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Transcript of MIS CHAPTER 05
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Eleventh Edition
1
Introduction to Information SystemsEssentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
C h a p t e r
James A. OBrien
5 DataResource
Management
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 2Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Explain the importance of implementing dataresource management processes andtechnologies in an organization.
Outline the advantages of a databasemanagement approach to managing the dataresources of a business.
Explain how database management softwarehelps business professionals and supports theoperations and management of a business.
Chapter Objectives
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 3Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Provide examples to illustrate each of thefollowing concepts: Major types of databases
Data warehouses and data mining
Logical data elements
Fundamental database structures
Database access methods
Database development.
Chapter Objectives
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 4Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is a database
A database is any organized collection of data.Some examples of databases you may encounterin your daily life are:
a telephone book
T.V. Guideairline reservation system
motor vehicle registration records
papers in your filing cabinetfiles on your computer hard drive.
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 5Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data vs. information:What is the difference?
What is data? Data can be defined in many
ways. Information science
defines data as unprocessed
information.
What is information? Information is data that have
been organized and
communicated in a
meaningful manner. Data is converted into
information, and information
is converted into knowledge.
Knowledge; information
evaluated and organized sothat it can be used
purposefully.
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 6Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why do we need a database?
Keep records of our:
Clients
Staff
Volunteers
To keep a record of activities ofthe organization.
Keep sales records;
Develop reports;
Perform research
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 7Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is the ultimate purpose of a database
management system?
Data Information Knowledge Action
Is to transform
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 8Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
More about database definition
What is a database?Quite simply, its an organized collection of data.
A database management system (DBMS) such asAccess, FileMaker, Lotus Notes, Oracle or SQL Server
which provides you with the software tools you need toorganize that data in a flexible manner.
It includes tools to add, modify or delete data from thedatabase, ask questions (or queries) about the data stored
in the database and produce reports summarizingselected contents.
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 9Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Logical Data Elements
EmployeeRecord 2
EmployeeRecord 1
EmployeeRecord 3
EmployeeRecord 4
Name Deptt. Salary Name Deptt. Salary Name Deptt. Salary Name Deptt. Salary
Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data
PersonnelDatabase
PayrollFile
BenefitsFile
El h Edi iJ A OB i S
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 10Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
OperatingSystem
DatabaseManagement
System
Application
Programs
Databases
DataDictionary
DatabaseManagement
Database DevelopmentDatabase Interrogation
Database MaintenanceApplication Development
Database Management Systems
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 11Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
NetworkServer
ExternalDatabases onthe Internet &
OnlineServices
Client
PC orNC
OperationalDatabases of
the Organization
DataMart
End UserDatabases
DataWarehouse
DistributedDatabases on
Intranets &Other Networks
Major Types of Databases
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 12Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Databases
Non-relational databases
Non-relational databases place information in field categories that we create so that
information is available for sorting and disseminating the way we need it. The data in a non-relational database, however, is limited to that program and cannot be extracted and applied
to a number of other software programs, or other database files within a school oradministrative system. The data can only be "copied and pasted. Example: aspread sheet
Relational databases
In relational databases, fields can be used in a number of ways (and can be of
variable length), provided that they are linked in tables. It is developed based on a
database model that provides for logical connections among files (known as tables) byincluding identifying data from one table in another table
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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 13Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Operational DB
An operational database is the database that is accessed and updated on a
continual basis and usually handles the daily transactions for a business.Operational databases use an OLTP approach and are designed to be write-
optimized.
On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP) is the process in which systems
facilitate and manage data entry and retrieval on a frequent basis. The
transaction is almost immediately processed and is the main strategy ofoperational databases. An example of an OLTP system would be an ATM
machine. The benefits of using OLTP is that it is fast and efficient and
simplifies the process of accessing data. (Business Intelligence)
On-Line Analytical Processing refers to systems that are used to answer
analytical queries that are multi-dimension in approach. OLAP makes heavyuse of data mining and relational reporting.
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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 14Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Warehouse management system
A warehouse management system, or WMS, is a key part of the supply chain and
primarily aims to control the movement and storage of materials within a warehouseand process the associated transactions, including shipping, receiving, putaway and
picking. The systems also direct and optimize stock putaway based on real-time
information about the status of bin utilization.
Warehouse management systems often utilize Auto ID data capture (AIDC)
technology, such as barcode scanner, mobile computers, wireless LAN and
potentially RFID to efficiently monitor the flow of products. Once data has been
collected, there is either a batch synchronization with, or a real-time wireless
transmission to a central database. The database can then provide useful reports about
the status of goods in the warehouse.
The objective of a warehouse management system is to provide a set of computerized
procedures to handle the receipt of stock and returns into a warehouse facility, modeland manage the logical representation of the physical storage facilities (e.g. racking
etc.), manage the stock within the facility and enable a seamless link to order processing
and logistics management in order to pick, pack and ship product out of the facility.
Warehouse management systems can be stand alone systems, or modules of an ERP
system or supply chain execution suite.
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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 15Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data management Sub stem
A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with
compute r programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use ofa database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for
various applications by (DBAs) and other specialists.
A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects.
A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the
same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such asthe relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and support
applications. It typically supports query languages , which are in fact high-level
programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably
simplify writing database application programs.
Database languages also simplify the database organization as well asretrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for
controlling data access ,enforcing data integrity , managing and controlling
concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures and restoring it
from backup files, as well as maintaining database security.
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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 16Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data warehouse
In computing a data warehouse (DW or DWH) is a database used for
reporting and analysis. The data stored in the warehouse are uploaded fromthe operational systems (such as marketplace, sales etc., shown in the figure to
the right). The data may pass through an operations data for additional
operations before they are used in the DW for reporting.
A data mart is the access layer of the data warehouse environment that is used
to get data out to the users. The data mart is a subset of the data warehousewhich is usually oriented to a specific business line or team facts and
dimensions . then they will be related. In some deployments, each department
or business unit is considered the ownerof its data mart including all
the hardware, software and data.[1] This enables each department to use,
manipulate and develop their data any way they see fit; without alteringinformation inside other data marts or the data warehouse. In other
deployments where conformed dimensions are used, this business unit
ownership will not hold true for shared dimensions like customer, product, etc.
Eleventh EditionJames A OBrien 17Introduction to Information Systems
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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 17Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
DWH
Benefits of a data warehouse
A data warehouse maintains a copy of information from the source transaction systems.This architectural complexity provides the opportunity to:
Maintain data history, even if the source transaction systems do not.
Integrate data from multiple source systems, enabling a central view across the
enterprise. This benefit is always valuable, but particularly so when the organization has
grown by merger. Improve data quality ,by providing consistent codes and descriptions, flagging or even
fixing bad data.
Present the organization's information consistently.
Provide a single common data model for all data of interest regardless of the data's
source.
Restructure the data so that it makes sense to the business users.
Restructure the data so that it delivers excellent query performance, even for complex
analytic queries, without impacting the operational system.
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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 18Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The term metadata is an ambiguous term which is used for two fundamentally
different concepts. Although the expression "data about data" is often used, itdoes not apply to both in the same way. Structural metadata, the design and
specification of data structures, cannot be about data, because at design time
the application contains no data.
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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 19Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data Warehouse and Data Mining
ClientPC or
NCAnalyticalData StoreEnterpriseWarehouse
Data MartDataAcquisitionSubsystem
WarehouseDesignSubsystem
DataManagementSubsystem
Data Accessand DeliverySubsystem
WebInformation
System
OperationalDatabases
MetadataDirectory
MetadataRepository
Metadata
ManagementSubsystem
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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 20Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Web-Based Systems
WebBrowser
Web ServerSoftware
NetworkServerThe Internet
IntranetsExtranets
Client PCsor NCs
HTML pagesGIF image filesVideo files
Web Objects
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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 21Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data Resource Management
DataAdministration
DataPlanning
DatabaseAdministration
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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 22Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Database Structures
Employee2
A
Empno Ename Etitle Dept
1
2 B
3 C
Relational Structure
Network StructureHierarchical Structure
Employee3
Project BProject A
Dept Dname Dloc Dmgr
A
B
C
Employee2
Employee1
Project A
Employee1
Dept A Dept BDept
Project B
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23Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Database Structures (cont)
East
WestDenver
Feb
Actual Budget
Margin
Sales TV
VCR
TV
VCR
MultidimensionalDatabase Structure
AttributesCustomerBalanceOperationsDepositWithdraw
Bank Account Object
AttributesCredit LineMthly StatementOperations
Calculate InterestPrint MthlyStatement
Checking AccountObject
AttributesCredit LineMthly StatementOperations
Calculate InterestPrint MthlyStatement
Savings AccountObject
Object-OrientedDatabase Structure
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24Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Fields
SequentialAccess
SequentialOrganization
IndexedSequential
AccessMethod
KeyTransformation
Direct Access
URLs
Accessing Files and Databases
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25Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Database Development
User NeedsDescription
1. Data Planning
Enterprise Model
2. RequirementsSpecifications
3. Conceptual Design
4. Logical Design
Physical Models
5. Physical Design
Data Models
Logical Models
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26Introduction to Information Systems
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data resource management is a criticalmanagement activity. Management rolesinclude database administration, data planning,and data administration.
Under the database management approach,data records are consolidated into databasesthat can be accessed by many differentapplication programs, serving multiple users.
Chapter Summary
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Introduction to Information Systems
Database management systems are softwarepackages that simplify the creation, use, andmaintenance of databases.
Several types of databases are used by
organizations including operational,distributed, external, data warehouses and datamarts.
Database development for large corporate
databases requires a top-down planning effortinvolving planning, requirements specificationand logical and physical design.
Chapter Summary (cont)