Minnesota First Detectors Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) What is it? A disease of some walnut trees...
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Transcript of Minnesota First Detectors Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) What is it? A disease of some walnut trees...
Minnesota First Detectors
Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD)
What is it? A disease of some walnut trees that is caused by an insect and a fungus
Where is it?
In western and southwestern areas of the United States; in Tennessee (2010), Virginia, Pennsylvania (2011)
Why is it important?
Because as it spreads eastward, it threatens native eastern black walnut
What are we doing?
Prevention, early detection; managementDeclining black walnut
Boulder, Colorado Oct. 2011K.Kromroy
Minnesota First Detectors
Thousand Cankers Disease: What is it?
Two Juglans occur in Minnesota
A disease of walnut trees (Juglans species)…
www.plantcare.com/.../black-walnut-2127.aspx
www.tree-pictures.com/butternut_tree_photos.html
Eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra): Very susceptible
Butternut (Juglans cinerea): Jan. 2012 , Eugene OR - 1st report of natural infection
Minnesota First Detectors
Walnut twig beetle (WTB)Pityophthorus juglandis
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Tunneling
Entry / exit holes
W. Cranshaw , Colorado State Univ. www.forestryimages.org
.... caused by a tiny insect that feeds and tunnels in the inner bark of the trunk and branches.
Minnesota First Detectors
The walnut twig beetle introduces a fungus -
Geosmithia morbida
that kills the bark and phloem, causing a canker
Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Jim LaBonte, OR Dept. Agric.
“Canker: A visible dead area, usually of limited extent, in
the cortex or bark of a plant.”(Tainter & Baker, 1996)
Thousand Cankers Disease
Minnesota First Detectors
Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University
Cankers grow together, eventually girdling and killing the branch or trunk
Minnesota First Detectors
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University
Yellowing & wilting foliage, branch dieback; death in susceptible species
K. Kromroy, MDA. Boulder, Colorado Oct. 2011
Minnesota First Detectors
History of WTB and TCD Prior to 2003
Original description of WTB, New Mexico
1928 Early 1990’s
2001 2003
Reports of black walnut decline & mortality in
Oregon & Utah
Report of black walnut mortality, northern New
Mexico; WTB associated.
Reports of black walnut decline & mortality in
Boulder & Denver, Colorado
Minnesota First Detectors
Thousand Cankers Disease: Where is it now?
Original host: Arizona walnut
2010
2011
TCD is in all the red states
Minnesota First Detectors
…because it threatens eastern black walnut in its native range & there is no control
Why is it important?
Minnesota First Detectors
MissouriIowa
WisconsinMinnesota
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
18.5 million
41.9 million
18.5 million
41.9 million
100.9 million
Miles, P.D. Fri. Nov 05 19:16:48 CDT 2010 Forest Inventory EVALIDator web-application version 4.01 beta.
5.9 million
Number of Black Walnut Trees > 1” dbh on Forestland
Minnesota First Detectors
Black Walnut in Minnesota
5.9 million trees on forestland; Winona, Wabasha, Fillmore Counties > 1 million black walnut each
Annual state harvest is 1-2 million board feet; 4% of $75 million total stumpage value for all wood harvested
40+ mills in Minnesota use walnut; 12% imported (WI, IA) bark on
Almost 300,000 black walnut in urban areas (2010 MN DNR Rapid Assessment data).
Minnesota First Detectors
Black Walnut Through Minnesota – hundreds of logs each year
P. Ahlen, MDA
Minnesota First Detectors
Ecologic• Harder to measure• Nuts as food for wildlife – squirrels, beavers,
red-bellied woodpeckers• Important species of riparian corridors
Social• Culture around walnuts for food• Bark used for medicine, dye
Other Values of Black Walnut
Minnesota First Detectors
To our knowledge, TCD is still absent from Minnesota
Choinski, 9/2011
Minnesota First Detectors
PREVENTION Education Regulation
Thousand Cankers Disease: What are we doing?
EARLY DETECTION
Minnesota First Detectors
Prevention: What are the pathways?
PATHWAY ESTIMATED APPROACH RATE
Newton, L. & Fowler, G. 2009. Pathway Assessment: Geosmithia sp. and Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman movement from the western into the
eastern United States. USDA APHIS Rev. 1:10.19.2009. 50 pgs.
Timber Low; little timber shipped from west to east
Firewood Low - moderate; firewood distributors, long distance campers
Wood packing Low to moderate
Nursery stock Low; no reports of infested nursery plants
Scion woodLow; programs in west revised to prevent spread
Natural spread Low; beetle flies 1-2 miles
Minnesota First Detectors
………..Wood for hobbyists
ESTIMATED APPROACH RATE: ???? Internet sales; mail order companies; friends/acquaintances
WTB spread from California to Pennsylvania
http://www.furnituredesignidea.com/3729/cool-wooden-furniture-heartwood-design-furniturehttp://www.primocraft.com/Bar-
Features/Walnut-Burl-Inlay.html
Minnesota First Detectors
http://www.woodweb.com/cgibin/forums/vawp.pl?read=531138
Black walnut logs, slabs, burls with bark attached.
T. Seeland, MDA. Davis, Nov. 2011
Minnesota First Detectors
Newsletters, websites Telephone, email, visits Presentations
TO
Partner organizations Mill owners, loggers Landowners Tree care companies Nurseries
Photos courtesy of Mike Greenheck, Forest Field Day , Gorman Creek Farm, Kellogg, MN, October 2010
Education
Minnesota First Detectors
Regulation
Who regulates?
Infested western states - No
APHIS - No
Eastern states - Yes
Minnesota First Detectors
Thousand Cankers Disease: Regulation
Thousand cankers disease occurs
Black walnut native range
Exterior quarantine, terms vary by state
Interior quarantine, by county
2 counties added
Minnesota First Detectors
Early Detection
2011 • More than 2500 walnut trees visually assessed in
urban, rural and industrial communities • 5 suspect trees sampled and examined in lab• NO TCD
2012 • Visual assessment of walnut trees at or near
mills that use walnut• Traps with walnut twig beetle lure hung at 2 sites• Data analyses in progress
2013 • Farm bill funding for TCD surveys in MN and 16
other states• MN will hang traps at 10 high risk sites• Continue visual assessment
Minnesota First Detectors
Lure
Early Detection: It’s here – a trap with a lure!
S.Seybold, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Visual Assessment: Early symptoms
Thinning crown
Yellow or wilting leaves
Tree may be infested 7 or more years before see crown symptoms
J.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Early symptoms
Wilting leaves
Attached brown leaves
Small leaves
J.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Photo by T. Seeland, MDA, Denver, Colorado, June 2011
Oozing canker on Juglans nigra
Minnesota First Detectors
Actively declining symptoms – rapid wilting
Branch cankers below wilting foliage
J.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Top down dieback
B.Moltzan, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Many tiny holes on branches >1.5 inches
W. Cranshaw , Colorado State Univ. www.forestryimages.org
Minnesota First Detectors
Galleries and meandering tunnels
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Minnesota First Detectors
Small cankers in inner bark
J.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Old cankers under bark on Juglans nigra lose their color
Photo by T. Seeland, MDA, Denver CO June 2011
Minnesota First Detectors
Large dead areas on branches & stems
J.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
What else might be mistaken for TCD?
Anthracnose Fusarium cankerJoseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.orgJ.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Unknown
What else might be mistaken for TCD?
Site stressPhoto by Choinski, 9/2011J.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Other insects and their damage
Asian ambrosia beetleXyleborinus saxeseni
Insects found on girdled black walnut in Indiana & Missouri:
Ambrosia beetles – 7 species
Weevils – 5 types
Bark beetles – 2 species
80% of beetles in MO
Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org
Minnesota First Detectors
Cossoninae weevilHimatium errans
Weevil holes
Weevil tunnels?
On walnut log, St. Paul rail yard 2011
Photos by J.Juzwik, USFS
Minnesota First Detectors
Tree removal Proper disposal
BuryBurn
Sanitation
Management
Disposal site in Boulder, Colorado October 2011, K.Kromroy, MDA
Minnesota First Detectors
Treatments for wood: Heat, debarking, fumigation Treatments for trees: Insecticides Insects
WTB genetics, behavior, cold tolerance Other insects that may vector pathogen
Fungi Genetics, aggressiveness Other canker fungi
Variation in susceptibility/resistance of the host Role of stress in WTB attraction and in canker development Time-line of disease progression
Studies in progress – preliminary results
Management
Minnesota First Detectors
Acknowledgements
Jenny Juzwik, Paul Castillo - USFS Northern Research Station.
Keith Jacobsen, Don Deckard, Lance Sorenson -MN DNR.
Mike Greenheck - Gorman Creek Farms, Kellogg MN.
Angie Gupta - UM Extension.
Tina Seeland, Bob Koch, Mark Abrahamson - MDA