Mini grid and Solar home system
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Transcript of Mini grid and Solar home system
- 1. Solar PV andMini Grids
- May 3rd 2011
- Seminar Rural Energy Supply
- Postgraduate Programme
- Renewable Energy (PPRE)
- Anita, Corinna, Dirk,
- Esther, Rangini, Tuong
2. What will the future look like? Source: Siemens, 2009 Source: Solarprojekt Freilassing 3. Table of contents
- Motivation and problem
- Introduction to solar powered mini-grid and SHS
- Solar Home System (SHS)
-
- 3.1 technical aspects
-
- 3.2 economic aspects
-
- 3.3 social and environmental aspects
- Case Study
- Conclusion and outlook
4. Motivation
- Source:http://www.mhi.co.jp/en/earth/issue/history/future/renewable/solar.html
5. What is the problem?
- Rural areas with no electricity,grid connection might not be suitable
- Necessity of low cost energy supply
- Different sources of energy-> solar PV might be a solution
6. Table of contents
- 1. Motivation and problem
- 2. Introduction to solar powered Mini-grid and SHS
- 3. Solar Home System (SHS)
-
- 3.1 technical aspects
-
- 3.2 economic aspects
-
- 3.3 social and environmental aspects
- 4. Case Study
- 5. Conclusion and outlook
7. What is solar powered Mini grid? 8. Solar powered mini grid Components: 1. Solar generator, 2. SUNNY BOY (Solar Inverter),3. SUNNY ISLAND (Battery Inverter), 4. Batteries, 5. Diesel generator, 6. Wind power plant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0cpjqudoQM 9. What is Solar Home System (SHS) ? 10. Solar home system overview Photo: solarenergylive.com 11. Solar home system overview Photo: SEC Lt, Nepal 12. Solar home system overview Photo: hqweb.unep.org 13. Table of contents
- 1. Motivation and problem
- 2. Introduction to solar powered mini-grid and SHS
- 3. Solar Home System (SHS)
-
- 3.1 technical aspects
-
- 3.2 economic aspects
-
- 3.3 social and environmental aspects
- 4. Case Study
- 5. Conclusion and outlook
14. Technical aspects of SHS design
- Basic aspects
- Necessity of easy operation
- DC system and appliances
- Different systems available
Source: Sovacool et al. 2011 15. Technical aspects of SHS design
- Size of system(PV module/battery) depends on specificlocal conditions:
- Solar radiation, site conditions
- Electricity service expectations (appliances/loads)
- Energy expenditure patterns
- General socio-economic situation
W p : peak power load: daily energy consumed by load inWh/day battery : battery efficiency installation :installation efficiency Gmean : mean irradiation of worst month 16. Technical aspects of SHS training andmaintenance
- Before installation:
- Training of users
-
- Information about prices, product performance
-
- Communication about necessity of maintenance
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- Explanation of PV technology and operation
- Training of skilled technicians and access to sites
Source: Rural21/C. Kropke 2010 17. Technical aspects of SHS training andmaintenance
- After installation:
- Regular maintenance
- of key components
-
- Performance checks
-
- Cleaning of PV modules
-
- Water additions in batteries
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- Corrosion control
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- Replacement of broken elements
Source: Sovacool et al. 2011 18. Technical aspects of SHS quality andavailability
- Guaranteeing access to well-functioning SHS
- Quality and compatibility of components
- Easy replacement
- of components
- Local entrepreneurs,
- technicians,
- manufactures
Source: Afircan Electrification Initiative/Youngreen 2010 19. Table of contents
- 1. Motivation and problem
- 2. Introduction to solar powered Mini-grid and SHS
- 3. Solar Home System (SHS)
-
- 3.1 technical aspects
-
- 3.2 economic aspects
-
- 3.3 social and environmental aspects
- 4. Case Study
- 5. Conclusion and outlook
20. Cost Analysis: Methodology
- Aim
- Calculate electricity price per kWh generated by a SHS
- annual costs/ annual electricity generation
- Annualized-Life-Cycle-Costs (ALCC)
- all initial and future costs are calculated over the operational lifetime of a system
- total investment costs converted into uniform annual costs
- Capital Recovery Factor (CRF)
- accounts for the cost of financing a project (interest)
- formula: i (1+i) n/ [(1+i) n-1]
- i=discount rate, n=lifetime
- annuities = individual payments * CRF
21. Methodology (2)
- Levelized Unit Cost Of Electricity (LUCE)
- W p= peak Watt capacity of PV module
- EHFS = Equivalent Hour of Full Sunshine
- CUF = Capacity Utilization Factor
22. Example of cost analysis (India) Source: based on Chaurey, Kanpal (2010) ) Components Capital cost (USD) Life (years) CRF Annualised cost (USD) PV Module (70 Wp) 296.72 20 0.1339 39.73 Battery (12 V, 40 Ah) 107.88 5 0.2774 29.93 Charge Controller 11.24 5 0.2774 3.12 Appliances (4*9 W) 67.44 10 0.1770 11.94 Balance-of-systems 44.98 10 0.1770 7.96 Annual O&M costs 3.39 Total annualised costs 528.26 96.07 Annual electricity generation (kWh) 114.98 kWh LUCE (USD/ kWh) 0.84 Assumptions: Discount rate 12% EHFS 5 Days of operation in year 365 Capacity utilization factor 0.9 23. Comparison to costs for mini-grid
- In general:Cost reductions ($/kWh) as sizes and volumes of PV modules and batteries increase
- cost-advantage of mini-grid
- But: Costs for mini-grid depend on:
- Length of total distribution line
- Number + spatial distribution of households connected via mini-grid
- Geographical factors
- may offset cost-advantage!
24. Comparison to costs for mini-grid Source: Chaurey, Kandpal (2010) 25. Financing Models for SHS 26. Cash Sales
- PV supplier distributes PV systems directly or through a dealer network to the end-users, who pay in cash
- +
- minimal number of stakeholders
- low transaction costs
- high flexibility in consumer choice
- -
- limited market as a result of the high up-front investment needed
- incentive to buy under-sized systems and cheap replacement components to save money
- installation and maintenance/ after-sales service are problematic
27. Credit Sales The end-user acquires the PV system on credit
- +
- main barrier of the high initial investment is lowered
- investment costs are spread over a number of years
- Dealer credit
- one institution handles both the financial and the technical work
- -
- high rural credit risk
- ability and willingness torepay the credit often limited
- dealer cash-flow often as constraint
- high interest rates due to expensive capital through dealer re-finance
28.
- End-user credit
- +
- PV company avoids financial risks and can concentrate on sales and after-sales services
- credit institutions are much better equipped to manage a credit scheme
- -
- market is restricted to customers that the credit institution deems creditworthy
- high interest rates and down-payments
- geographically restricted because of the infrastructure needed for the collection of the payments and possible retrieval of the collateral
29. Donation Hardware is provided for free (or almost free) by a sponsor
- +
- low initial costs for end-user
- potential for cost reductionthrough economies of scale
- rapid deployment
- -
- user less involved/ feel less responsible
- mostly limited to the hardware
30. Lease/ Hire-Purchase arrangements PV supplier/dealer or a financial intermediary leases the PV system to the end-user
- +
- spreading of costs for the user over a long period
- cost reductions due to economies of scale
- maintenance can be kept at a high standard because of the professional care for the system
- good-quality products are selected because of the long repayment period
- -
- End-users may not treat the systems with care, as initially the maintenance and ownership do not lie with them
- geographically restrictive (extensive infrastructure needed for the collection of the payments and the maintenance and repair of the systems)
31. Fee for service / fee for energy An energy service company (ESCO) owns the system, and provides an energy service to the end-user for a monthly fee
- +
- end-user does not have to invest in a solar system (only connection fee)
- maintenance and repair are organized centrallylower costs + high quality maintenance
- high-quality systems, components and installation are encouraged because of the inevitable long-term agreements
- proper collection and recycling of components (e.g. batteries) is possible
- -
- high risks and high transaction costs result in high monthly fees and reduce affordability for poor households
- end-user is not the owner of the systemmay not treat the system as carefully
- client is usually not allowed to miss a monthly payment
32. Table of contents
- 1. Motivation and problem
- 2. Introduction to solar powered mini-grid and SHS
- 3. Solar Home System (SHS)
-
- 3.1 technical aspects
-
- 3.2 economic aspects
-
- 3.3 social and environmental aspects
- 4. Case Study
- 5. Conclusion and outlook
33. Social aspects of SHS: Benefits
- Increase in comfort
- Additional income/saving costs
- Education and employment
- Health and security
- Prevent rural-urban migration
Source: www.designthatmatters.org/k2 2005 34. Social aspects of SHS: Barriers
- Knowledge
- Peoples expectations
- Cultural barriers
Source: Sovacool et al. 2011 35. Social aspects of SHS: Barriers
- "Solar energy is very important, it is not that expensive and can last very long, 100 years.
- One SHS can create enough energy to power a computer, copy machine, lights in every room, television, and appliances, all from a pretty small device."
-
-
- (Sovacool et. al. 2011: 8)
-
36. Social aspects of SHS: Barriers
- Knowledge
- Peoples expectations
- Cultural barriers
Source: Sovacool et al. 2011 37. Environmental aspects of SHS: Pros & Cons
- Savings of C0 2
- Displacing dry cell batteries
- Little space consumption
- Recycling systems for lead-acid batteries required
- Resource exploitation and energy consumption for production, transport and recycling
- By-products and toxic components
Source: www.berlin.de/special/umwelt/batterien 38. Table of contents
- 1. Motivation and problem
- 2. Introduction to solar powered mini-grid and SHS
- 3. Solar Home System (SHS)
-
- 3.1 technical aspects
-
- 3.2 economic aspects
-
- 3.3 social and environmental aspects
- 4. Case Study
- 5. Conclusion and outlook
39.
- Energy service provider and social enterprise in Bangalore
- Started in 1995 byHarish Handean Energy Engineer
- Today: 170 employees, 25 energy service centers
- Products: Solar lighting, Solar thermal, Cookstoves
SELCO India Solar Pvt. Ltd. 40.
-
- To sell and service SHS in rural areas of India that lack access to electricity
-
- Making affordable through financial instruments such as bank loans and micro finance credits
GOAL 41. ACHIEVEMENTS
- Won two times the ASHDEN awards
- (Green Oscar) in 2005 and 2007
- Installed 115,000 solar home systems in 15 year
- 75 local entrepreneurs created
- Two-thirds of its customers surviving on less than $3-4 per day
42. STRATEGY
- 4. After sales services
-
- 1. Door to door s services
-
- 2. Financial schemes
3. Selling experience http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gnkcs7icerk 43. 44. CONCLUSION
- SHS are a good option for rural electrification
- Encouragement of private local entrepreneurs needed
- Good financial instruments needed
- Necessity to carefully consider local conditions and customers needs prior to taking action
- Necessity to think furtherproduction and maintenance infrastructure needed
- Inequity in energy supply between rural and urban population remains
45. Are there any Questions? 46. Mini grid and SHS
- Mini Grid Design Manual, Allen R. Inversin, International Programs, National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
- http:// www.sma.de/en/news-information/videos-animations/videos-animations-sunny-island.html ( video on solar PV mini grid system by SMA )
- A techno-economic comparison of rural electrification based on solar home systems and PV micro grids A. Chaurey a,1, T.C.Kandpal b, Energy Policy.
REFERENCE 47. Technical aspect
- Nieuwenhout, F.D.J. et al, 2001: Experience with Solar Home Systems in Developing Countries: A Review. Progress in Photovoltais: Research and Applications 9: 455 474.
- Van der Vleuten, F. et al., 2007: Putting Solar Home System Programmes into Perspective: What lessons are relevant?Energy Policy 35: 1439 1451.
- Allicance Soleil SARL, ETC International Group, 2009: Training Manual for Domestic Solar Electricity Trainers
REFERENCE 48. Economic aspect
- www.energypedia.info
- Worldbank:http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FR.INR.LEND
- Anisuzzaman, M.; Urmee, T.P. . Financing Mechanisms of Solar Home Systems for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries:http://www.aseanenergy.info/Abstract/32010680.pdf
- Chaurey, A.; Kandpal, T.C. ,2010. A techno-economic comparison of rural electrification based on solar home systems and PV microgrids. Energy Policy 38. 3118-3129
- Scheutzlich, T.; Klinghammer, W.; Scholand, M.; Wisniwski, S.; Pertz, K., 2001. Financing of solar home systems in developing countries. Volume I: Main Report. Environmental Management, Water, Energy, Transport Division 44 GTZ
REFERENCE 49. Social and Environmental aspects
- Baldwin, G., Childs, B., Hunter, C., Urrea V. 2007: Developing a Strategy to Improve Solar Home System Sustainability in Rural Thailand. Worcester Polytechnic Institute:http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-030107-003542/unrestricted/SOLAR_Final_Report.pdf25.04.2011
- Barua, D. C., Urmee, T. P., Kumar S., Bhattacharya S. C. 2001:A Photovoltaic Solar Home System Dissemination Model In: Progress In: Photovoltaics: Research And Applications 9: 313-322
- Kaufman S., 1999: Rural Electrification with Solar Energy as a Climate Protection Strategy.http://www.repp.org/repp_pubs/articles/resRpt09/index.htm25.04.2011
- Khan, H. J., Hugue, A. J., Andaleeb, S. S. : The Solar Home System: An Alternative Energy Source For Rural Households in Bangladesh:http://www.bdiusa.org/Publications/JBS/Volumes/Volume3/jbs3.2-3.pdf25.04.2011
- Posorski R., BussmannM., Menke, C. 2003: Does the use of Solar Home Systems (SHS) contribute to climate protection? In: Renewable Energy 28 (2003) 1061-1080.
- Sovacool B. K., DAgostino A. L., Bambawale M. J. 2011: The socio-technical barriers to Solar Home Systems (SHS) in Papua New Guinea: Choosing pigs, prostitutes, and poker chips over panels. In: Energy Policy 39 (2011) 15321542.
REFERENCE 50. Case-study
- http://www.selco-india.com/
- http://nexus.som.yale.edu/design-selco/ ( video for solar entrepreneur )
- http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/selco07 http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2006/12/01/8394996/index.html
REFERENCE