Ming Foreign Policy

•1300-1400s Chinese most skilled sailors in the world.

•Had large ships called junks. (some were more than 400 feet long)

•1405 Ming Emperor financed a fleet that sailed around Southeast Asia to India.

•Trade and discovery took place 400 years before Vasco da Gama sailed from Portugal- India.

Ming

•Ming emperors tried to rid China of all Mongol influences.

•Restored Confucianism as the official philosophy of the government. ▫Divided society into four classes▫Scholar-gentry, Farmers, Artisans,

Merchants▫They also wanted to rely upon foreign trade

as a source of government revenue.

Qing Dynasty• China had many tribes in Northern provinces,

the Manchu captured and unified the eastern Mongolia and Korea.

• 1644 Manchu captured Beijing, Qing dynasty rules China until 1912

• Qing Emperor was not Chinese but adopted the Chinese culture.

• Hsuan-yeh • Manchu people were a minority, they had to

study the Manchu language and cultural traditions.

Qing Dynasty

•Qing emperors could only marry Manchu women.

•They required all Chinese men to wear their hair tied in a queue (tail) a style that was common among the Manchu.

•This symbolized Chinese submission to Manchu rule.

Qing Dynasty•During this rule China began to specialize in

the manufacturing or production of certain goods.

•Chinese did trading with Central Asia and Russia.

•Qing culture and society: ▫Qing studied ancient writings, like the

Renaissance humanists in Europe had. ▫Studied philology- history of literature and

language. ▫Focused on family.

Qing Dynasty• Decline:

▫China began to grow rapidly. ▫This increasing pressure of the rapid growth put

pressure on the government. ▫Peasant farmers found it more and more difficult to

hold their small farms and to support themselves and their families.

▫Floods, famine caused the situation to get worse.▫1796 peasant rebellion, members of a Buddhist cult

called the White Lotus Society led the revolt, ▫Qing survived the revolt but began to decline in the

1800s.

China and Europeans• 1557 Chinese allowed the Portuguese to establish

a trading station at Macao• The influence of the Portuguese was not limited to

trade. • Jesuit missionaries also arrived on the ships. Used

their knowledge of astronomy to gain admissions to the emperors inner circle.

• They converted many of the high ranking officials to Christianity.

• Qing emperor realized they followed the Pope, the emperor denounced Christianity as anti- Confucian

China and Europeans

•The British ▫British ships came to the region in the

1600s established trading post. ▫They began to buy silk and tea from China. ▫British East India Company monopolized

the new trade in Chinese teas. ▫Contact between the two countries was

kept to a minimum.

China and Europeans

•The British ▫Free trade- developed in the West as a

reaction to mercantilism. Supporters believed that the government shouldn’t restrict or interfere with international trade.

▫Chinese were asked by the British to open more ports in China but failed to do so.

China and Europeans

•The British ▫Opium trade:

Among the British and Chinese. 1700s onward British India produced opium

and exported it to China. Chinese began to want opium and Chinese

government became alarm. Chinese officials fearing that China’s economy

was being undermined by the British Chinese officials even pleaded with Queen

Victoria of England to stop the opium trade.

China and Europeans•The British

▫Opium trade: Opium war: lasted from 1839- 1842 Chinese forces had no match for the British army

and navel forces that included iron-hulled steamships easily defeated the Chinese .

1842 British gained control of the region near Nanjing . Qing officials agreed to negotiate on British terms.

Under the terms of the 142 Treaty of Nanjing, China gave the island of Hong Kong to the British, opened five ports to British trade.

China and Europeans

•The British ▫Opium trade:

British subjects on British ports would follow the rules and be governed by British , not Chinese law.

Extraterritoriality- requirement that foreigners must follow the laws of their home country instead of the laws of the country in which they live in.

China and Europeans• 1800s Southern and central China were torn by a

great rebellion. ▫Hong Xiuquan was the leader of this rebellion, said he

was the younger brother of Jesus. His mission was to establish a new dynasty.

▫Called the Taiping, Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. ▫The Taiping Rebellion lasted from 1850-1864 caused

terrible destruction in southern China and the Yangtze Valley.

▫This caused the Qing dynasty to start declining, foreign powers took advantage of this. Government lost control of the Economy and viewed by Western powers as a sham.

Japan

•Struggle for who was to become the next Shogunate. ▫Struggle between the daimyos- three

powerful daiymo took control. Oda Nobunaga- captured the city of Kyoto in

1568. ended the Ashikaga shogunate in 1573. began to strengthen his power in central Japan.

Japan

•Toyotomi Hideyoshi: ▫Second overlords to rise to power. ▫Had led Nobunagas army. ▫Forced other warlords, to pledge loyalty to

him. ▫Reduced size of their territories. ▫Invaded Korea, China helped push back the

Japanese. ▫After his death Japan left Korea, in 1598

Japan

•Tokugawa Ieyasu: ▫Established the capital at Edo the city that

is now Tokyo▫This family kept their title of shogun for

more than 250 years. ▫Established the government known as the

Tokugawa shogunate.

Japan

•Government: ▫Cross between feudalism and a central

monarchy▫They shaped Japanese life in several ways. ▫Strong central government, brought

stability to Japan▫Control of the daimyo helped to keep peace

in the countryside. ▫Set trade restrictions and limited contact

with foreigners▫Almost complete isolation from Europe by

1650.

Foreign Contact Japan

•1500s Japan began trade with the Portuguese▫Brought over muskets and Christianity▫Samurai didn’t approve of the muskets▫Many Japanese converted to Christianity

because of the Jesuits▫The Shoguns didn’t like the spread of

Christianity because of loyalty to the Pope not to the Tokugawa shogun.

Foreign Contact Japan

•The Shogun closed the country to the Portuguese▫The Dutch merchants were the only

Europeans allowed to trade in Japan after the 1630s because they followed the strict control of the trading with them.

▫

Foreign Contact Japan

•Change began taking place in Japan because of the Foreign trade with Europeans in China and surrounding Japan.

•The End of Japan’s isolation:▫Japanese refused to give shelter to any

Western Country if there was a storm, upset many Western nations.

▫1853 President Millard Fillmore of the USA sent Commodore Mathew Perry and a powerful naval force to Japan.

Foreign Contact Japan • The End of Japan’s isolation:

▫Perry had orders to negotiate a treaty that would guarantee the saftey of US sailors and open Japanese ports to American trade.

▫ July 8, 1853 they sailed into Tokyo Bay. Gave letter to the Japanese and promised to return four an answer the following year

▫Sparked controversy with American visits in Japan. Powerful leaders favored military resistance and continued isolation.

▫Many others believed Japan couldn't hold against the United States.

Foreign Contact Japan •The End of Japan’s isolation:

▫Negotiations between the shogun and Perry led to the Treaty of Kanagawa- Treaty of Kanagawa-

Under the treaty the Japanese opened two ports to let Americans obtain fuel, shelter, and supplies.

Permitted trade to begin between the two nations, within two years Japan signed other treaties with Great Britain, the Netherlands and Russia.

Part of the agreements, foreign nations were allowed to establish consulates- diplomatic offices headed by consuls.

Foreign Contact Japan • The End of Japan’s isolation:

▫ Japanese opponents of the Tokugawa shogunate didn’t like the idea of signing treaties with foreign powers.

▫1860s a civil war broke out in Japan, supporters of the Tokugawa shogunate battled its opponents.

▫Wanted reform, they overthrew the shogunate in 1867, they restored the power of the emperor, moving Japan toward a more centralized government.

▫New emperor named Meiji was a teenager, “ Enlightened Rule”