. This method could substantially impact the durability of concrete installations and it does not appear to have been systematically compared with plastic pipe in respect of either durability or cost-effectiveness.

Results (in order of relevance)

A Research Plan and Report on Factors Affecting Culvert Pipe Service Life in MinnesotaSource: Minnesota Department of TransportationPublication Date: 2012Abstract: Culvert pipe material selection has traditionally been a relatively simple task involving metal or concrete pipe. In recent years, the addition of coated metal and plastic pipe has led the federal government to implement a rule requiring the consideration of alternative pipe materials. The current Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) Drainage Manual provides limited guidance on the selection of pipe material. The manual is lacking detailed information on the influence of environmental conditions on pipe durability in Minnesota. It is necessary to provide updated, accurate information on pipe material and durability for factors directly related to Minnesota. To reach this goal, the availability and suitability of existing data, as well as the practices associated with predicting pipe life spans must be evaluated. This report is the result of the initial feasibility study for a larger project(s) to update the MnDOT Drainage Manual. The goal for this report is to identify knowledge gaps, produce a research plan that will guide future research, and draw any pipe materials conclusions possible using the data available.Access Online: http://www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/ResearchReports/pdfdownload.pl?id=2160

Plastic Pipe for Highway Construction – Phase 2Source: Completed Research Project, Alabama Department of TransportationPublication Date: 2015

Research Need Statement

Abstract: Culvert pipes used for highway cross drains have historically been concrete or corrugated metal (steel and aluminum). However, over recent years, the plastic pipe industries have been pushing state transportation agencies, including the Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT), to give equal consideration to plastic pipes. In 2006 the political emphasis culminated in regulation that broadened the types of culvert materials that should be considered for drainage applications on federal-aided highway projects. The regulation required that "equal consideration" be given when specifying alternate pipe materials--including plastic and corrugated aluminum--that are "judged to be of satisfactory quality and equally acceptable on the basis of engineering and economic analysis." Although this requirement was relaxed through the "Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act" (MAP-21) in 2012, the plastic pipes industries continue their push to expand their market to include widespread use of plastic pipes for cross drain applications. Although the most common types of plastic pipes, namely profiled wall high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipes, have been developed specifically for highway drainage applications and integrated into American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard specifications, there are still many concerns, and confidence in their use for cross-drain applications remains low. The most prominent of these concerns revolve around the long-term integrity of plastic pipes and their joints. Plastics such as HDPE and PVC are viscoelastic materials, and by definition, creep under loading, and their rigidity characteristics change considerably (Gabriel and Goddard 1999; Goddard 1994). Table 1 provides material stiffness and strength (modulus of elasticity and yield strength) for plastic pipes as defined by AASHTO and the Plastics Pipe Institute (AASHTO 2009, AASHTO 2010, PPI 2003), along with comparable information for concrete and metal. The drastic stiffness change over time, which is used in standard design calculations, can be noted, with the modulus of polyethylene dropping by 80% and the modulus of polyvinylchloride dropping by 65%; likewise, the yield stress used in design calculations for polyethylene and polyvinylchloride drops by 70% and 47%, respectively. As discussed thoroughly in the report "Evaluation of HDPE and PVC Pipes Used for Cross-drains in Highway Construction" from the initial plastic pipe project, these properties are merely estimates based upon accelerated test methods and modeling that were adopted from the gas pressure pipe industry (PPI 2003, McGrath et al. 2009, Stuart et al. 2011). Although material quality control has improved over recent years, it has also been demonstrated that the resins used to manufacture plastic pipes can vary significantly between pipe producers. The long-term stability concern is further complicated by the fact that, unlike concrete pipes, plastic pipes are flexible-walled conduits whose strength and structural integrity relies upon the arching effect provided by the surrounding backfill. The arching effectiveness, along with tendencies for the soil and backfill to also creep through time, is highly dependent upon the backfill and compaction quality during installation.Access Online: https://trid.trb.org/View/1360383

Re-Examination of the 1994 and Subsequent Sewer and Culvert Installations of Various Pipe Types, Sizes and DepthsSource: Michigan Department of TransportationPublication Date: 2014Abstract: In 1994 the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) initiated a sewer and culvert condition research conducted at various locations throughout Southeast and Southwest Michigan to review the performance of concrete, plastic and metal pipe that varied in diameter from 12 in. to 24 in. The present research, conducted in 2011, re-evaluated the current condition of pipe included in the 1994 study and expanded the study scope by adding new sewer pipe locations and 36 in. diameter pipe. The inspection in 2011 added laser profiling and micrometer measuring to the traditional Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and mandrel inspection methods used in 1994. The inspection and video results from 1994 were compared to the inspection and video results from 2011. The research evaluated the test pipe performance and made recommendations about pipe installation methods, use of mandrel testing versus laser profiling and application of laser micrometer measurement of pipe anomalies. The research

Research Need Statement

evaluated several laser profiling and CCTV devices and their operation in sewers and culverts. Recommendations were made for updating the current MDOT laser profiling specification and implementing laser profiling in MDOT’s practice.Access Online: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/RC-1569_451946_7.pdf

Evaluation of Polypropylene Drainage PipeSource: Virginia Department of TransportationPublication Date: 2011Abstract: The purpose of this study was to conduct a field evaluation of polypropylene pipes in order to assess their potential suitability for drainage applications. The specific objectives were (1) to document the product handling during installation, and (2) to evaluate the in-situ performance under service conditions. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) selected five test locations on low-volume rural roads in Albemarle County where the field evaluation would occur. Installation of the pipes was carried out by a VDOT maintenance crew. In all cases, polypropylene drainage pipes replaced the existing corrugated metal and concrete pipes that had reached the end of their service life. No material testing of any kind was carried out on the pipes. It was understood that the limited scope of the study would not result in any conclusive assessment regarding the particular product’s potential long-term performance. The dual- and triple-wall plastic pipes with nominal diameters of 30 and 48 in. were supplied by ADS, Inc. The installation process was documented, and periodic field observations were conducted during the subsequent 1 year of service. As part of the evaluation, cross-sectional measurements were conducted at 2.5-ft intervals on all installed pipes. The results indicated that after 1 year of service, the maximum deformations of all pipes were less than 5 percent, satisfying current VDOT post-installation inspection requirements. No signs of crushing, buckling, or material degradation were detected. The results of the study indicate that polypropylene pipe offers a number of potential benefits when used in drainage applications. The durability of a plastic pipe must be resolved adequately in order to facilitate widespread product usage. In the case of polypropylene pipe, the issue of degradation attributable to material oxidation is extremely important. For many transportation projects, the owner must have a reasonable degree of assurance that the material will perform satisfactorily for at least 50 years. Fortunately, test methods for the durability assessment are currently available. It is possible that as users become more familiar with polypropylene pipe, they will increasingly regard it as a viable alternative in terms of life cycle costs. The product appears to lend itself to further evaluation as a promising innovative design. The report provides recommendations regarding the potential future acceptance protocol for polypropylene pipes on culvert and storm sewer projects. The recommendations include a durability assessment by an independent laboratory and a field verification of performance on the VDOT network.Access Online: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37800

Influence of Soil Models on Structural Performance of Buried CulvertsSource: International Journal of GeomechanicsPublication Date: 2017Abstract: Analytical studies have shown repeatedly that soil stiffness plays a dominant role in influencing the structural behavior of buried culverts in loading environments; however, the relative effect of the soil-model formulation (degree of fidelity) has not been investigated systematically. … This paper compares the relative influence of three popular soil-model formulations … The second step shows finite-element solutions comparing the influence that each soil model has on the structural distress of typical culverts. Specifically, graphs show each soil model’s influence on the level of structural distress for corrugated steel, reinforced concrete, and plastic pipes under deep-burial and live-load conditions. … As an overall result, the Duncan-Selig model predicts greater distress in all pipe types…Access Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000684

Research Need Statement

Fluid Jackets: New Concept to Enhance Structural Performance of Buried Concrete PipesSource: Journal of the Transportation Research BoardPublication Date: 2012Abstract: To surround the circumference of plain concrete pipes with fluid jackets is a revolutionary concept that can result in maximum burial depths and live load capacities more than twice those of conventional, steel-reinforced concrete pipes. Moreover, the enhanced capacities are achievable with less than one-half the usual amount of concrete and with zero steel reinforcement. Alternatively, fluid jacketed concrete pipes may be designed with the same structural capacity as conventional reinforced concrete pipes but with a project cost savings that results from a 50% weight reduction per foot of pipe. These claims are supported by the analysis presented in this paper, which is a necessary first step before experimental validation can occur. Engineered plastic jackets encapsulate fluid (water) in a watertight configuration that encircles the buried concrete pipe. The encapsulated fluid transforms nonuniform soil pressure to uniform hydrostatic pressure around the pipe periphery. Consequently, the concrete pipe experiences hoop compression only, without the bending deformation and concrete cracking inherent in conventionally installed, reinforced concrete pipe. The fluid jacket concept has not been published in open literature. This paper illustrates the physics of the concept and presents the most promising configuration and materials determined through structural analysis studies with the CANDE-2007 computer program. Fluid jacket designs are proposed in this paper as a first step to bring this revolutionary idea to fruition. Next steps include laboratory testing, field testing, and modeling refinement.Access Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2313-17