MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by...
-
Upload
ralf-quinn -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by...
![Page 1: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MINERALS
![Page 2: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is a Mineral?
Minerals must have four characteristics:▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by
living things;▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-
made;▪ it must be a crystalline solid;▪ it must have a consistent chemical
composition.
![Page 3: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types of Minerals
10 are so common that they make up 90% of Earth’s crust. quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, muscovite,
biotite, calcite, dolomite, halite, gypsum, and ferromagnesian minerals.
Two main groups: silicate minerals nonsilicate minerals
![Page 4: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Silicate Minerals
Contain silicon and oxygen, and possibly one or more metals
Common silicate minerals quartz, feldspars, micas ,and ferromagnesian
minerals, such as amphiboles, pyroxenes, and olivines.
Make up 96% of Earth’s crust. Quartz and feldspar alone make up more than
50% of the crust.
![Page 5: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nonsilicate Minerals
No silicon and oxygen compounds
Make up about 4% of Earth’s crust.
Six major groups based on their chemical compositions carbonates, halides, native elements,
oxides, sulfates, and sulfides.
![Page 6: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Mineral Structure
Each type of mineral is characterized by a specific geometric arrangement of atoms, or its crystalline structure.
A crystal is a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
![Page 7: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Silicate Structure
Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron- basic unit of the structure of silicate minerals. Si+4 and 4 O-2
Ex: Olivine
Ex: Beryl and tourmaline
![Page 8: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Silicate Structure
Ex: Pyroxenes
Ex: Amphiboles
![Page 9: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Silicate Structure
Ex: Biotite and muscovite
![Page 10: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Silicate Structure
Ex: Quartz and feldspar
![Page 11: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Nonsilicate Structure
Diverse chemical compositions = vast variety of crystalline structures.
Common nonsilicate mineral structures: cubes, hexagonal prisms, and irregular
masses.
![Page 12: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mineral Identification
Mineralogist- a person who examines, analyzes, and classifies minerals
Chemical composition and crystalline structure determine a minerals properties
Many of these properties can be used to identify a mineral sample.
![Page 13: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mineral Properties
ColorEasily observed but unreliable
for mineral identification.Can be affected by impurities or
weathering.
StreakColor of a mineral in powdered
formStreak is more reliable than color
for the identification of minerals.
![Page 14: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mineral Properties
Luster
The way a mineral reflects light
Metallic luster- reflects light like polished
metals.
Nonmetallic luster- duller appearance
glassy, waxy, pearly, brilliant, and earthy.
![Page 15: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mineral Properties
![Page 16: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mineral Properties
Cleavage- tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes to form smooth, flat surfaces
Cleavage and Fracture
![Page 17: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mineral Properties
Types of Cleavage Muscovite Halite
Feldspar
![Page 18: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mineral Properties
Fracture- breaks along curved or irregular surfaces Uneven or irregular
fractures Splintery or fibrous
fractures Conchoidal
fractures
Cleavage and Fracture
![Page 19: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mineral Properties
Hardness
Ability of minerals to resist scratching.
Does NOT mean “resistance to cleavage or fracture.”
Determined by comparing to minerals
Mohs hardness scale the standard scale for the
hardness of minerals.
The strength of the bonds between the atoms of a
mineral determines its hardness.
![Page 20: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Mineral Properties
![Page 21: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mineral Properties
Crystal Shape
Certain minerals always have the same general shape because the atoms that form the mineral’s crystals always combine in the same geometric pattern.
The six basic crystal systems: isometric or cubic, orthorhombic, tetragonal,
hexagonal, monoclinic, and triclinic
![Page 22: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mineral Properties
![Page 23: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mineral Properties
Density
density the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of a substance
The density of a mineral depends on the kinds of atoms in the mineral and on how closely the atoms are packed.
density = mass volume
![Page 24: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Special Properties of Minerals
The ability to glow under UV light is called fluorescence.
The property of some minerals to glow after the ultraviolet light is turned off is called phosphorescence.
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
![Page 25: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Chatoyancy and Asterism
Light is reflected causing a silky appearance that is called chatoyancy Tiger’s Eye
A similar light reflecting effect called asterism is when a six-sided star appears Star Sapphire
Special Properties of Minerals
![Page 26: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Double Refraction
Producing a double image of objects viewed through the mineral.
Special Properties of Minerals
![Page 27: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
MagnetismAre attracted to
magnets or may be magnetic themselves.
In general, nonsilicate minerals that contain iron are more likely to be magnetic than silicate minerals are.
Special Properties of Minerals
![Page 28: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Radioactivity
The property known as radioactivity results as unstable nuclei decay over time into stable nuclei by releasing particles and energy.
A Geiger counter is used to detect the released particles and, thus, to identify minerals that are radioactive.
Special Properties of Minerals
![Page 29: MINERALS. Minerals must have four characteristics: ▪ it must be inorganic—not made of or by living things; ▪ it must occur naturally—it cannot be man-made;](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f345503460f94c50c0f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Value of Minerals