2013 Living Systems Theory for Missions to Mars - Companion Paper
Missions to Mars
description
Transcript of Missions to Mars
Missions to MarsMissions to Mars
Julie A. Rathbun
Lowell Observatory
Past Missions to Mars (US)Past Missions to Mars (US)• Mariner 3 - 5 November 1964 - Attempted Mars Flyby• Mariner 4 - 28 November 1964 - Mars Flyby• Mariner 6&7 – February & March 1969 - Mars Flyby • Mariner 8 - 8 May 1971 - Attempted Mars Flyby (Launch
Failure)• Mariner 9 - 30 May 1971 - Mars Orbiter• Viking 1 - 20 August 1975 - Mars Orbiter and Lander• Viking 2 - 9 September 1975 - Mars Orbiter and Lander• Mars Observer - 25 September 1992 – Attempted
Mars Orbiter (Contact Lost – 8/22/93)
Original Plan – circa 1995Original Plan – circa 1995
• 2 missions every launch opportunity
Recent & Current MissionsRecent & Current Missions
What happened?What happened?
• The life of the 2001 Mars rover….
• In 1997, NASA asked scientists for proposals for the science instruments for a 2001 sample collection rover
• Another sample collection rover would be sent in 2003, with a sample retrieving rover sent in 2005 and samples arriving on earth in 2008
Athena - originalAthena - original
• Athena, a suite of instruments proposed by Steve Squyres of Cornell University, was selected
• Remote science instruments:– Pancam
– Mini-TES
• In-Situ science instruments:– Mini-Corer
– Microscopic Imager
– APXS
– Mossbauer Spectrometer
NASA quickly discovered that this mission was too ambitious
• The 2001 rover was downgraded to APEX, a lander mission with– some Athena instruments on the lander (copy of
previous lander)
– A Sojurner clone with APXS
Pancam
APXS
Mössbauer Spectrometer
Mini-TES
APEX – 2001 landerAPEX – 2001 lander
The ’03/’05 plan – “full” AthenaThe ’03/’05 plan – “full” Athena
The ’03/’05 landerThe ’03/’05 lander
How it was supposed to workHow it was supposed to work
Modified Plan – circa 1999Modified Plan – circa 1999
• Same mission timeline
• Different missions
1999 – Disaster strikes1999 – Disaster strikes
• September 23, 1999 – Mars Climate Orbiter lost on arrival
• December 3, 1999 – Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 lost on arrival
And everything falls apart…And everything falls apart…
Now what?Now what?
• The APEX lander was a virtual copy of Mars Polar Lander.
• With the failure of that spacecraft, APEX was scrapped
• The 2001 Orbiter Mission is a go – launched April 7, 2001
• NASA decides to fly EITHER an orbiter or a rover in 2003
• And the winner is…. ROVER
Mars Exploration RoversMars Exploration Rovers
Current Plan – circa 2001Current Plan – circa 2001
• 2001 Mars Odyssey (no lander)• 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers (no orbiter)• 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (no lander)• Beyond 2007
– Smart Lander and Long-range Rover – as early as 2007
– Sample Return – as early as 2011, likely 2014