MLA, APA & CMS Citation Comparison Chart

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

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Category MLA APA CMSGeneralApproach TheModernLanguageAssociation

(MLA)providesamethodforsourcedocumentationthatisusedinmosthumanitiescourses.Thehumanitiesplaceemphasisonauthorship,somostMLAcitationinvolvesrecordingtheauthorsnameinthephysicaltext.TheauthorsnameisalsothefirsttoappearintheWorksCitedpageattheendofanessay.ThemostrecentMLAformattingcanbefoundintheseventheditionoftheMLAmanual.

TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)providesamethodforsourcedocumentationthatisusedinmostsocialsciencescourses.Thesocialsciencesplaceemphasisonthedateaworkwascreated,somostAPAcitationinvolvesrecordingthedateofaparticularworkinthephysicaltext.ThedateisusuallyplacedimmediatelyaftertheauthorsnameintheReferencespageattheendofanessay.ThemostrecentAPAformattingcanbefoundinthesixtheditionoftheAPAmanual.

TheChicagoManualofStyle(CMS)providesamethodforsourcedocumentationthatisusedinmosthistorycourses.Historyplacesmuchemphasisonsourceorigins,sofootnotesandendnotesareusedtodemonstrateonpagewhereaparticularpieceofinformationwasderivedfrom.InCMS,anumberisassignedtoaparticularfactinthetext,andafootnoteorendnotewillappearatthebottomofthepagelinkingthesourcetothetext.ThemostrecentCMSformattingcanbefoundinthesixteentheditionoftheCMSmanual.

CitingBooks BookcitationsinMLAgenerallyrequiretheauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity,publisher,yearpublished,andanindicationofthepublicationmedium,suchasprint.

BookcitationsinAPAgenerallyrequireauthorname,publicationyear,worktitle,publicationcity,andpublisher.

BookcitationsinCMSstylegenerallyrequiretheauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity,publisher,andpublicationyear.

Generalbookformat

Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivoresDilemma.NewYork:PenguinGroup,2006.Print.

Pollan,M.(2006).Theomnivoresdilemma.NewYork,NY:PenguinGroup.

Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivoresDilemma.NewYork:PenguinGroup,2006.

Singleauthor Pollan,Michael. Pollan,M.(2006). Pollan,Michael.Twoorthreeauthors

Bell,JamesK.,andAdrianA.Cohn. Bell,C.,&CohnA.(1968).

Bell,JamesK.andAdrianA.Cohn.

Morethanthreeauthors

Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.S.(1993).

Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

Morethansevenauthors

Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.SLastAuthorsName(1993).

Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

Corporate/Organizationauthor

AmericanPsychiatricAssociation. AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(2005).

AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.


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Unknownauthor

OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas. Oxfordessentialworldatlas.(2001). OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas.

Twoormoreworksbythesameauthor

Nochangetonameformat;changenotedbytitle.

Slechty,P.C.(1997).Slechty,P.C.(2001).

Nochangetonameformat.

Twoormoreworksbythesameauthorinthesameyear.

Nochangetonameformat;changenotedbytitle.

Slechty,P.C.(1997a).Slechty,P.C.(1997b).

Nochangetonameformat.

Authorwithaneditor

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Ed.KathleenA.Hauke.

Poston,T.(2000).AdraftofhistoryK.A.Hauke,(Ed.).

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.EditedbyKathleenA.Hauke.

Authorwithatranslator

Laplace,P.S.APhilosophicalEssayonProbabilities.Trans.F.W.TruscottandF.L.Emory.

Laplace,P.S.(1951).Aphilosophicalessayonprobabilities.(F.W.Truscott&F.L.Emory,Trans.).

P.S.Laplace.APhilosophicalEssayonProbabilities.TranslatedbyF.W.TruscottandF.L.Emory.

Editorwithnoauthor

ConsequencesofGrowingUpPoor.Eds.G.J.DuncanandJ.BrooksGunn.

Duncan,G.J.,&BrooksGunn,J.(Eds.).(1997).Consequencesofgrowinguppoor.

Duncan,G.J.andJ.BrooksGunn,eds.

Workinananthology

Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:EngagingReluctantWriters."ATutor'sGuide:HelpingWritersOnetoOne.Ed.BenRafoth.Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann,2000.2434.Print.

Harris,Muriel.(2000).Talktome:Engagingreluctantwriters.InBenRafoth(Ed.),Atutorsguide:Helpingwritersonetoone(pp.2434).Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann.

Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:EngagingReluctantWriters."InATutor'sGuide:HelpingWritersOnetoOne,editedbyBenRafoth,2434.Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann,2000.

Editionotherthanfirst

Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5thed.

Helfer,M.S.,Keme,R.S.,&Drugman,R.D.(1997).Thebatteredchild(5thed.).

Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5thed.

Multivolumework

DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.Ed.P.Wiener.4Vols.

Wiener,P.(Ed.).(1973).Dictionaryofthehistoryofideas(Vols.14).

Weiner,P.,ed.DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.4vols.

Encyclopedia/Dictionary

Posner,Rebecca.RomanceLanguages.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia.15thed.1987.Print.

Posner,R.(1987).RomanceLanguages.InTheencyclopediaBritannica:macropedia(15thed.).

Citedinendnotesonly.1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia,

15thed.,s.v.RomanceLanguages.

Foreword,introduction,

Duncan,HughDalziel.Introduction.PermanenceandChange:An

Duncan,H.D.Introduction.InK.Burke,PermanenceandChange:An

Duncan,HughDalziel.IntroductiontoPermanenceandChange:AnAnatomyof


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preface,orafterword

AnatomyofPurpose. AnatomyofPurpose(xiiixliv).UnitedStates:TheBobbsMerrillCompany,Inc.

Purpose.

ArticlesinPeriodicals Althoughperiodicalsarecitedsimilarlytomostbooksources,MLAsseventheditionmakessomedistinctionsspecifictoperiodicals.

InAPAperiodicalcitation,authorsarenamedbytheirlastnamefollowedbyinitials;thepublicationyeargoesbetweenparenthesesandisfollowedbyaperiod.Thetitleofthearticleiswritteninsentencecase,inwhichonlythefirstwordandpropernounsarecapitalized.Theperiodicaltitleiswrittenintitlecaseandisfollowedbythevolumenumber,which,withthetitle,isalsoitalicizedorunderlined.

CMSperiodicalcitationsincludeauthorname,articletitle,publicationtitle,publicationdate,andissueinformation.CMSalsorequirescitationofaURLifthejournalwasaccessedonline.

Magazine Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaTooCloseCall."Time20Nov.2000:7071.Print.

Poniewozik,J.(2000,November).TVmakesatooclosecall.Time,20,7071.

Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaTooCloseCall."Time,November20,2000.

Journalpaginatedbyissue

Bagchi,Alaknanda."ConflictingNationalisms:TheVoiceoftheSubalterninMahaswetaDevi'sBashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesinWomen'sLiterature15.1(1996):4150.Print.

Bagchi,A.(1996).Conflictingnationalisms:ThevoiceofthesubalterninMahaswetaDevisBashaiTudu.TulsaStudiesinWomensLiterature(15.1),4150.

Bagchi,Alaknanda."ConflictingNationalisms:TheVoiceoftheSubalterninMahaswetaDevi'sBashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesinWomensLiterature15.1(1996):4150.

Dailynewspaper

Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."NewYorkTimes21May2007.A1.Print.

Krugman,A.(2007,May21).Fearofeating.NewYorkTimes,pp.A1.

Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."NewYorkTimes,May2007.

Editorialinnewspaper

"OfMinesandMen."Editorial.WallStreetJournaleast.ed.24Oct.2003:A14.Print.

Ofminesandmen(2003,Oct24).[Editorial]TheWallStreetJournaleast,p.A14.

Citedinnotesonly.1.Editorial,WallStreetJournal,October24,

2003.Lettertotheeditor

Hamer,John.Letter.AmericanJournalismReviewDec.2006/Jan.2007:7.Print.

Hamer,J.(2006/2007,December/January).[Lettertotheeditor].AmericanJournalismReview,7.

Citedinnotesonly.1.JohnHamer,lettertotheeditor,

AmericanJournalismReview,December2006/January2007.

Bookorfilmreview

Seitz,MattZoller."LifeintheSprawlingSuburbs,IfYouCanReallyCallIt

Seitz,M.Z.(2007,May30).Lifeinthesprawlingsuburbs,ifyoucanreallycall

Sietz,MattZoller.ReviewofRadiantCity,DirectedbyGaryBurnsandJimBrown.


4

Living."Rev.ofRadiantCity,dir.GaryBurnsandJimBrown.NewYorkTimes30May2007lateed.:E1.Print.

itliving[ReviewofthefilmRadiantCity,directedbyGaryBurnsandJimBrown].NewYorkTimes,lateed.:E1.

NewYorkTimes,May30,2007,Lateedition.

OnlineSources MLAguidelinesformostonlinesourcesweredevelopedundertheassumptionthatcontentcanbefoundonlineaslongasinformation,suchasauthorandtitle,wereincluded.Therefore,MLAdoesnotrequireaURLlisting.MLAcitationofonlinesourcesdoes,however,askforapublisherorsponsorofthewebpage.Authorsforwebsitesareoftencorporations,orgovernments(Hacker).

InAPAcitation,onlinesourcesoftenincludewhatareknownasDOIs,ordigitalobjectidentifiers.IfaDOIisavailable,itisusedinplaceofaURL.TheDOIisaserialnumberthatidentifiesthesourceregardlessofURLchanges,anditcanoftenbefoundonthefirstpageofanonlinesource.BeyondtheDOI,APAgenerallycitesauthor,date,pagetitle,sitetitle,availablepagenumbers,andaURLorDOI.

CMScitationrequirestheURLtobelistedattheendofthecitationbutnotthedatethecontentedwasaccessed.Iftheinternetsourceistimesensitive,includethedateofaccessaftertheURLlistinginparenthesis.CMSdocumentationoftenincludestheuseofDOIs.

Generalformat

Author.TitleofSite.Sponsor,Datecreated(usen.d.ifnotgiven).Medium.Dateaccessed.

Author.(Year[usen.d.ifnotgiven]).Articleorpagetitle.LargerPublicationTitle,volumeorissuenumber.Retrievedfromhttp://urladdress

Author.DocumentTitle.URLorDOI.

EntireWebsite

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.DrinkingWaterStandards.EPA,8July2004.Web.24Jan.2006

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.(2004,July).Drinkingwaterstandards.RetrievedfromUSEPAwebsitehttp://water.epa.gov/drink

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.DrinkingWaterStandards.http://water.epa.gov/drink.

PagefromWebsite

Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThirdWorldIssue.Nativeweb.Nativeweb,n.d.Web.22Feb.2006.

Shiva,V.(2006,February).Bioethics:Athirdworldissue.Nativeweb.Retrievedfromhttp://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html

Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThirdWorldIssue.Nativeweb.http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html.

PagefromWebsitewithunknownauthor

MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsofCool.PBSOnline,2001.Web.7Feb.2006.

Mediagiants.(2001).Frontline:TheMerchantsofCool.RetrievedfromPBSOnlinehttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants/

MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsofCool.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants.

Imagefroma Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharles Goya,F.(1800).ThefamilyofCharlesIV. Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharlesIV.


5

Website IV.1800.MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid.MuseoNationaldelPrado.Web.22May2006.

MuseoNationaldelPrado.Retrievedfromhttp://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/hd_goya.htm

MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid,1800.Painting.http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/hd_goya.htm

Onlinebook Milton,John.ParadiseLost:BookI.Poetryfoundation.org.PoetryFoundation,2008.Web.14Dec.2008.

Milton,J.(1667).Paradiselost:BookI.PoetryFoundation.Retrievedfromhttp://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=174002

Milton,John.ParadiseLost.CityandDateofOriginalPublication.http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=174002

Portionofanonlinebook

Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationofHenryAdams.ByAdams.Boston:Houghton,1918.N.pag.Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.Web.8Jan2007.

Adams,H.(1918).Diplomacy.Theeducationofhenryadams.Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.Retrievedfromhttp://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html

Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationofHenryAdams.Reprintofthe1918edition,Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html

Articleinanonlinejournal

Bent,HenryE."ProfessionalizationofthePh.D.Degree.TheJournalofHigherEducation30.3(1959):140145.Web.5Dec.2008.

Bent,H.(1959).ProfessionalizationofthePh.D.degree.TheJournalofHigherEducation,30.3,140145.http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286.

Bent,HenryE."ProfessionalizationofthePh.D.Degree.TheJournalofHigherEducation30,no.3(1959):140145.AccessedDecember5,2008.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

Articleinanonlinemagazine/newspaper

Bernstein,Mark."10TipsonWritingtheLivingWeb."AListApart:ForPeopleWhoMakeWebsites.AListApartMag.,16Aug.2002.Web.4May2009.

Bernstein,M.(2002).10tipsonwritingthelivingweb.AListApart:ForPeopleWhoMakeWebsites.Retrievedfromhttp://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Bernstein,M.10TipsonWritingtheLivingWeb.AListApartMagazine.August16,2002.http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Entireblog Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout.WashingtonPost,10Jan.2007.Web.19Jan.2007.

Mayer,C.(2007,January10).Thecheckout.[Weblogpost].Retrievedfromhttp://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheckout/

Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout(blog).http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheckout/

Responseinablog

Editor,screenname,author,orcompilername(ifavailable).PostingTitle.NameofSite.Versionnumber(ifavailable).Nameofinstitution/organizationaffiliatedwiththesite(sponsororpublisher).

Writersname.(Dateofpost).Subjectofpost.[Weblogcomment].Retrievedfrom:URLorDOI

BlogName;EntryTitle,blogentrybyWritersName,Dateofpost.


6

Mediumofpublication.Dateofaccess.

CDROM Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed.Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM.

Pimpernel.(2000).[CDROM].TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed.

Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed.Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM.

Email Kunka,Andrew."Re:ModernistLiterature."Messagetotheauthor.15Nov.2000.Email.

Notincludedinreferences. Citedinnotesonly.1.AndrewKunka,emailmessageto

author,November15,2000.MultimediaSources MLAformatformultimediasources

requiresamediumdescriptionattheendofthecitation.Film,DVD,radio,Web,aperformance,andotherdescriptionsshouldbeusedtoindicatethetypeofmultimediathatisbeingreferenced.

ElectronicsourcesinAPAformatmayincludeadigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)number.WhenaDOIisevident,itmaybeusedinplaceofaURLaddress.AnonlinesourceshouldincludeeitheraDOIoraURL.

WhencitinganinternetsourceinCMSformat,includeasmuchinformationasisavailableregardingauthor,sitetitle,sitesponsor,andanyavailableURL.AnaccessdateisnotneededinCMSformatting.

Videoorfilm AnInconvenientTruth.Dir.DavidGuggenheim.Narr.AlGore.Paramount,2006.DVD.

Guggenheim,D.(Director),&Bender,L.(Producer).(2006).Aninconvenienttruth[DVD].UnitedStates:ParamountHomeEntertainment.

AnInconvenientTruth.UnitedStates:ParamountHomeEducation,2006.DVD,94min.

Podcast/YouTube

Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfilePiece.Project:Report.YouTube,7Sept.2008.Web.19Sept.2008.

Murphy,B.(2008,September19).Tipsforagoodprofilepiece.[YouTube].Project:Report.Retrievedfromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2VcdqB9k/

Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfilePiece.Project:Report.YouTube.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2VcdqB9k/

Lecture/Publicaddress

Teplin,LindaA.et.al.EarlyViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:AProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.AnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla,California.March,2005.Presentation.

Teplin,L.A.,McClelland,G.M.,Abram,K.M.,&Washburn,J.J.(2005).Earlyviolentdeathindelinquentyouth:aprospectivelongitudinalstudy.[Presentation].PaperpresentedattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla,CA.

Teplin,LindaA.,GaryM.McClelland,KarenM.Abram,andJasonJ.Washburn.EarlyViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:AProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.PaperpresentedattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,CA,March2005.

OtherSources ThePurdue Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.Four Brizee,A.,&Tardiff,E.(2010,April7). Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.FourMain


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OWL MainComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity,7April,2010.Web.20Dec.2010.

Fourmaincomponentsforeffectiveoutlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab.Retrievedfromhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/

ComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity.http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/

Governmentpublication

ContinentalCongress.JournalsoftheContinentalCongress,17741789.WashingtonDC.19041937.

ContinentalCongress.(17741789).Journalsofthecontinentalcongress.Washington,DC.19041937.

ContinentalCongress,JournalsoftheContinentalCongress,17741789,EditedbyWorthingtonC.Fordetal.34vols.Washington,DC,190437.

Dissertation Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesinDeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSongDynasty.Diss.UniversityofChicago,2008.Web.ContestingImaginariesinDeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSongDynasty.

Choi,M.(2008).Contestingimaginariesindeathritualsduringthenorthernsongdynasty(Doctoraldissertation).AvailablefromProQuestdatabase.(AAT3300426).

Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesinDeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSongDynasty.PhDdiss.,UniversityofChicago,2008.ProQuest(AAT3300426).

InTextCitations

CitingBooks

Likemostsourcedocumentationsystems,MLAusesintextcitationstogivereadersinformationanddirectsreaderstothemorespecificWorksCitedpageshouldareaderwanttopursueasourcefurther.Generally,MLAintextcitationrequiresanauthornameandapagenumberwheretheinformationbeingcitedcanbefound.Citationscanbeformattedinavarietyofways.

APAaddstoMLAstylebyincludinganauthorname(s),pagenumber(s),anddate.Thedateisgenerallyprovidedparentheticallywhenevertheauthors(s)name(s)is(are)givenwhilepagenumbersalwaysappearattheendofthesentence.Thedateisimportantinsocialsciencebecauseithelpsdemonstratetherelevance(newness)oftheworkbeingcited.

FootnotesorendnotesareusedwhencitingwithinthetextofaCMSformatteddocument.Thesenotesdonottaketheplaceofthefinalbibliographypage;instead,endnotesandfootnotesworktostrengthenadocumentscredibilitybyprovidingspecificsourceinformationatthebottomofthepageorinaseparatenotessectionforreaderstoreview.FootnotesinCMSstylegenerallyincludetheauthorname,thepublicationtitle,publicationdateandpublisherinformation(ifbeingcitedforthefirsttime),aswellasapagenumber.

Authornamedinasignalphrase

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(49).

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepper(1961)referstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(p.49).

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

(Matchnumber(12)toendnoteatthebottomofthepage)


8

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.

Authornotnamedinasignalphrase

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(Pepper49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(Pepper,1961,p.49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses

(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.

Unknownauthor

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(WorldHypotheses49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(WorldHypotheses,1961,p.49).


12.WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles:

UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.Unknownpagenumber

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(Pepper).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(Pepper,EvidenceandCorroborationsection,para.22).


12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961).

Morethanoneworkbythesameauthor

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(WorldHypotheses49),whichhehintstowardinearlierworkaswell(Emergence241).

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence(WorldHypotheses,1961,p.49),whichhehintstowardinearlierworkaswell(Emergence,1926,p.241).

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothisphenomenonasacumulativecollaborationofevidence,12whichhehintstowardinearlierworkaswell.13

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.

13.StephenC.Pepper,Emergence,TheJournalofPhilosophy23,no.9(1926).

Twoorthreeauthors

ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoingPublictheimportanceofredefiningexpectationsforfacultywork

RoseandWeiser(2010)notetheimportanceofredefiningexpectationsforfacultywork(p.3).

ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoingPublictheimportanceofredefiningexpectationsforfacultywork.6


9

(3). 6.ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeiser,GoingPublic,(Utah:UniversityPress,2010).

Fourormoreauthors

Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyonundergraduateperspectivesofacademicwritingfoundavarietyofapproaches(Andersonetal.11).

In1990,Anderson,Best,Black,Hurst,Miller,andMillerproducedastudythatfocusedspecificallyonundergraduateperspectivesofacademicwriting,andtheyfoundavarietyofapproachesinplace(p.11).

Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyonundergraduateperspectivesofacademicwritingfoundavarietyofapproaches.2

2.WorthAndersonandOthers,Cross

CurricularUnderlife:ACollaborativeReportonWayswithAcademicWords,CollegeCompositionandCommunication41,no.1.

Corporateauthor

TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationsstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleofprayerasacopingmechanismforhealth(67).

Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleofprayerasacopingmechanismforhealth(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,2011,p.67).

Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleofprayerasacopingmechanismforhealth.9

9.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,NationalTrendsinPrayerUseasaCopingMechanismforHealthConcerns:Changesfrom2002to2007,PsychologyofReligionandSpirituality.

Authorswiththesamelastname

Usethefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.Smith19).

Usethefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.Smith,2009,p.19).

Doesnotapplybecauseendnoteswilldifferentiate.

Encyclopedia Romancelanguageshaveacurioushistory(RomanceLanguages).

Romancelanguageshaveacurioushistory(Posner,1987).

Useendnoteonly,doesnotappearinbibliography.

1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia,15thed.,s.v.RomanceLanguages.

Multivolumework

Usethevolumenumberfollowedbythepagenumberinthecitation,e.g.,(2:119).

Usethepagenumberanddate;indicatethevolumeinthereferencesectiononly.

10.PhillipP.Weiner,DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas,6vols,(CharlesScribnerandSons,2004).

Twoormoreworksinthesameparentheses

Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnotedtheimportanceofreligioninconceivingnature(Emerson1123;Thoreau1994).

Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnotedtheimportanceofreligioninconceivingnature(Emerson1836;Thoreau,1862).

Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnotedtheimportanceofreligioninconceivingnature.22


10

22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862;RalphWaldoEmerson,Nature,1836.

Anentirework

ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesafascinationwithsauntering.

ThoreausWalking(1862)demonstratesafascinationwithsauntering.

ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesafascinationwithsauntering.22

22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862.

Workinananthology

Usetheselectionsnameandpagenumber,nottheeditor.ThelifeofpovertyinthesouthiscapturedbyHurstonscandidautobiography,FromDustTracksonaRoad(336).

Citethespecificworkonly,nottheanthologyoritseditor.ThelifeofpovertyinthesouthiscapturedbyHurstonscandidautobiography,FromDustTracksonaRoad(1942).

19.ZoraNealeHurston,FromDustTracksonaRoad,inTheNortonBookofAmericanAutobiography,ed.JayParini(NewYork:Norton,1999),336.

MultimediaSources Videoorfilm Citeasintextdocumentusingrelease

date.TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedincontemporaryfilmssuchasJohnSayless,TheSecretofRoanInish.

Citeasintextdocumentusingreleasedate.TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedincontemporaryfilmssuchasJohnSayless,TheSecretofRoanInish(1993).

45.TheSecretofRoanInish,DVD,directedbyJohnSayles(1993;CulverCity,CA:ColumbiaTristarHomeVideo,2000).

Podcast/YouTube

Usevideoauthor/podcastnameandgiventitle.ThequirksofspendingbecomeobviouswhenlisteningtoproductionssuchasDavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABigBridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanetMoney.

Usevideo/podcastauthorname,ifknown,title,andpostingdate.ThequirksofspendingbecomeobviouswhenlisteningtoproductionssuchasDavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABigBridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanetMoney(2011).

Treatasadocumentfromawebsite.

31.DavidKestenbaum,ABigBridgeintheWrongPlace,PlanetMoneyPodcast,NationalPublicRadio,http://www.npr.org/blogs/money

Lecture/Publicaddress

TheproblemofviolentdeathamongdelinquentyouthswascarefullydocumentedbyTeplinetal.inanaddressdeliveredin2005attheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychology

TheproblemofviolentdeathamongdelinquentyouthswascarefullydocumentedbyTeplinetal.inanaddressdeliveredattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychology

Ifusinganunpublishedlectureoraddress,citeinwritingonly.PresidentObamanotedduringanaddressonAugust1,2011that...


11

LawSociety. LawSociety(2005). Ifusingapublishedlectureoraddress,followthisexample:

41.LindaA.TeplinandOthers,EarlyViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:AProspectiveLongitudinalStudy,PaperpresentedattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,CA,March2005.

OtherSources ThePurdueOWL

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeewriteintheOnlineWritingLabatPurdueUniversity,ResearchbasedwritinginAmericaninstitutions,botheducationalandcorporate,isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularlybeginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhowtofollow(AvoidingPlagiarism).

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee(2011)writeintheOnlineWritingLabatPurdueUniversity,ResearchbasedwritinginAmericaninstitutions,botheducationalandcorporate,isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularlybeginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhowtofollow.

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeenote,ResearchbasedwritinginAmericaninstitutions,botheducationalandcorporate,isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularlybeginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhowtofollow.23

23.KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee,AvoidingPlagiarism,PurdueOnlineWritingLab,PurdueUniversity,http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/

Governmentpublication

AccordingtothePennsylvaniaDepartmentofConservationandNaturalResources,theEmeraldAshBorerinvasioninPennsylvaniahasledtodozensofcountyquarantinesinrecentyears.

TheEmeraldAshBorerinvasioninPennsylvaniahasledtodozensofcountyquarantinesinrecentyears(PennsylvaniaDCNR,2011).

27.PennsylvaniaDepartmentofConservationandNaturalResources,BureauofForestryPublications:Coleoptera:Buprestidae:AgrilusplanipennisFairmaire,2011.

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