MMPE 290 Introduction to Mining & Mineral Process Engineering Mining Geology and Exploration.
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Transcript of MMPE 290 Introduction to Mining & Mineral Process Engineering Mining Geology and Exploration.
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MMPE 290 Introduction to Mining & Mineral Process EngineeringMining Geology and Exploration
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How much metal is available? What is a mineral? What is
ore? How do ore deposits form? Mining exploration methods Role of exploration in mining Case histories
Mining Geology and Exploration
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Note for comparison:Silicon 28%Oxygen 46%
MetalConcentration(% by weight)
Aluminum 8.0Iron 5.8Copper 0.0058Nickel 0.0072Zinc 0.0082Uranium 0.00016Lead 0.001Silver 0.000008Gold 0.0000002
Economically Important Metal Concentrations in Earth’s Crust
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A solid naturally-occurring compound having a definite chemical composition
Examples:
quartz - SiO2 (an oxide)
hematite - Fe2O3 (another oxide)
covelite - CuS (a sulphide)
What is a mineral?
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An occurrence of minerals or metals in sufficiently high concentration to be profitable to mine and process using current technology and under current economic conditions.
What is an ore deposit?
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What is ore grade?
· Weight percentage (base metals)
· Grams/tonne or oz/ton (precious metals)
Ore grade is the concentration of economic mineral or metal in an ore deposit.
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MetalTypical Grade(% by weight)
Aluminum 30Iron 53Copper 0.5-4Nickel 1Zinc 4Uranium 0.3Lead 5Silver 0.01Gold 0.0001-0.001
Economically Important Metals Typical Grades of Ore Deposits
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10-7
10-5
10-3
10-1
101
103
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
AluminumIron
CopperNickel
Zinc
Uranium
Lead
Silver
Gold
y = x
Typ
ical
Ore
body
Con
cent
ratio
n
Crustal Concentration
What does it take to be an ore deposit?
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As magma cools, more abundant metals (silicon, aluminum) deposit first
Solidification of magma releases water - a hydrothermal solution
Minerals precipitate from hydrothermal solution and deposit in cracks or veins in rock
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
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Concentration of minerals caused by high temperatures and pressures near intrusions
Examples:
Lead-zinc deposits in southeast B.C.
Diamonds
Garnets
Metamorphic Ore Deposits
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Hydrothermal and Metamorphic Ore Deposits
Intrusion
Hydrothermal solutions
entering veins in rocks
Geyser or hot spring
Ore deposit
Alteration of rocks by heat and pressure
zoning
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Deposition of dense, resistant minerals in streams, lakes etc (Alluvial Deposits), e.g. Placer gold
Precipitation of minerals from ancient oceans (Evaporite Deposits), e.g. Potash and salt deposits
Accumulation, burial and petrification of vegetation, e.g. Coal Deposits.
Sedimentary Ore Deposits
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Exploration Methods
· Remote sensing · Geological mapping· Geophysical surveys· Geochemical surveys· Bulk sampling · Drilling (core or destructive)
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Airborne Geophysics
Helicopter
Bush
Cable
“Bird”
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GEOPHYSICAL
METHODS
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Geochemical Anomalies
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DIAMOND DRILL
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DIAMOND DRILL
HOLE SIZES
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SURFACE SET DIAMOND DRILL CORE BIT AND REAMING SHELL
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Senior Mining Company Exploration Expenditures - 1997
Total: $817.7M
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Junior Mining Company Exploration Expenditures - 1997
Total: $262.2M
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Role of Exploration
Each ton of ore mined must be replaced with another ton to continue business.
The alternative to exploration is acquisition of mining properties.
Exploration has a high failure rate, but this should not affect a diversified mining company.
Exploration costs are tax-deductible.
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Diamonds in Canada?
Diamonds are formed at high pressure deep in the earth and transported to surface in kimberlite pipes
Other minerals also formed if pressures high enough - indicator minerals
Indicator minerals are mobile and easily transported by erosion.
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Direction of glacier flow
Indicator minerals
Kimberlite pipe
An eroded kimberlite pipe
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Lac de Gras
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The Ekati Mine
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Recommended Reading
Fire into Ice
Charles Fipke and the Great Diamond Hunt
by Vernon Frolick
Raincoast Press
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Formed 30-50 million years ago by hydrothermal activity in sedimentary rocks
Part of a large mineralized zone extending into Mexico and Central America
Carlin, Bootstrap, Cortez, Gold Acres
Some deposits low grade but can now be processed using heap leach technology
Nevada Gold
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Volcanic and igneous activity in Andes produces a variety of rich mineral deposits
Minerals are exposed at or very near the surface - leads to oxidation requiring different kinds of mineral processing
Transport of mineral products, power and water supply a concern in high Andes
South American Ore Deposits
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