CROP RESIDUES IN SUSTAINABLE MIXED CROP/LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS
mixed farming
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Transcript of mixed farming
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Mixed Farming in Backyard Poultry System It’s Prospective & Constraints
Presented By S. Shwetha kanthi RVM/09-24 Dept of Veterinary Extension
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Mixed Farming in backyard
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Definition
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Bringing crops and live stock into an interactive relationship with the expectations, that together as opposed to alone they will generate positive effects on outcomes of interests such as profitability and productivity and conversion of
non renewable resources -Allen et al-2007
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AdvantagesMixed back yard farming provides
various animal species, the flexibility to change from one species to the other, and the low-external-input nature of the management system.
Most families base their livestock keeping on diversified husbandry practices : poultry and pigs scavenge around and do not require major labour or capital input,
cuy (guinea pig) are kept in the kitchen, fed on leftovers.
Though there is high mortality amongst these animals, their output is produced against very low cost.
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Cont…..Farmers keep cows, buffaloes,
sheep and goats including small numbers of poultry in backyard to meet their domestic needs.
Animals are raised on agricultural waste.
The animal power is used for agricultural operation and the dung is used as manure and fuel.
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Cont…….
Good amount of feed for animals is available from the system itself
The farmyard manure - manuring of crops- 30-35% savings in fertilizers
It may be possible to reach the some level of yield with proportionately less input in the integrated farming
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Mixed farming involving diversified components such as agriculture, forestry, and A.H have been proved to be economically viable, technically feasible, environmentally sustainable, and socially acceptable.
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Who are practicing
The small landholder, squatter or landless peasant practised mixed farming on small holdings, growing mixtures of fruit trees, annual plants, vegetables, etc., and rearing free-range poultry for eggs and meat, and tethered pigs, sheep, goats or cattle on roadsides or open lands.
All can be reared on domestic waste.
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Models of Mixed Farming
INCOME
HUMAN
INTER CROP
MEAT AND EGGS
MANURE
BIRDS
GARDEN
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Features of mixed farming
Assured subsistence is high priority Mixed cropping and livestock
common for risk coveragelocal resources –including human
resources Recycle all productsCrop varieties, rotation and mixed
farming provide grain and enough straw to meet human and animal needs.
Multi-purpose objectives
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Features of mixed farming
Sizeable population of small animals in semi-arid and arid areas
Are easy to manage and to sellObserved through generationsUse of high yielding varieties of
crops or livestock and of chemical fertilisers and pesticides is minimal
Storage of produce for family use has priority and only surplus, if any, is sold
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Principles of farming
Mixed backyard farms are systems that consist of different parts, which together should act as a whole
They thus need to be studied in their entirety and not as separate parts
That principle is here referred to as the "command ideotype“ (Donald, 1981; Schiere et al., 1999)
Study together with the awareness that crops and animals have multiple functions
Each individual unit should contribute a minimum of 18-20% to their counterparts
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Forms of mixed backyard farming
Mixed farming systems can be classified in many ways - based on land size, type of crops and animals , Geographical distribution, market orientation, etc.
On-farm versus between-farmMixing within crops and/or animal
systemsDiversified versus integrated
systems
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Holistic nature
DAIRY
FISHERYCROPS
PIGPOULTRY
FORESTRY
HOUSE HOLD AND MARKET
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Methods - commercial
Poultry + Cows and buffaloes Poultry + Agri farming Poultry + Piggery Poultry + Sheep and goat Poultry + Fish farming Poultry + Azolla + Duck farming
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POULTRY + LARGE ANIMALS
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POULTRY + LARGE ANIMALS
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DUCK + FISH FARMING
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China
POULTRY+PIGGERY
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POULTRY + AZOLLA + DUCK FARMING
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Rice-poultry-fish
Rice crop as per recommended practice
Irrigated through fish pond water
Rice bran for poultry feed Rice bran and straw in fish
pond Recycling of crop residues Poultry excreta to rice
field
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Cashew apple waste
Dm-18%Cf-8.5%20% feed of vanaraja -kari
kanthimath et al
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Scavenging birdsUses almost no inputs and it can still
be a viable component in the mixed farm.
Scavenging chickens can be fed with waste products and grains to supplement the weeds and insects that are found in the backyard.
Eggs from scavenging chickens in mixed farming systems are preferred to eggs from the commercial farms.
In Nicaragua the eggs from the mixed farming system are called huevos de amor (love eggs) and people prefer them because of their yellow yolks and freshness.
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Ducks and geese
Ducks and geese are basically waterfowl, but they can do without water and, except in some rare cases, the keeping of these birds does not develop into large-scale, high-input production.
Rare cases of specialized production of these animals are, for example, geese for "foie gras" (fat liver) or ducks for meat in countries such as France and China
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cont....
More typical for mixed farming systems is duck keeping for eggs in harvested rice fields, such as in Java, where fallen grains, weeds, snails and worms provide free feed for large flocks of special runner ducks kept by individuals from the village. The occasional use of geese as "watchdogs” in farms
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Fish-Back yard poultry
Farmer can practise the poultry-fish farming integrated system only when a 100 m2 fish pond can be fed with 1 kg dried poultry manure per day
15 chicken - 1-1.2 kg manure/day
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POULTRY + LARGE ANIMALS
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POULTRY + AGRI FARMING
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POULTRY+PIGGERY
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POULTRY+ SHEEP AND GOAT
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POULTRY + FISH FARMING
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POULTRY + AZOLLA + DUCK
FARMING
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Constraints
Multi tasking Non availability Lack of Know-how on feed
supplementing constitution Marketing Investment
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Cont……Some smaller farmers are increasingly
dependent on production methods based on a mixture of new and traditional practices.
These include utilising local natural feeds, recycling waste,
Integrating their livestock with cropping activities, limited aquaculture production
The limit of land availability dictates that integrated, intensive methods are risky
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Studies
The integrated farming system with 4 bullocks + 2 cow + 2 buffaloes + 25 goats along with other subsidiaries like poultry and duck is the most beneficial system.
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Rural women’s perceptions and preferences with regard to mixed farming poultry production.
1. The major interest of women in backyard poultry is as a source of small cash and nutritious food for the family at low cost.
2. Women are not interested in increasing the number of birds and add other species due to management difficulties and the need for external inputs it would require.
3. The local breeds are preferred since they are easy to manage. They are able to protect themselves from predators, but the most important reason is that local birds and eggs are sold at a premium.
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Cont……
4. Backyard poultry permit entertainment of important guests and functions.
5. Women consider diseases in chicks the major problem in poultry keeping.
6. women felt it difficult at multi tasking
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It has been calculated that 90% of rural families in central and south Bolivia earn more than 50% of their income through activities like mixed farming .
(Jimenez Sardon, 1984)
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Is it a sign of improvement?
The choice of mixed farming is not always a sign of improvement.
Fulani herdsmen in West Africa engage in crop production only when forced by circumstances, such as drought or animal diseases, leading to severe losses in livestock, making continuation of their former way of life impossible.
Mixed farming is for them a poverty-induced option.
Resource-poor farmers going into mixed farming have to apply labour- intensive techniques (their only resource) and, because of their low purchasing power, they cannot afford external inputs and have no option but to overexploit the environment.
(Based on Slingerland, 2000.)
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Where we stand
Employing 1.5 million persons and contributing 35,000 cr to GNP
3rd Egg, 5th Meat!B.Y.P - 30% to Egg Production Producing 41
Billion Eggs 1600 Million Meat
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What's the need of the hour
Research requirements in support of crop-livestock-tree systems in Asia are baseline studies to quantify energy flows.
Simulation studies to identify possible coefficient changes in the system.
Field testing of possible interventions and new technologies
“Test marketing" of proposed developments on representative sub populations within the region.
It is further suggested (Timor, 1992) that such studies need to be carried out across national boundaries within ecoregions.
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Cont……..Soil health aspects and nutrient flow
systemFarming system developed for the
poorest and land less laborWomen empowermentWhole By analysis for house hold
nutrition and income security and gain full employment for folk and youth
Creation of data base for M.F for different agro climatic regions.
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Cont……
This general situation of integrated farming practices has been mainly reversed and there are at least three aspects to this:
The search for modernisation of agriculture;
Pressures of the wider economy on agriculture and resource use
The failure to recognise and deal with agriculture for local consumption.
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ConclusionsImproved backyard poultry and goat
production would not only improve income of women but would also contribute to family nutrition.
women Para-extension workersSkill trainingFor health control would be needed.
Formation of women's groups for sale of milk, animals, eggs and birds need be organised
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AimsProductivitySustainabilityBalanced dietClean environmentRecycling of resourcesRound the year incomeAdoption of new techSolving energy crisisIncrease standardIncrease input-out put efficiency
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Aims
• Soil and climate• Future resolution• Present level of resource utility• Economics• Managing skills• Alternate land using Options• Pooling and sharing of resources• Consumption, preservation,
Utilization of farm bio mass
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`Mixed farming in backyard ’
type of rearing Is a critical concept or
can it be implemented ?
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Mass production is not needed but production by masses is needed
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