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MIS By: Dr. Shawn Lim
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MIS. By: Dr. Shawn Lim. Information Systems. Why Do People Need Information? Individuals - Entertainment and enlightenment Businesses - Decision making, problem solving and control. Data, Information, and Systems. Data vs. Information Data - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of MIS
MISBy: Dr. Shawn Lim
MIS 715 Eaton Fall 2001 2
Information SystemsOWhy Do People Need Information?
O Individuals - Entertainment and enlightenment
O Businesses - Decision making, problem solving and control
3
Data, Information, and Systems
O Data vs. Information
O DataO A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or a pictureO Represents something in the real worldO The raw materials in the production of information
O InformationO Data that have meaning within a contextO Data in relationshipsO Data after manipulation
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Data, Information,and Systems
OData Manipulation
O Example: customer surveyO Reading through data collected from a
customer survey with questions in various categories would be time-consuming and not very helpful.
O When manipulated, the surveys may provide useful information.
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Data, Information,and Systems
O Generating InformationO Computer-based ISs take data as raw material,
process it, and produce information as output.
MIS 715 Eaton Fall 2001 6
Data, Information, and Systems
O What Is a System?O System: A set of components that work
together to achieve a common goal
O Subsystem: One part of a system where the products of more than one system are combined to reach an ultimate goal
O Closed system: Stand-alone system that has no contact with other systems
O Open system: System that interfaces with other systems
MIS 715 Eaton Fall 2001 7
Data, Information, and Systems
O The Four Stages of Data Processing
O Input: Data is collected and entered into computer.
O Data processing: Data is manipulated into information using mathematical, statistical, and other tools.
O Output: Information is displayed or presented.
O Storage: Data and information are maintained for later use.
MIS 715 Eaton Fall 2001 8
Why Study IS?O Information Systems Careers
O Systems analyst, specialist in enterprise resource planning (ERP), database administrator, telecommunications specialist, consulting, etc.
O Knowledge WorkersO Managers and non-managersO Employers seek computer-literate
professionals who know how to use information technology.
O Business firms invest heavily in information systems to achieve six strategic business objectives:
O Operational excellenceO New products, services, and business modelsO Customer and supplier intimacyO Improved decision makingO Competitive advantageO Survival
The Role of Information Systems in Business Today
O Operational excellence:
O Improvement of efficiency of operation to attain higher profitability
O Information technology tool to achieving greater efficiency and productivity
The Role of Information Systems in Business Today
O New products, services, and business models:
O Business model: describes how company produces, delivers, and sells product or service to create wealth
O Information systems and technology a major enabling tool for new products, services, business models
The Role of Information Systems in Business Today
O Customer and supplier intimacy:O Serving customers well leads to customers
returning, which raises revenues and profitsO E.g. High-end hotels that use computers to track
customer preferences and use to monitor and customize environment
O Intimacy with suppliers allows them to provide vital inputs, which lowers costsO E.g. J.C.Penney’s information system which links
sales records to contract manufacturer
The Role of Information Systems in Business Today
O Improved decision-makingO Without accurate information:
O Managers must use forecasts, best guesses, luckO Leads to:
O Overproduction, underproduction of goods and servicesO Misallocation of resourcesO Poor response times
O Poor outcomes raise costs, lose customersO IS provide real-time data for making decisions O E.g. Verizon’s Web-based digital dashboard to
provide managers with real-time data on customer complaints, network performance, line outages, etc.
The Role of Information Systems in Business Today
OCompetitive advantageO Achieve higher sales and profit through using
IS by:O Doing things betterO Charging less for superior productsO real time Responding
O Using the internet is competitive advantage O E.g. Dell: Consistent profitability over 25
years; Dell remains one of the most efficient producer of PCs in world.
O But Dell has lost some of its advantages to fast followers-- HP
The Role of Information Systems in Business Today
O Survival
O Information technologies are necessity of doing business
The Role of Information Systems in Business Today
What are e-Commerce and e-Business?
O Business-to-Consumer (B2C)O Selling retail products to consumers
O Business-to-Business (B2B)O Selling at the wholesale level to other
businessesO E-Business
O Using Internet technologies to conduct any level of business
O E-CommerceO IntranetsO Most areas of MIS
17
The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems
OFour Basic Functions of ComputersOAccept dataOProcess dataOStore data and instructionsOOutput data
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The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems
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Classification of Computers
OSupercomputersO The largest, most powerful, and most
expensiveO Used by universities, research institutions,
large corporations, and the military
OMainframe ComputersO Less powerful and less expensive than
supercomputersO Used by businesses with large amounts of
data that need to be stored in a central computer
20
Classification of Computers
OMinicomputerOOften used as the host computer
in a network of smaller computersOPriced in the tens of thousands to
a few hundred thousand dollarsOManufacturers: Compaq (VAX), IBM
(AS/400), and Hewlett-Packard
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Classification of Computers
OServersOMinicomputers used for
specialized purposes on a network
OExample: file server, printer server, database server, web server
OOptimized for processing tasks and I/O with other computers
22
Application Software vs. System Software
OApplication: a program developed to address a specific business need; software for development of such programs.
OSystem: programs designed to carry out general routine operations, such as loading, copying, or deleting a file.
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Application SoftwareOCustom-Designed Applications
O Advantages:O Meeting the organization’s needs exactlyO In-house developers are sensitive to the
organizational cultureO Disadvantages:
O High costO Production schedule subject to long delaysO Incompatible with other organizations’
systems
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Application Software
OPackaged SoftwareOAdvantages:
OLow costOHigh qualityOVendor supportO Immediate availability
OOften tested at user sites (alpha sites and beta sites) before the final version is released.
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Applications Software
OPackaged General Purpose SoftwareOWord processorsOElectronic spreadsheetsODatabase management
systems
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Packaged Software
OMultimediaOCan handle many different types
of data such as text, voice, and image.
OPowerful means of communicating.
OUses include education, training, research, and business.
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System SoftwareOManages computer resources and performs routine tasks not specific to any applicationO Copying and pasting sections and filesO Printing documentsO Controlling hardware functionsO Allocating memory
ODeveloped to partner with application software
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System Software
OOperating Systems (O/S)OMost important system software
ODeveloped for a certain microprocessor or microprocessors
OAddresses technical details such as registers and RAM addresses.
OPlays the role of “traffic cop” or the “boss” of computer resources.
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System Software
The operating system mediates between applications and the computer, and controls peripheral devices.
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System Software
Computers operate on a number of layers, starting from the user interface and moving inward to the hardware.
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System Software
Popular operating systems
Web Server Basics
O The main job of a Web server computer is to respond to requests from Web client computers.
O The three main elements of a Web server are the:
O HardwareO Operating system softwareO Web server software
Types of Web Sites
O Important - Determine what the company wants to accomplish with the server.
O Estimate number of visitors connecting concurrently
O Types of files to be delivered through the site
O Types of service by the site:O simple development sitesO IntranetsO information-only sitesO business-to-business portalsO StorefrontsO or content-delivery sites.
Development Sites (stand alone)
O The simplest Web site O The least costly to implement
O Can be developed with low-cost Web site building tools, O e.g. Microsoft FrontPage or Macromedia
Dreamweaver.
O Testers can access the site through their PCs on the existing LAN.
Intranets
O Corporate intranets O house internal memos, O corporate policy handbooks,O expense account worksheets, O budgets, O newsletters, O and a variety of other corporate documents.
O Intranets are shielded from the Internet; O they do not require additional security software
Extranets
O It’s intranets that allow certain authorized parties outside the company to access certain parts of the information stored in the system.O e.g. VPN, Secured Site (HTTPS)
Transaction-Processing Sites
O Either business-to-business orO business-to-consumer electronic
commerce sitesO available 24/7; O High-reliability serversO Require spare server computers to handle
high traffic volumesO Transaction-processing sites must also run
security software.
Content-Delivery Sites
O Content-delivery sites deliver contentsO e.g. news, histories, summaries, and other
digital information.
O Able to be presented rapidly on the visitor’s screen
O Must be updated frequentlyO Able to locate articles quickly with a fast and
precise search engine.
