low res

Minorities Discrimination

pages 64-65 – 5.3 – uncorrected proofs

The populations of few, if any, countries comprise a homogenous community. Minorities exist in almost all countries, and many suffer persecution, oppression and systematic discrimination.

One of the worst ongoing campaigns violating the rights of a minority is taking place in the Darfur region of Sudan, where Black African Muslims are being targeted by government-backed Arab Janjaweed militia. In 2004, the US government described this as constituting a form of genocide. Burma’s military regime is also conducting systematic campaigns against at least four ethnic communities: the Karen, the Shans, the Rohingya, and the Zomis.

Minority rights violations are not restricted to conflict-ridden, politically unstable regions of the world. The Roma have long been subject to conditions of discrimination and inequality within the borders of the European Union. Similarly, ethnic Koreans continue to experience discrimination and formal inequality within Japan. Many indigenous communities in North America and Australasia also argue that the conditions they face constitute a severe violation of their right to maintain their distinctive traditions and cultures.

Amidst the wealth and infrastructural development of countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA are to be found indigenous communities with mortality and morbidity statistics which, in some cases, rival those found in Sub-Saharan Africa.

SAUDI ARABIA The Shi’a Muslims are the largest minority group, and are viewed by the Saudi regime as potentially subversive. They have no rights to free expression, face employment discrimination and officially sanctioned religious discrimination. Numerous Shi’a clerics have been detained and held without charge or access to legal representation.

CROATIA, GREECE, ITALY The Roma people have been subject to consistent discrimination by public officials, and are the target of public protest. In Italy, a decree law was introduced in 2008 that allowed authorities to expel EU citizens on grounds of public security. Within two weeks of its introduction, 177 Romanian citizens of Roma origin had been expelled.

BURMA The Karen occupy an area along the Burma–Thailand border. They are a distinct, although heterogeneous, ethnic community that has suffered long-standing repression. Some sections of the community have been engaged in armed conflict with the Burmese military since 1949 in an attempt to secure independence.

AUSTRALIA The Aboriginal communities have experienced consistent discrimination for many decades. This has involved the loss of tribal lands, the forced removal of children, and levels of educational and health facilities below those of other Australians. In 2006, the average life expectancy of Aboriginal males was 56 years, compared with 77 for all Australian males.

14–15 Major Human Rights Conventions; 48–49 Genocide; 62–63 Religious Freedom 66–67 Racism

Threatened PopulationsCountries with populations

of minority cultures under threatof 15 million or more

2009

Threatened CulturesSelected examples

2009

ProtectionHuman rights instruments intended to protect ethnic, national, religious, indigenous or linguistic minorities

Conv

entio

n on

Prev

entio

n

and

Punis

hmen

t of t

he

Crim

e of G

enoc

ide

Inter

natio

nal C

oven

ant o

n

Econ

omic,

Socia

l and

Cultu

ral R

ights,

Arti

cle 1

3

Inter

natio

nal C

oven

ant o

n

Civil

and

Politi

cal R

ights,

Artic

le 27

Inter

natio

nal L

abou

r

Orga

nisat

ion,

Conv

entio

n 16

9

1948 1966 1989

Decla

ratio

n on

the

Right

s of I

ndige

nous

Peop

les

2007

Decla

ratio

n on

the R

ights

of Pe

rsons

Belo

nging

to

Nat

ional

or Et

hnic,

Reli

gious

or Li

nguis

tic M

inorit

ies

1992

SOMALIA23.3m

Bantu, Darood, Gabooye (Midgan),

Hawiye,Issaq, Ogadenis

IRAQ 22.1mBaha'is, Christians, Faili Kurds, Kurds,

Mandæans, Palestinians, Shabak, Shi’a, Sunnis,

Turkomans,Yezkis

AFGHANISTAN21.0m

Hazara, Pashtun, Tajiks,Turkmen, Uzbeks

PAKISTAN 19.8m

Baluchis, Hindus,Mohhajirs, Pashtun,

Sindhis, Sing

SRI LANKA17.8m

Tamils, Muslims

IRAN 16.1mArabs, Azeris,

Baha’is, Baluchis,Kurds, Turkomans

DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF CONGO

19.7mHema and Lundu,

Hutus, Mbuti ,Tutsis

NIGERIA18.5m

Christians inthe North , Ibo, Ogonis, Yoruba

CENTRALAFRICAN REPUBLIC

15.6mKaba (Sara), Mboum,

Mbororo, Aka

CHAD 18.0mArabs, 'Black

African' groups, southerners

CÔTED’IVOIRE 15.0mNorthern Mande

(Dioula), Senoufo,Bete, newly settled

groups

ISRAEL andPALESTINIANTERRITORIES18.4m

Palestinians

BURMA 20.6m

Chin, Kachin,Karen, Mons, ShanSUDAN 21.7m

Fur, Zaghawa,Massalit and others in

Darfur, Dinka, Nuer andothers in the South,

Beja, Nuba

ZIMBABWE16.5m

Ndebele, Europeans

ETHIOPIA18.8m

Afars, Anuak, Oromo, Somalis

LEBANON 15.5mDruze, Maronite

Christians,Palestinians,Shi’a, Sunnis

64

low res

Minorities Discrimination

pages 64-65 – 5.3 – uncorrected proofs

The populations of few, if any, countries comprise a homogenous community. Minorities exist in almost all countries, and many suffer persecution, oppression and systematic discrimination.

One of the worst ongoing campaigns violating the rights of a minority is taking place in the Darfur region of Sudan, where Black African Muslims are being targeted by government-backed Arab Janjaweed militia. In 2004, the US government described this as constituting a form of genocide. Burma’s military regime is also conducting systematic campaigns against at least four ethnic communities: the Karen, the Shans, the Rohingya, and the Zomis.

Minority rights violations are not restricted to conflict-ridden, politically unstable regions of the world. The Roma have long been subject to conditions of discrimination and inequality within the borders of the European Union. Similarly, ethnic Koreans continue to experience discrimination and formal inequality within Japan. Many indigenous communities in North America and Australasia also argue that the conditions they face constitute a severe violation of their right to maintain their distinctive traditions and cultures.

Amidst the wealth and infrastructural development of countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA are to be found indigenous communities with mortality and morbidity statistics which, in some cases, rival those found in Sub-Saharan Africa.

SAUDI ARABIA The Shi’a Muslims are the largest minority group, and are viewed by the Saudi regime as potentially subversive. They have no rights to free expression, face employment discrimination and officially sanctioned religious discrimination. Numerous Shi’a clerics have been detained and held without charge or access to legal representation.

CROATIA, GREECE, ITALY The Roma people have been subject to consistent discrimination by public officials, and are the target of public protest. In Italy, a decree law was introduced in 2008 that allowed authorities to expel EU citizens on grounds of public security. Within two weeks of its introduction, 177 Romanian citizens of Roma origin had been expelled.

BURMA The Karen occupy an area along the Burma–Thailand border. They are a distinct, although heterogeneous, ethnic community that has suffered long-standing repression. Some sections of the community have been engaged in armed conflict with the Burmese military since 1949 in an attempt to secure independence.

AUSTRALIA The Aboriginal communities have experienced consistent discrimination for many decades. This has involved the loss of tribal lands, the forced removal of children, and levels of educational and health facilities below those of other Australians. In 2006, the average life expectancy of Aboriginal males was 56 years, compared with 77 for all Australian males.

14–15 Major Human Rights Conventions; 48–49 Genocide; 62–63 Religious Freedom 66–67 Racism

Threatened PopulationsCountries with populations

of minority cultures under threatof 15 million or more

2009

Threatened CulturesSelected examples

2009

ProtectionHuman rights instruments intended to protect ethnic, national, religious, indigenous or linguistic minorities

Conv

entio

n on

Prev

entio

n

and

Punis

hmen

t of t

he

Crim

e of G

enoc

ide

Inter

natio

nal C

oven

ant o

n

Econ

omic,

Socia

l and

Cultu

ral R

ights,

Arti

cle 1

3

Inter

natio

nal C

oven

ant o

n

Civil

and

Politi

cal R

ights,

Artic

le 27

Inter

natio

nal L

abou

r

Orga

nisat

ion,

Conv

entio

n 16

9

1948 1966 1989

Decla

ratio

n on

the

Right

s of I

ndige

nous

Peop

les

2007

Decla

ratio

n on

the R

ights

of Pe

rsons

Belo

nging

to

Nat

ional

or Et

hnic,

Reli

gious

or Li

nguis

tic M

inorit

ies

1992

SOMALIA23.3m

Bantu, Darood, Gabooye (Midgan),

Hawiye,Issaq, Ogadenis

IRAQ 22.1mBaha'is, Christians, Faili Kurds, Kurds,

Mandæans, Palestinians, Shabak, Shi’a, Sunnis,

Turkomans,Yezkis

AFGHANISTAN21.0m

Hazara, Pashtun, Tajiks,Turkmen, Uzbeks

PAKISTAN 19.8m

Baluchis, Hindus,Mohhajirs, Pashtun,

Sindhis, Sing

SRI LANKA17.8m

Tamils, Muslims

IRAN 16.1mArabs, Azeris,

Baha’is, Baluchis,Kurds, Turkomans

DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF CONGO

19.7mHema and Lundu,

Hutus, Mbuti ,Tutsis

NIGERIA18.5m

Christians inthe North , Ibo, Ogonis, Yoruba

CENTRALAFRICAN REPUBLIC

15.6mKaba (Sara), Mboum,

Mbororo, Aka

CHAD 18.0mArabs, 'Black

African' groups, southerners

CÔTED’IVOIRE 15.0mNorthern Mande

(Dioula), Senoufo,Bete, newly settled

groups

ISRAEL andPALESTINIANTERRITORIES18.4m

Palestinians

BURMA 20.6m

Chin, Kachin,Karen, Mons, ShanSUDAN 21.7m

Fur, Zaghawa,Massalit and others in

Darfur, Dinka, Nuer andothers in the South,

Beja, Nuba

ZIMBABWE16.5m

Ndebele, Europeans

ETHIOPIA18.8m

Afars, Anuak, Oromo, Somalis

LEBANON 15.5mDruze, Maronite

Christians,Palestinians,Shi’a, Sunnis

65p. 14～15おもな人権協定，p. 48～49ジェノサイド（集団殺害），p. 62～63宗教的自由と迫害 p. 66～67人種差別64 65

差　別少数民族

　同質社会で成り立っている国はほとんどありません．少数民族は，ほとんどすべての国に存在し，多くは迫害，抑圧，組織的差別を受けています．　少数民族の権利を侵害する最悪で進行中の運動の一つは，スーダンのダルフール地域で起こっており，アフリカ系黒人のイスラム教徒が，政府支援を受けたアラブ・ジャンジャウィード〔訳者注：バッガーテ族の民兵組織〕の標的になっています．2004年に，アメリカ政府はこれをジェノサイド（集団殺害）にあたるとしました．ミャンマーの軍事支配も，少なくとも4つの民族，カレン族，シャン族，ロヒンギャ族，ゾミ族に対して組織的活動を行っています．　少数民族の権利侵害は，世界の紛争が多発している政治的不安定な地域に限りません．ロマ人は，ヨーロッパ連合（EU）の境界内で長いあいだ差別と不平等を受け続けてきました．同様に，朝鮮半島出身の人々は，日本国内で差別と因習的な不平等を受け続けています．北アメリカとオーストララシアの多くの先住民コミュニティは，かれら特有の伝統と文化を営む権利の深刻な侵害に直面していると主張しています．　オーストラリア，カナダ，ニュージーランド，アメリカ合衆国などの国々の富と社会基盤の発展の中に，サハラ砂漠以南のアフリカ諸国に匹敵する死亡率と疾病率の統計をもつ先住民コミュニティが見出されるのです．

脅かされる住民脅威のもとにさらされている

少数民族の文化をもつ1,500万以上の人々が住む国々

脅かされる文化おもな事例　2009年

ミャンマー 2,060万人

チン族，カチン族， カレン族，モン族，

シャン族

スリランカ 1,780万人タミル人， イスラム教徒

アフガニスタン 2,100万人

ハザラ，パシュトン， タジク，トルクメン人，

ウズベク

イラン 1,610万人アラブ人，アゼリ，

バハーイ教徒，バローチ人，クルド人，トルコ人

ソマリア 2,330万人

バンツー族，ダロッド氏族，ガボイ族（ミドガン族），ハウィエ族，イサク族，オガデン族

スーダン 2,170万人

フール人，ザガワ族，マサリット族，そのほかダルフール人，ディンカ族，ヌエル族の人々，南部の他の人たちは，ベジャ族，ヌバ族

エチオピア 1,880万人

アファール人，アヌアク族，オロモ人，ソマリア人コンゴ民主共和国

1,970万人ヘマ人とルンド人，フツ族，ムブティ族，

ツチ族

コートジボワール 1,500万人

北マンデ諸族（ディウラ）， セヌフォ族，ベト族，新たに

移住したグループ

ナイジェリア 1,850万人

北部のキリスト教徒，イボ族，オゴニ族，

ヨルバ族

レバノン 1,550万人

ドルーズ派，マロン派，キリスト教徒，パレスチナ人，シーア派，スンニ派

イスラエルと パレスチナ自治区

1,840万人パレスチナ人

中央アフリカ 共和国

1,560万人カバ（サラ），ンブム族，ボロロ族， アカ族

チャド1,800万人アラブ人， 黒人アフリカグループ， 南部人

ジンバブエ 1,650万人ンデベレ族， ヨーロッパ人

イラク 2,210万人

バハーイ教徒，キリスト教徒，シーア派系クルド人・クルド人，マンダ教徒，パレスチナ人，シャバク人，シーア派，スンニ派，トルコ人，エスキ人

パキスタン 1,980万人

バルーチ族，ヒンドゥー教徒，ムハージル人，パシュトン人，シンド人，

シク教徒

保　護民族的，国家的，宗教的，原住民の，あるいは言語的少数民族を保護することを意図した人権の批准書

集団殺害罪の防止

及び処罰に関する条約

経済的・社会的及び

文化的権利に関する国際

規約　第

13条

先住民族の権利に関する

宣言民族的または種族的，

宗教的及び言語的少数者に

属する人々の権利に関する

宣言国際労働機関　第

169号

市民的及び政治的権利に

関する国際規約　第

27条

クロアチア，ギリシャ，イタリア：ロマ人は，役人にずっと差別され続け，抗議行動の対象である．イタリアで，治安のために当局がEUの市民を追放することを認める法が 2008年に導入された．導入後 2週間以内にロマ系の 177人のルーマニア市民が追放された．

サウジアラビア：シーア派のイスラム教徒は，最大の少数民族である．かれらは，サウジアラビアの政府によって潜在的に破壊分子であるとみなされている．表現の自由の権利をもたず，雇用差別や公的に認められた宗教差別に直面する．シーア派の多数の聖職者は，拘留され，告発や法的な手続きなしに監禁された．

ミャンマー：カレン族は，ミャンマー -タイ国境沿いの地域に住む．かれらは，同一民族ではないが，長く続く抑圧を受けてきた民族コミュニティである．コミュニティの一部が，独立を確保するために 1949年以来ミャンマー軍部と武力衝突を繰り広げてきた．

オーストラリア：先住民のアボリジニのコミュニティは，数十年にわたってずっと差別を経験してきた．部族の土地の喪失，子どもたちの強制移住，教育施設や医療施設のレベルがほかのオーストラリア人より低いことなどである．2006年のアボリジニの男性の平均余命は，全オーストラリア男性が 77歳であるのに対し，56歳であった．

1948年 1966年 1989年 1992年 2007年