MKL-Lecture#9-013 (1)
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Transcript of MKL-Lecture#9-013 (1)
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Lecture #9
Industrial Development And TheChallenge Of Environmental Sustainability
Environmental Management
Environmental Management
the management of the environment
An EMS is : A continual cycle of planning,
implementing, reviewing and improving theprocesses and actions that an organizationundertakes to meet its environmental obligations.
Human ActivitiesEnvironmental
Impacts
Human Goals: Posperity Security Safety Happiness Etc.
Acceptable impacts? Level Frequency Fatality Quantity etc.
Siklus Material Biota dan Bumi
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Sustainable system:
Siklus tertutup sehingga jumlah total material/conserved
Semua proses hanya mengubah senyawa satu menjadisenyawa yang lain tidak mengurangi atau menambahjumlah total material dalam sistem
Karena semua proses cenderung menaikkan entropiagar sistem tetap stabil harus ada sumber energy dariluar (external energy) yang bisa mempertahankanentropy seluruh system pada suatu kondisi
kesetimbangan tertentu.
Fikirkan dari mana external energy yang berperanmempertahankan kesetimbangan siklus biota bumi ini?
Perubahan Komposisi Kimia Bumi dan
Atmosfer
Sistem bumi tidak sepenuhnya stabil
Indikasinya: perubahan komposisi kimia bumi danatmosfer dari waktu ke waktu
Namun skala waktunya sangat panjang (milyaran tahun)
Sehingga sistem biota bumi mempunyai waktu untukmenyesuaikan diri
Contoh kasus: proses terbentuknya endapan kapur, besi,minyak dll.
Siklus Material IndustryProses Industri memperpendek skala waktuperubahan komposisi atmosfer & Bumi
Skala waktu perubahan mungkin hanya beberapa harihingga beberapa ratus tahun saja
Sistem biota bumi yang lain tidak punya waktu cukupuntuk adaptasi
Contoh kasus: perubahan komposisi danau, sungai,tanah, atmosfer akibat buangan industri.
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Types of Material Uses: Recyclability
1. Penggunaan yang kompatibel dengan recyclingdengan standard teknologi dan ekonomi saat ini.Contoh: structural metal, packaging material
2. Penggunaan yang secara ekonomi tidak recyclabletetapi secara teknologi feasible. Contoh:refrigerantbekas, oli bekas, solvent dll.
3. Penggunaan yang secara inherent tidak recyclable.
Contoh: coating, cat, pigment, pestisida, pengawetdll.
Induatrial Sulfur Cycle
Contoh lain dissipative uses: Contoh: recycled metal (US case)
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Waste as Raw Material
Potensi penggunaan limbah untuk bahan bakutergantung dari:
Volume bahan dalam limbah
Konsentrasi bahan dalam limbah
Material Price VS Dillution Industrial Hazardous Waste: US Case
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Recycling Metal from Industrial Wastein US
Cadmium
Total Recycled:
1300 tones out of16,000 tones/year
Cromium
Only a smallfraction isrecycled
Lead (timbal)
Total Recycled:
106,000 tones out of189,000 tones/year
Almost 75 %recycle !!!
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Perbedaan tingkat recycle ???
Sistem pengumpulan barang bekas atau limbah
Sistem processing
Pasar
Dalam hal timbal karena dukungan industri danservice kendaraan
Ekologi Industri Timbal Theoretical Percent Recyclable based on SherwoodPlot
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Sherwood Plot for Waste Stream
Waste is richer thanvirgin material
Waste must berigorously recycled
MarketPrice
Di suatu gunung di salah satu propinsi di Indonesiadiduga mengandung deposit uranium dalam jumlah yangcukup banyak. Dengan rencana pemerintah akanmengembangkan PLTN ada ide untuk mengolah batuanyang mengandung uranium tersebut sehingga bisadigunakan untuk bahan bakar PLTN. Dengan hargauranium (dalam bentuk uranium oksida) sekitar US $55/lb di pasar, ada saran untuk membeli saja daripada
mengolah sendiri sehingga resiko kerusakan lingkunganlebih rendah. Dengan grafik Sherwood, perkirakanlahkonsentrasi minimum uranium dalam batuan tersebutagar ekonomis untuk diolah.
Contoh Aplikasi:
Contoh Kasus Industri Kimia: ChlorineIntegration
Chlorine banyak digunakan dalam industri kimiayang memungkinkan recycle, reuse atau mass
integration
Banyak proses yang menggunakan chlorine tetapimenghasilkan product yang tidak mengandungchlorine.
Pembuatan Vinyl Chloride Monomer
Integrasi proses direct chlorination dan oxychlorinationbisa meningkatkan effisiensi chlorine mendekati 100 %
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Industrial Park
Connecticut Eco-Industrial Park:
Re-Organizing Existing Complex
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Water System
Residue Flows
Residue Flows I
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Contoh Kasus: Product Design forSustainability
The Recycle 40 washingmachine
This new washing machinefrom Electrolux is not only
energy efficient, but has aspecial tank for waterrecovery. Rinse water from1st cycle is used as washwater for the next.- 50% water reduction- less detergent
Sales of Electrolux products withenvironmental benefits are growingsteadily
Margins for products
with environmentalbenefits are 3.5 % above
average
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Eco-Efficiency Guidelines
Reduce material intensity of goods and services
Reduce energy intensity of goods and services
Reduce dispersion of toxic materials
Enhance Recyclability of materials
Maximize sustainable use of renewable resources
Extend durability of products
Increase service intensity of goods and services
Source: World Business Council on Sustainable Development
Chemical Industry ExamplesDuPont
carpet recycling into Antron nylon
Turnkey powder-paint systems ($ per vehicle)
Monsanto NewLeaf insect-protected potatoes
Roundup Ready soybeans with no-till system
Rohm & Haas Sea-Nine 211 eco-friendly marine antifoulant
CONFIRM selective caterpillar control agent
Dow Chemical 100% CO2 blowing agent for polystyrene foam
Examples from Other Industries
Packaging - 3M
Electronics - Nortel
Steel - Chaparral
Automotive - Ford/Volvo
Office Equipment - XeroxPetrochemicals - BP/Amoco
Home Products - SC Johnson
Health Care - Bristol Myers Squibb, Baxter
Floorcoverings - Interface, Collins & Aikman
Success
Stories
Sustainable Electronics
Honeywell cut energy use by 12% ($4.6 m/yr)in its growing sensor/control business
AT&T is using telework (or telecommuting) to reduce costs -- $500,000 annually at one location
sell more communications services as its business customers
turn to telework.
Xerox saves up to $400 m/yr. by recovering andremanufacturing parts from photocopiers
Nokia increased market share for TVs in Holland by57% based in part on environmental preferability
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Sustainable Steel Manufacturing
Chapparal Steel (Midlothian, TX) mill based on industrial ecology
concepts
Formed new company to recycle waste slag into cement production,reducing both energy use and CO2 emissions
Constructed world-class shredding & recycling facility adjacent to plant
Acquired exclusive separation technology for non-chlorinated plastics
Participating in by-product synergy exploration
Source: Inter Agency Working Group on Industrial Ecology,Materials, and Energy Flows, 1996
Discussion Case # 1
Idea for IE implementation: Pulp Industry
Materials flow analysis:
Pulp Plant
Wood
Chemicals
Water
Fuel
Flue gasOtherEmmision
Pulp (mostly cellulose)
Black Liquor (mostlymodified lignin)
Other waste water
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Lignin
Lignin Conversion:
Burned as fuel R-SO3H (lignosulfonate) Fuel additives >>> need further conversion Vaniline >>> need conversion
Wood substitutes
Biomass waste: agriculture, plantation waste (palm oil industry) Others?
Energy Integration ?
Case 2:
Power Plant Do material flow anaylsis Energy analysis Explore potential intergration with other industry: technology,
economy, environmental etc.