MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-1 Imaging Instruments (part I) Principal Planes and Focal Lengths...
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Transcript of MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-1 Imaging Instruments (part I) Principal Planes and Focal Lengths...
![Page 1: MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-1 Imaging Instruments (part I) Principal Planes and Focal Lengths (Effective, Back, Front) Multi-element systems Pupils &](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56649e995503460f94b9c7d6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-1
Imaging Instruments (part I)
• Principal Planes and Focal Lengths (Effective, Back, Front)• Multi-element systems• Pupils & Windows; Apertures & Stops• the Numerical Aperture and f/#• Single-Lens Camera• Human Eye• Reflective optics• Scheimpflug condition
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-2
Focal Lengths & Principal Planes
generalized optical system(e.g. thick lens,
multi-element system)
EFL: Effective Focal Length (or simply “focal length”)FFL: Front Focal LengthBFL: Back Focal LengthFP: Focal Point/Plane PS: Principal Surface/Plane
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-3
The significance of principal planes /1
thin lensof the same power
located at the 2nd PS for rays passing through 2nd FP
optical system
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-4
The significance of principal planes /2
thin lensof the same power
located at the 1st PS for rays passing through 1st FP
optical system
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-5
Reminder: imaging condition (thin lens)
object image
chief ray
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-6
The significance of principal planes /3
object
multi-elementoptical system
image?magnification?
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-7
The significance of principal planes /4
object
multi-elementoptical system
lateral hold, where f= (EFL)
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-8
Numerical Aperture
medium of refr. index n
half-angle subtended by the imaging system from an axial object
Numerical Aperture
Speed (f/#)=1/2(NA)pronounced f-number, e.g.f/8 means (f/#)=8.
Aperture stopthe physical element whichlimits the angle of acceptance of the imaging system
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-9
Aperture / NA: physical meaning
medium of refr. index n
The Numerical Aperturelimits the optical energythat can flow through the system
Later we will also learn that the NA also defines the resolution (or resolving power) of the optical system
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-10
Entrance & exit pupils
multi-elementoptical system
image throughpreceding elements
image throughsucceeding elements
entrancepupil
exit pupil
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-11
The Chief Ray
Starts from off-axis object,Goes through the center of the Aperture
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-12
The Field Stop
Limits the angular acceptanceof Chief Rays
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-13
Entrance & Exit Windows
multi-elementoptical system
image throughpreceding elements
image throughsucceeding elements
entrancewindow
exit window
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-14
All together
entrancewindow
exit window
entrancepupil
exit pupil
field stop
aperture stop
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-15
All together
entrancewindow
exit window
entrancepupil
exit pupil
field stop
aperture stop
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-16
Example: single-lens camera
objectplan
eimage
plane
size of film
or digital detector
array
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-17
Example: single-lens camera
objectplan
e Aperture Stop
& Entrance Pupil
imageplan
e
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-18
Example: single-lens camera
objectplan
e
imageplan
e
ExitPupil
(virtual)
Aperture Stop
& Entrance Pupil
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-19
Example: single-lens camera
chief ray
Field Stop& Exit Window
objectplan
e
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-20
Example: single-lens camera
Entrancewindow
Field Stop& Exit Window
chief ray
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-21
Example: single-lens camera
Entrancewindow
Field Stop& Exit Window
ExitPupil
(virtual)
Aperture Stop
& Entrance Pupil
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-22
Example: single-lens camera
Entrancewindow
Field Stop& Exit Window
ExitPupil
(virtual)
Aperture Stop
& Entrance Pupil
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-23
Example: single-lens camera
Aperture Stop
vignetting
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-24
Imaging systems in nature
• “Physical” architecture matches survival requirements and processing capabilities
• Human eye: evolved for – adaptivity (e.g. brightness adjustment) – transmission efficiency (e.g. mexican hat response) – bypass structural defects (e.g. blind spot) – other functional requirements (e.g. stereo vision)
• Insect eye: similar, but muchsimpler processor (human brain = ~1011neurons; insect brain = ~104neurons)
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-25
Anatomy of the human eye
Images removed due to copyright concerns
W. J. Smith, “Modern Optical Engineering,” McGraw-Hill
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-26
Images removed due to copyright concerns
Eye schematic with typical dimensions
Photographic camera concerns
Images removed due to copyright concerns
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-27
Accommodation (focusing)
Remote object (unaccommodated eye)
Proximal object (accommodated eye)Comfortable viewing up to 2.5cm away from the cornea
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-28
Eye defects and their correction
Images removed due to copyright concerns
from Fundamentals of Opticsby F. Jenkins & H. White
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-29
The eye’s “digital camera”: retina
Images removed due to copyright concerns
http://www.mdsupport.org
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-30
The eye’s “digital camera”: retina
Images removed due to copyright concerns
rods: intensity (grayscale) cones: color (R/G/B)
http://www.phys.ufl.edu/~avery/
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-31
Retina vs your digital camera
Retina:variant sampling rate
Digital camera:fixed sampling rate
(grossly exaggerated; in actual retinatransition from dense to sparse sampling
is much smoother)
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-32
Retina vs your digital camera
Retina:blind spot not noticeable
Digital camera:bad pixels destructive
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-33
Retina vs your digital camera
Retinal image CCD image
http://www.klab.caltech.edu/~itti/
Images removed due to copyright concerns
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-34
Spatial response of the retina –lateral connections
http://webvision.med.utah.edu/
Images removed due to copyright concerns
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-35
http://www.phys.ufl.edu/~avery/
Spatial response of the retina –lateral connections
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-36
Explanation of the “flipping dot” illusion: the Mexican hat response
Spatial response of the retina –lateral connections
http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin
Images removed due to copyright concerns
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-37
Temporal response: after-images
http://dragon.uml.edu/psych/
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-38
Seeing 3D
http://www.ccom.unh.edu/vislab/VisCourse
Images removed due to copyright concerns
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-39
VIEWING POINT
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-40
The compound eye
Images removed due to copyright concerns
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-41
Elements of the compound eye:ommatidia (=little eyes)
“image” formation:blurry, but
computationally efficientfor moving-edge detection
Images removed due to copyright concerns
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-42
Reflective Optics
Example:imaging by a spherical mirror
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-43
Sign conventions for reflective optics
• Light travels from left to right before reflection and from right to left after reflection• A radius of curvature is positive if the surface is convex towards the left• Longitudinal distances before reflectionare positive if pointing to the right; longitudinal distances after reflection are positive if pointing to the left• Longitudinal distances are positive if pointing up• Ray angles are positive if the ray direction is obtained by rotating the +z axis counterclockwise through an acute angle
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-44
Reflective optics formulae
Imaging condition
Focal length
Magnification
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-45
The Cassegrain telescope
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MIT 2.71/2.710 09/22/04 wk3-b-46
The Scheimpflug condition
The object plane and the image planeintersect at the plane of the lens.
OBJECT PLANE
OPTICAL AXIS
LENS PLANE
IMAGE PLANE