Mining Mining in the United States generates over $60 billion towards our country’s economy every...
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Transcript of Mining Mining in the United States generates over $60 billion towards our country’s economy every...
![Page 1: Mining Mining in the United States generates over $60 billion towards our country’s economy every year. © Copyright 2007 M. J. Krech. All rights reserved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062313/56649c9b5503460f9495971d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mining
Mining in the United States generates over $60 billion towards our country’s economy every year.
© Copyright 2007 M. J. Krech. All rights reserved.
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Main Ideas
• Compare the two types of mining.
• Describe different uses for metallic & nonmetallic minerals.
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Mining
• Mining – the process of removing valuable minerals from the Earth.
• Ore – a natural mineral deposit that is large enough and pure enough to be mined for profit.
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Types of Mining
• Surface Mining – mining that is used when minerals are at or near the surface of Earth.
Surface mines include open pits & quarries(dug into cliffs).
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Types of Mining
• Subsurface Mining – mining that is used when mineral deposits are located deep within the Earth’s surface.
Passageways, tunnels, & shafts are dug into the Earth to reach the ore.
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Mining Reclamation
• Reclamation – the process of returning land used for mining back to its original form.
Mining destroys the habitat of plants & animals. Reclamation reduces the impact of mining on the environment.
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Metallic Minerals
• Metallic Minerals – minerals that have shiny surfaces, DO NOT let light pass through them, and are good conductors of heat & electricity.
Gold, Silver, & Copper are all examples.
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Nonmetallic Minerals
• Nonmetallic Minerals – minerals that may be shiny or dull, will let light pass through, and are good insulators of heat & electricity.
Calcite, Quartz, & Silica are examples.
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Gemstones
• Gemstones – nonmetallic minerals that are highly valuable for their beauty & rarity.
• Color is the most important quality of a gemstone.
Examples include: diamond, ruby, sapphire, & emerald.
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Exploration Drilling
Exploration is an important way of meeting the U.S. demand for tons of minerals each year. A typical exploration site is no bigger than a quarter-acre.
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Core Samples
Core samples taken hundreds of feet underground are no more that two inches in diameter.
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QUESTION #1: What part of the cookie mining activity
simulated EXPLORATION?
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QUESTION #1:
ANSWER:
Thinking about which cookie held the most chips (and nuts) and looking at the cookies before you bought them simulated EXPLORATION in this activity.
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Once EXPLORATION has located a good site, the mining company must buy or lease the land. Most companies lease the mineral rights on the land, rather than buy the land.
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QUESTION #2: What part of the cookie mining activity simulated LAND LEASE OR PURCHASE?
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QUESTION #2:
ANSWER:Paying “money” for the cookie of your choice simulated LAND LEASE OR PURCHASE.
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Next, the mining company must PURCHASE EQUIPMENT for removing mineral ores from the ground.
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Front-End Loader
Heavy equipment like this front-end loader is disassembled, lowered into the mine and reassembled for use 1,000 feet below the surface.
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Diamond Drill
Heavy equipment such as a Diamond Drill is used hundreds of feet underground to explore for ore deposits.
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QUESTION #3: What part of the cookie mining activity simulated EQUIPMENT PURCHASE?
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QUESTION #3:
ANSWER:Paying “money” for toothpicks and/or paperclips simulated EQUIPMENT PURCHASE.
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OPERATING EXPENSES While the Mining
Company is mining, before they sell the ores for a profit, they need to have enough money to cover expenses, such as salaries, fuel for equipment, electricity, etc.
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QUESTION #4: What part of the cookie mining activity simulated OPERATING EXPENSES?
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QUESTION #4:
ANSWER:When you paid $1.00 per minute to mine your cookie, you were simulating OPERATING EXPENSES.
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Three Types of Mining
1. Strip or Surface Mining - which dig deep, open pits into the ground
2. Underground Mining - which dig shafts underground
3. Quarries - which dig into cliffs
Which one is this?
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Open Pit (Strip) Mining
Currently, in the United States there are more than 25,000 strip (open-pit) mining operations.
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Open-Pit (Strip) Mining of lead at Joachim Creek
near Herculaneum, Missouri
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Strip Mining
Bituminous coal is mined almost entirely by strip mining coal seams that lie close to the surface.
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Lead Mining
Lead mining in Missouri takes place 1,000 feet underground in an area known as the Viburnum Trend.
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Typical Quarry
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QUESTION #5: What part of the cookie mining activity simulated Strip Mining?
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QUESTION #5:
ANSWER:The students who blasted through the cookie, leaving little of the whole cookie left, were simulating Strip Mining (also called Open Pit).
Cookie Blasters
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QUESTION #6: What part of the cookie mining activity simulated Underground Mining?
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QUESTION #6:
ANSWER:The students who carefully “drilled” around each chip with their tools and didn’t destroy their cookies, simulated Underground Mining.
Cookie Pickers
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QUESTION #7: What part of the cookie mining activity simulated Quarry Mining?
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QUESTION #7:
ANSWER:The students who started on one side of the cookie and slowly “chipped” into the cookie simulated Quarry Mining.Cookie
Biters
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Once the mineral ores are removed from the Earth, they must be REFINED.
This diagram of a COPPER SMELTER shows copper concentrate being melted and separated from other substances in the concentrate. Molten copper is poured into MOLDS. The unwanted material cools to a glass-like substance called SLAG.
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Lead Pigs
This Refining Plant produces 60-pound lead "pigs.”
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Smelting Silver Bars
Smelting can produce lead, zinc, copper, gold and silver bars.
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Smelting
During the smelting process, furnaces with temperatures of up to 3,000 oF are used to create LEAD BULLION.
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QUESTION #8: This simulation didn’t show an example REFINING. How could we separate the chocolate from the cookie pieces that stuck to the chips?
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QUESTION #8:
ANSWER:If you heated up the “chip ore,” the chocolate would slide off the cookie piece and you would have pure chocolate to make into a new candy bar!
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RECLAMATION
It is regrettable, but unavoidable, that mining operations will bring changes to the land simply by existing. Most states have laws that require RECLAMATION - the returning of the land to the state it was in before the mining process began.
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Reclamation
Active Mine Area after Reclamation
After mining is completed, when the land is reclaimed, it's hard to tell the mining site ever existed.
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Reclamation
Since 1980, the mining industries in the United States have spent over $1.5 trillion toward environmental improvement.
Pre-Reclamation Post-Reclamation
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Finger Lakes State Park
Before it was a state park, this state park was a strip mining site. The lakes are where the old strip mines were. The reclamation process turned the strip mines into lakes.
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Restored Exploration Site
Restored exploration sites are re-seeded following state guidelines. These sites provide a variety of fresh sprouts, seeds and greens that attract turkey, deer, and other wildlife.
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QUESTION #9: What part of the cookie mining activity simulated RECLAMATION?
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QUESTION #9:
ANSWER:When you had to use your tools to push ALL the cookie pieces back inside the pencil line, or pay a stiff fine, you were simulating RECLAMATION!
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The End
© Copyright 2007 M. J. Krech. All rights reserved.