MIS Lecture Slide Module I
Transcript of MIS Lecture Slide Module I
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Management Information
Systems
Module I
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Topics to be covered
Concepts of Data and Information
Management process & Information needs
Systems approach to Problem Solving
Levels, Classification & Capabilities of IS
Strategic role of Information Systems
Information for Competitive Advantage
Business Process Re-engineering
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What is MIS?
Systems - A Set of interrelated components, with aclearly defined boundary, working together to achievea common set of objectives.
Information Systems - is an organized combination ofpeople, hardware, software, communication channelsand data resources that collect, transform anddisseminates information in an organization.
Management Information System -A combination ofcomputers and people that is used to provideinformation to aid in making decisions and managing afirm.
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Systems Concepts
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Systems
Derived from the Greek word Systema
Meaning:an organized relationshipamong functional units or components.
Definition: a combination of resources
or functional units working together toaccomplish a given task which is actuallythe objective of the system
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System
Resources1 Procedures
2
Objectives
3
Process4
Data/Information5
OthersStandards, Environments
Boundaries & Interfaces
Feedback
6
System Components
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Classification of Systems
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Physical or Abstract
Open or Closed
Deterministic or Probabilistic
Human, Machine or Human-
Machine
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1. Physical & Abstract
Physical Systems
Tangible Entities Static or Dynamic in nature
Abstract Systems
Conceptual Formulas or model of a real system
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2.Open & Closed
Open Systems
Interaction with environment High probability of survival
Closed Systems
No interaction with environment Conceptual
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3.Deterministic or Probabilistic
Deterministic
Outputs are certain
Probabilistic
Output behaves probabilistically
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4. Human, Machine, or Human-Machine
Human systems - the components arehumans, open systems, output is
probabilistic.Machine system components are
machines, relatively closed, and output isdeterministic.
Human-Machine systems - consists bothhumans and machines as components,deterministic in delivery, but probabilistic ininterpretation.
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Systems Approach to
Problem Solving
Step 1:Defining the problem
Step 2:Developing alternative solutions
Step 3: Selecting a solution
Step 4:Designing the solution
Step 5: Implementing the solution
Step 6: Reviewing the solution.
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Information Systems
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What is Information System?
Information system is an organizedcombination of people, hardware,software, communication channels
and data resources that collect,transform and disseminates
information in an organization.
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Data Vs. Information
Data are raw facts or observations, about any
physical phenomena or business transactions.
Ex:Names, Quantities, Amount etc.
Information is when data is converted into
meaningful and useful context for specific end
users.Ex: Amount of sale by product type, or sales men etc.
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Data Information Data refers to details,
facts of an event.
Data is disorganized anddisintegrated in form.
Data is in raw form.
Cannot be understood or
made use by the users.
Data is independent ofinformation.
Information refers to eventsconcerned with an entity.
Properly arranged, classified,and organized.
Its in finished form.
Can be understood and used
by users.
It is based upon and derivedfrom data.
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Knowledge
Accumulation of relevant information
Two types:
Explicit: attained from reading documents
Tacit: attained from experience through
dialogue, judgment, lessons, etc. (it is not
easily transferrable)
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Classification ofData
Structured Data Usually tabular data stored in fields within a file or a record.
Examples are databases and spreadsheets
Unstructured Data In the form of text and images. Examples are letters, memos,
legal documents, images, etc
Meta Data It is the data about data, used mainly for managing
unstructured data. It includes, authors or sources, date written,content of document, number of pages, words, data entriesetc.
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Classification of Information
Action Vs. Non-Action Information
Internal Vs. External Information
Recurring Vs. Non-Recurring Information
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Action Information : Induces some action.
Example: No Stock report calling a purchaseaction.
Non-Action Information: Communicates
only the status of a situation. Stock ledger showing store transactions and
Stock balances.
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Action Vs. Non-Action
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Recurring: generated at regular intervals
Example: Monthly sales report.
Non-recurring:
Financial analysis or Market research.
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Recurring Vs. Non-recurring
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Internal: Generated through internalsources of organization.
External: Generated through Gov. reports,industry survey etc. Here the sources of the
data are outside the organization
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Internal Vs. External
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Organizational: The information used by everyone in
an organization.
Eg. Payroll information.
Database: The information which has multiple uses
and applications.
Eg. Material specification etc.
Functional or Operational: Information used in
operations of business.
Eg Sales and production statistics.
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Classification by Usage
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Information Gathering Methods
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Asking or interviewing
Determining from the existing system
Analyzing the critical success factors Experimentation and modeling
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Sources of Information
Primary data (collected for the first time) is
gathered directly from respondent using
methods like observations, interviewing, and
questionnaires.
Secondary data is collected from internal or
external records like newspapers, journals,govt. publications, research reports, policy
documents, and web sites
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Quality of Information
The Quality of information is influenced by:
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Timeliness:
Relevance
Completeness
Exception Based
Accuracy
Adequacy
Explicitness
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Components of
Information System
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Communication & network Support
Control of System Performance
INPUT
DATA
RESOURCES
PROCESSING
DATA INTO
INFORMATION
OUTPUTOF
INFORMATION
PRODUCTS
Storage of Data Resources.
NETWORK RESOURCES.
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Types of InformationSystems
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EXECUTIVE
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
OPERATIONS
SUPPORTSYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT
SUPPORTSYSTEMS
TRANSACTION
PROCESSING
SYSTEMS
PROCESS
CONTROL
SYSTEMS
OFFICE
AUTOMATION
SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
DECISION
SUPPORT
SYSTEMS
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I
Operations Support systems Supports information processing requirements of day-to-day
operations of a business, as well as some lower lever operationsmanagement functions.
Produces variety of information products for external andinternal use. Further processing by management informationsystems is usually required.
Role of these systems is to effectively process businesstransactions, control industrial processes, support office
communications and productivity, and update corporatedatabases.
Includes Transaction Processing Systems (TPS), Process ControlSystems (PCS), and Office automation systems.
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Transaction Processing Systems
TPS processes business transaction of theorganization.
Provide speed and accuracy. Processing is done in two ways.
Batch Processing transaction data is accumulated overa period of time and processed periodically
Real Time (on line) processing Data is processedimmediately after a transaction occurs.
Example, Railway reservation system (Booking,canceling, etc are all transactions).
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Process Control Systems
Monitor and control physical processes.
For example, a petroleum refinery useselectronic sensors linked to computers to
continually monitor chemical processes and
make instant adjustment that control the
refinery process.
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Office Automation Systems
Used by knowledge workers
Enhances office communications andproductivity.
For example, the use of word processing for
office correspondence, e-mail for sendingand receiving electronic messages, and tele-
conferencing to hold electronic meeting.
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II
Management Support systems
Provides information and support for
effective decision making by all levels ofmanagement (from top executives to middle
managers to supervisors).
Includes Management Information Systems
(MIS), Decision Support Systems (DSS), and
Executive Information systems.
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Management Information Systems (MIS)
Provides information in the form of reports anddisplays to managers.
For example, sales managers may use theircomputer workstations to get instantaneousdisplays about the sales results of their products
and to access weekly sales analysis reports thatevaluate sales made by each sales person.
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Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Assist higher management to make long termdecisions
For example, advertising managers may usean electronic spreadsheet package to dowhat-if analysis as they test the impact of
alternative advertising budgets on theforecasted sales of new products.
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Executive Information systems
Provide critical information in easy-to-use
displays to top level management.
For example, to executives may use touch
screen terminals to instantly view text and
graphics displays that highlight key areas
of organizational and competitiveperformance.
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Information needs of an
organization Strategic information is the information needed by
top most management for decision making for future
long term plans. Tactical information is needed for middle level
management for making short term decisions and
plans for the organization.
Operational information is daily information needed
to operate the business.
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Strategic
Information
Operational Information
EIS & DSS
TPS
Relationship between Management and Information
levels in an organization
MISTactical information
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Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR)
or Re-engineering
One of the most important implementation of
competitive strategies
The radical redesign of business processes,combining steps to cut waste, eliminate repetitive
paper work etc so as to improve cost, quality and
service and to maximize benefits.
It is rethinking of traditional work methods and
procedures
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Contd
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Michael Hammer defines Reengineering as The
fundamental rethinking and radical redesign ofbusiness processes to achieve dramatic
improvements, such as cost, quality, service and
speed.
Internet technologies can play a major role in
supporting innovative changes in the design of
workflows, job requirements, and organizational
structures in a company.
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End of Module I
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